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THE NEW YOKK

PUBLIC LIBRARY

ASTtR, LENOX AND
TILDEN FOUNtJATt -.'•

CHARLES J. ELTON, Esa, M.P., WEST SOMERSET.

Tp •{• l[[ESTE^I? -f JllimQnjm;

fiflfe-^oflk for §t\sm, Cmriitoall, mis ^mnstl

EDITED BY

W. H. K. WRIGHT, F.R.H.S.,

B0R6UeS LIBRARIAN, PLYMOUTH.
WITH AN INTRODUCnON BY

CHARLES I. ELTON, ESQ., M.P., &c., &e.,

AUTHOR OF "ORISINa 0» SHQLISS BI8T0RY," in.

JUNE, 1884, TO MAY, 1886.

W. H. LUKE. 8, BEDFORD BTREET.

THE NEW YORK

PUBLIC LIBRARY

ASTtR, LENOX AND

TILDEN FOUNDATIONS.

R 1906 L

-" • • • • »
- • « » " *

• •

» >

PEEFAOB.

H£ completion of a fourth volume of this journal (being the first series of the work in an improved
form, and by a new publisher), calls for a few brief words of comment. , While many
prefatory remarks are unnecessary, silence would ill become the Editor at such time, nor would
he be justified in leaving to others the pleasant task of announcing an interesting fact. In previous
volumes he has reviewed the circumstances which led to the establishment of the Wettem Jntifitary, and
they need not, therefore, be repeated on this occasion. But editorship has its duties as well as its pleasures,
mingled, of course, with some disappointments and vexations. Of the latter he need not speak, for they
are happily few and insignificant, but of the former, he must, in justice to his numerous co-helpers, set
down a few words of grateful thanks. His office is, after all, but that of a binder-up of other people's
sheaves; they cut and gather and glean, he gamers for future use, exercising a mild supervision over a small
company of willing workers, who in their several departments, are continually exploring the various
fielcb of antiquarian research, lest haply some ripe ears be overlooked. This volume, may therefore
be compared to one of a series of store-houses in which the good grain is safely garnered ready for use in
the days to come. Here will be found a rich collection of many things from many minds, which shall
be of more or less value to the future historian, the diligent explorer, and the scientific antiquarian.

It was with some amount of hesitation and misgiving that the Editor undertook, twelve months ago,
the sole task and responsibility of publishing the Weaiem Antiquary , by issuing it as an independent
monthly periodical, unassisted by the mediumship of a largely-circulated weekly paper. He is gratified
at the success which has been attained, and ip emboldened to go on with the work, adding from time
to time new features, and giving the work greater scope as it proceeds. Encouraged by many earnest
helpers and with the sincere commendations of some of the leading journals of the day, he feels confident
that his modest publication has met a recognized want, and is of some service in the cause of antiquarian
research. ** The JFettem AnttqiMry^^^ says NoUu and Queries of March 7th, 188f^, '* has developed
greater breadth and usefulness to the cause of genealogical and antiquarian research during the past year,
since its establishment on an independent basis. This was, no doubt, something of a venture, but a
public-spirited one, and we are glad to see good evidence of its success." In a similar strain writes a
reviewer in the TVans. Jioyal Hi9t. 8oc.<, 1885: — *' Whilst several local magazines of antiquarian
and historical value are discontinued from want of adequate support, we are glad to see that the Western
Antiquary still maintains its ground. It is obvious that such publications are verv much needed and are
calculated to be extremely useful, because ourold friend the London Not$a and Queries^ even backed by
such periodicals as the Antiquary ^dLiA the Antiquary and Bibliographer ^ cannot afford room for the increasing
number of communications, both long and short, which local scholars are ever ready to bring to light."

In the Preface attached to the last volume, the Editor laid before his subscribers the plan of action
pn^osed for the conduct of the W. A, in its new form, and he has, as far as possible, endeavoured
eonscientiously to keep to the course then laid down ; with what result he must leave his supporters to
Judge.

The series of articles upon topics of more or less interest relating to the three counties of Gornvrall,
Devon and Somerset, by writers of considerable repute, have formed a prominent feature in this volume,
and he is assured by many subscribers that they have been most acceptable.

Again it will be seen that a considerable space has been allotted to Notices of Becent Books, chiefly
those of an antiquarian character and relating to the West of England. It is the Editor's desire to make
the Western Antiquary a register of all such works as may be issued in or concerning the "west countrie "
He will therefore, be much beholden to authors and publishers who may from time to time send him
copies of their works.

The inclusion of the County of Somerset in the present series has proved an interesting feature,
and in addition to tundshing new topics for discussion, it has brought the Editor and his oo« workers into
communication with many new writers, whooe additional contributioBa have certainly been to tho
advantage of this journal. He would fain hope, however, that, as the work beoomes more widely known
to Somerset antiquarians, its circulation may be more largely extended.

V. PREFACE.

In this connection he may draw attention to the ahle article which forms an Introduction to the present
Tolnme, for which he is indebted to a leading Somersetshire archsBologist and writer of no mean repute.
Mr. Charles 1. Elton, m.p. for West Somerset, whose portrait forms the frontispiece to the present volume,
is a recognized authority upon antiquarian and historical matters, and it was a source of considerable
gratification to the Editor to find a gentleman of such literary powers as the writer of *• Origins of
English History," willing to put his stamp upon this work, by writing un introductory article. By this
means, Mr. Elton has more closely identified the County of Sonierset with the work, and enhanced the
interest and value of the present Volume.

As Mr. Elton, in his Introduction, alludes to some of the chief articles in this volume, as well as
refers to others which are to appear in subsequent issues, the Editor feels that it is needless for him to
follow the same course, nor does he consider it necessary for him to single out any particular writers
for special mention where all have done so well. To all, however, he tenders his sincere thanks, and he
trusts for a long continuance of their favours. His thanks are also due to those friends who have assisted
to embellish the volume by furnishing appropriate illustrations, either by the loan of wood blocks or the
preparation of special drawings.

It is with sincere regret that he refers to the loss by death of some enthusiastic antiquarians who were
valuable contributors and subscribers. The genial smile and well-known form of the Rev. Treasurer
Hawker is much missed in many a pleasant circle; the Venerable Archdeacon Woollcombe has also
recently passed away full of years and honour. He contributed to this volume on more than one
occasion. Mr. Edward Lawson (who as •* Octogenarian," sent notes on Old Plymouth from time to
time) has passed over to the great majority; as also Mr. James Spry, who only a few d^ys before his
decease deposited with the Editor some recollections of his native or rather adopted town. In the late
Rev. J. C. B. Yule, the Editor has lost a new subscriber and a very genial helper.

If little has been done to advance the cause of a Devonshire Bibliography, the matter has
not been allowed to sleep, and it is gratifying to know that gentlemen are awaking to the necessity of
such a work, for not only have offers of assistance been made, but some tangible proof of the interest
felt is exhibited in the several contributions to local bibliography which appear in the present volume.
To the Rev. J. Ingle Dredge, Mr. Ot. C. Boase, Dr. T. N. Brushfield, Lt.-Col. W. F. Prideaux, and others,
the thanks of the Editor is especially due in this direction, and, as will be seen by the new prospectus
further valuable additions are in course of preparation.

It will be noticed that more than ordinary prominence has been given to certain Oenealogical Notes and
Pedigrees of local families. The Editor wishes it to be distinctly understood that he does not seek the
publication of such matters, especially where they are of families of little prominence, and further that he
has now laid down a rule that such details, which ore only of interest to members of the families of
which they treat, must be dealt with as special matter, and that the contributors must defray the cost of
any extra printing involved. On these conditions, and on these alone, will such Genealogical Notes be
published.

A lengthy Index is appended to the Volume, which it is hoped will be found useful to the seeker after
information. Of the value of an Index there can be no question, as no book of reference can be considered
complete without it, '* I, for my part (says Isaac Disraeli) venerate the inventor of indexes ; and I
know not to whom to yield the preference, either to Hippocrates, who was the first great anatomiser of
the human body, or to the unknown labourer in literature who first laid open the nerves and arteries
of a book.

A glance at the prospectus which has been prepared for the Fifth Series; will, it is hoped, convince
the most sceptical that there is still ample room for a magazine designed to be ''a medium of
intercommunication for Antiquaries and others interested in the History, Literature, and Legendary Lore
of the Western Counties." The variety of the subjects named in the list of articles provided, and the
eminence of many of the writers, speaks well for the future of the journal. The Editor, therefore^
relying on the quantity and quality of the material which will be entrusted to him for publication, trusts
that an increased list of Subscribers may give him the necessary guarantee against financial loss, as well
as encouragement to still farther improve the work. In conclusion he will be always happy to receive
suggestions or offers of assistance from any of his subscribers.

W. H. K. WRIGHT-
Phftnauth, June^ 1885.

A^ ^Tmriitf^nira'^i flMkf^

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INTEODTJOTION'.

I HAVE great pleasure in acceding; to the Editor's request that I should write a short introduction
to the fourth volume of the Western Antiqiuiry, An examination of the previous volumes ia
sufficient to show that the work, which started well, is continually improving in quality : and
I am not without hope that it may attain some such position among Western scholars as helonga
elsewhere to the Hevus Celtiquey or the Transactions of the Cymmrodorion. It would he impossible,
in a prefatory notice, even to enumerate the studies which a publication of this kind is intended to
promote. The Editor's wish is to afford a means of communication between all those who are
interested in the history, literature, and legendary lore of the Western Counties (Devon, Cornwall,
and Somerset) ; and though the work has hitherto consisted, in the main, of a *' Devon and Cornwall
Note-book," there are plenty of readers in Somerset who will now be glad to take part in restoring
the 'history of the western '' Damnonia." I have said elsewhere that such a work would be useless
and hopeless if it were not for the labours of the multitudes who have travelled these paths before:
in compiling such histories we are dealing with un inheritance prepared for us by our forefathers;
but the compilation may still be useful or convenient, though the field has been well-laboured for
centuries, '' and hardly a gleaning-grape or ear of com is left when the vintage and harvest are done."

My predecessors, in their prefaces to former volumes, made bold to offer much sensible advice on
the selection of historical topics and the methods by which such matters should be investigated: and
the list of forthcoming articles is enough to show that their counsel was taken in good part,
notwithstanding the proverbial danger of the man who advises his neighbour, and that, by a still
rarer chance, these suggestions are being carried into action. Local history is becommg more important
every day; but it can only be successfully attempted by those who have lived on the spot and made
themselves familiar with the features of the locality and the nature of its surviving records. The Editor
must, therefore, be congratulated on the fact that his list of promised contributions includes an article on
the Cornwall Assize, by Mr. Kobbins, an abstract of lands held by the Castle of Launceston, with notes by
Mr. Eashleigh, and an article on the Curiosities of the Barnstaple Municipal Records, by Mr. Chanter,
whose researches amongst many forgotten and perishing documents deserve high commendation and
emulation. Readers in Somerset will be glad to study the essays on *' Knight-service in Devonshire*' and
on the Manor of Taunton Deane, which are promised by Mr. A. J. Monday, a gentleman who is well-
known at Taunton for the skill with which he has elucidated matters of pedigree and family history.

Toothing need be said here about the articles on pre-historic antiquities: the readers of the Western
Antiquary are advised by those who have a hereditary right to be heard first on all such matters. No
teaching is required to make the men of the West Country pay respect to our ancient ** worthies," or to
remind them how often the path of duty has been *'the way to glory." Perhaps the best kind of
suggestion is to press the student in all possible cases to go back to the earliest authorities, and not
to accept any statement at second hand. It is quite possible that important discoveries may yet be
made abont the ancient history of the West. More light may be thrown on the Levantme trade
which appears to have been concentrated at Exeter A more diligent search may be made for the
remains of the Roman houses which were scattered on every country-side in the '* Golden Age " of
the world. A discovery in my own neighbourhood has brought to light the ruins of a house which
seems to have belonged to a Roman inn>ector of mines. Something more may, perhaps, be learned
about mining under the Empire, especially in those regions of the West which were at first mistaken
for an ^' El Dorado." Something fresh may be learned even about Druidism, under the fresh light
which is being gained from Irish sources. As an example of a fortunate discovery in this direction
I may mention the finding of two inscriptions about a certain Demetrius, a treasury-clerk at York,
who lived about the time of the Emperor Trajan ! Their importance lies in the proof that there was
such a person, and in the fresh interest thereby given to the mystical conversations which he was
reported by Plutarch to have held with certain priests in the ** islands round Britain."

T«^ INTRODUCTION.

As oDe who knows little, but cares much, about the history of the Celtic poopleS) I am glad to read
Mr. Jago's essay on the changes caused by the English use of Cornish names, and to find that
the Rev. Lach-^zyrma, a very high authority on such subjects, is to consider **the position of the
Cornish language in the Indo-European family." We may hope that he may solve the controversy
as to the early disappearance of the Aryan letter ^* p," with special reference to the name of
Quilquin the Frog, and we shall all expect that he will excel Mr. Chamock in the study of
patronymics, and lival Mr. Whitley Stokes in finding new treasures in «he lives of the Saints,
without forgetting to use all the hearthside stories which Mr. Bottrell, *'the Old Celt," collected
and published at Penzance. It has always seemed to me to be a most interesting task to trace, or
to endeavour to trace, the signs of Celtic, and even of prc-Celtic, elements in our nation by the tone
and the ''Celtic sing-song" and archaic idioms of the provincial dialects, by the names of our rural
geography and words of daily life used for common and domestic things, and to mark in our highest
literature the bright colouring and romantic note which is ascribed to an influence that was foreign
to our English ancestors.

I observe that the list of past articles deals in several places with the story of Arthur and *' Queen
Guinever." It is certain, however, that we have not yet got the whole story of the Lady who fied
with Launcelot to Joyous Guard. According to the Welsh legends there were at least three queens
of that name, who were all married to King Arthur. Of these one was a daughter of the giants,
and another was the child of the m3^thical warrior who had to fight for Cordelia with the Fairy
Xing on every first of May, a story inteipretcd to mean the battle of two lines of waves in
the estuary of the Severn, which fought with each other by pushing and butting like rams.
This legend is a relic of the lost mythology of the Silurians, which can only be recovered, if
at all, by a diligent comparison of the old Breton and Gaulish traditions with the folk-lore of
Wales and Ireland. We all admit the existence of King Arthur, and the men of the West find
as little difficulty as the men of the North in identifying the place of the Bound Table and the
Towers of Camelot, and the ** island- valley of Avilion, where falls not hail or rain or any snow,
nor ever wind blows loudly." But whether he reigned in Devon and was buried in Somerset, or
whether he ruled the hills of Cumbria and ** thrust the heathen from the Romau Wall, and
shook him through the North," we shall do well to learn caution from the words of Milton:
'' who Arthur was, and whether any such reigned in Britain hath been doubted heretofore, and
may again with good reason: for the monk ot Malmesbury, and others whose credit hath swayed
most with the learned sort, we may well perceive to have known no more of this Arthur or
his doings than we now living, and what they had to say transcribed out of Nennins, a very
trivial writer ... or out of a British book, the same which he of Monmouth set forth,
utterly unknown to the world till more than six hundred years after the days of Arthur." Among
the accounts of '* popular antiquities in Cornwall " we are promised an article on *^ Padstow May
Songs," and we shall hope to find a full account of the origin of the Helston ''Furry-day"
festivities ''for to fetch the summer home, the summer and the may, oh!" though this ditty in the
ordinary yersion falls far short of the charm of the song of the Hitchin Mayers: —

" We hftve been rambling all the night,
And almost all the dav,
And now returned back again
We have brought yon a bonoh of May.

'* The Moon shines bright and the stare give a light
A Uttle before it's dav.
So Grod bless yon all both great and small,
And send you a joyfnl BCay."

The procession of the King of Summer at Lostwithiel seems to be a relic of the mocl battles
between Summer and Winter which were common, in all Celtic countries, and to have had something
to do with the burning of the ** bell-tree " in the Beltain fires and with the bonfires on the Feast
of St. John, of which the Cornish fishermen have in many places preserved the remembrance.
I have explained elsewhere my reasons for identifying these parades and jubilees with the feast of
Taranis, or " Etirun, the god of the heathen Britons," who was supposed to bring the rain and
sunshine and to dispense the fruits of the earth. ''He is the Dieu Tonnant of the mediasval songs,
and the Tonam of Merlin's prophecy : *' therefore shall the revenge of the Thunderer show itself,
for erery field shall disappoint the husbandman." Uis stored plants were the ash, hawthorn, and

INTRODUCTION. vil.

hoase-leek, which were thought to avert the lightning: and it might be well to make local enquirieB
a8 to the snrvival of any supentitiouB notions of this kind, as well as of any other piece of foUL-lore
which might throw a light on the ancient religions of Britain. Such, for example, were the
practices at the Cornish *' latighing-wells," of which Sir Henry de la Beche gave some account in
his work on the geology of ^ the ^outh- Western Counties. There are mineral-springs which can be
excited to '* laugh," or to iMreak into bubbles, by throwing in any little object of metal, and others
of which the waters are troubled when pieces of bread are cast upon their surface. The children at
the Fountain of Berendon in Brittany, within the limits of the legendary Forest of Broceliande, used
to make sport with the spirit of the waters; ** Hit done, ris done, fofUaine de Berendon, ei je U
donnerai une ipingleV Many other relics of the old world may be found by a strict observation of
popular customs and children's games and fairy tales. Perhaps I may be aUowed, in conclusion, to
quote from a work of my own a passage in which I have shown how much our literature has been
influenced by the traditions of the Celtic paganism. **The mediaeval romances and the legends which
stood for history are full of the fair humanities a^d figures of its bright mythology. The elemental
powers of earth and fire, and the spirits which haunted the waves and streams, appear again as
kings in the Irish Annals or as saints and hermits in Wales. The knights of the Hound Table, Sir
Kay and Tristram and the bold Sir Bedivere, betray their origin by the attributes whcih they
retained as heroes of romanee. It was a goddess, ' Dea quadam phantastiea,^ who bore the wounded
Arthur to the peaeeful valley. There was little sunlight on its woods and streams, and the nights
were dark and gloomy for want of the moon and stars. This is the country of Oberon and Sir
Huon of Bordeaux. It is the dreamy forest of Arden. In an older mythology it was the realm of
a King of Shadows, the country of Gwyn ap Nudd, who rode as *Sir Guyon' in the * Faerie Queen,'

*' ' And knighthood took of good Sir Huon*8 hand.
When with King Oberon he cune to Fairylana.' "

CHARLES I. ELTON.
June 8th, 1885.

Xist of Jllusttattona

•f tP 'BP 'ff 'tf ^P ^P 'B' ^P

I. PoRTSAiT OP Chaeles L Eltoit, Esq., M.P. - ,- - - . To &C6 Title Page.

II. PoBTBA.n OF John Smratok ..w...^. ^^ Page I.

III. Winotahlbt's Eddtbione Liohthoitse -.---)

}

♦> tt

»7.

rV. RudTEBD's EDDTSIOinS LiflHTHOUSE .....

ft

V. Book-Platb op John Henrt Oglakdek Glthn .» n 5*-

VI. Alm8*-Box in St. Agnes' Chvbch, Cobnwall - - • -

VII. Shute Chaik

VIII. Pied Bull, Islxngton • - ♦> ♦, M.

IX. Asms and Autograph op Sir James Let (afterwards Earl of

Marlborough), in 1622 ........ mm US.

X. Plates op Ancient Bbittsh Coins found at Moxtnt Battfv, nxar

Pltmouth (li illustrations) '™ ■ -?;j fi tt H^.

XI. Talland Church, Cornwall (5 illustrations) - - - - - „ ,, 124.

XII. Ancient Font in the Church op /St. Mart Magdalen, Stoke Canon,

Devon -- „»» 153.

XIII. COBNEB OF GOLDSICITH StREBT, ExETEB - - - - - - „ „ 176.

XIV. PoBTRAiT OP Sir Francis Drake, Knight - „ „ 226.

XV. Arks of Sir Prakcis Drake -------i

> ,, I, 236.

XVI. Memorial Statue of Sir FRAifcis Drake ox Pltmouth Hoe - )

XVII. Illustrations of Cornish Churches: — !. Font, St. Antony. — 2. Font,

St. Ruan Minor. — 3. Font, St. Madron. — 4. Font, Landewednack „ ,, 243.

XVIII. Arms of the Ancient Companies op the Citt op Exkter (16 illustrations) ,, ,, 247.

XIX. Ancient Wells of Cornwall; — 1. Dupath Well, or Baptistry. — 2. Well

of St. Cleer ., » 267.

XX. Seal of the Pltmouth Institution ,, ,, 272.

PEDIGREES.

Ley alias Xempthobne, in Deton, &c. Folded Sheet to follow page 114.

SiKEs OP Dabtmouth • -. On*,, 200.

I
i

^ The binder %» requited to notice the corrected plate^ " Armn of John Ley^^'^ and the imtniotions reepecting

the same on page 174,

(Benetal ^nbcv to principal Subjects

^ >if fff ^ 4i4iiii*i*ii^

Abbeys, 78, 233, 245

A'Beoket (see Becket)

Acklftnd (Sir Hngh), 221

Acre Stone, 75

Acts of Parliament, 137 '

Adam de Marisco, 208

Adelard of Bath, 207

Aggravii Venetiani, 76, 118

Alexander of Ashby, 207

Alien, 52, 69, 78

America. 222, 223

Andrew Family, 176

Angler' a Note Book^ 6

Anthony Family

Antiquities of Cornwall, 1, 2, 243

Apparitions, 74. 171. 204, 219

Archery, 29

Armorial Shields, 144, 166

Arms of Comwan, 8, 35, 98, 118, 147, 272

Arms of Devon, 147, 168, 266, 272

Arms of Drake, 27, 199

Arms of Exeter Companies, 247

Arms of Ley, 112, 114, 124, 174

Arthur (King), 2, 3, 43, 46, 241. 244, 266

Art in Deron, 7

Art-Lectnres, 246

Artists, 31, »5, 219, 261

Amndels, 48

Ashburton, 75, 117

Aahford, 17"^

Ashton Church, 51

Assyrian Tablets, 8, 52

Ayenell Family, 97, 139

Avenues, Stone, 99

Axmouth, 8

Babies and Parsley, 30. 54

Bacon (Roger), 228

Baker (Richard), 10

Ballads, 261

Banks (Sir Joseph), 95

Bardon, etc., 220, 265

Bardridc, 11, 148

Barker (Pentecost), 215

Bamstople, 30, 61, 73

Beckenham, 82

Beoket, 165, 221, 265

Beddington, 84

Beer Ferrers, 82, 54, 112, 114, 117, 119,

120, 148, 149, 195
Belfries, 15, 49
Bells, 49
Berry Head, 163
Berry Pomeroy, 159
BeanaDs Meriasek, 10
Bibles, 50, 93 _

Bibliography, 9, 18. 19, 38; fSSL 58 J54, 120,

1697l70. 181, 198, 209, 214, m, 227,

248.271

BiUiotheea Pucatoria^ 6
BMiotheea Suuexiana, 60
Bioton Park, 23
Bidder (G^eorge), 260
Bideford, 147
Billars, etc., 52, 77
Bishop's Tawton, 73
Blackmore Family, 11
Black Torrington, 177
Bligh (Admiral W.)* 214
Booonnock, 48
Bodmin, 261
Boger (Mrs.), 244
Bonyface, 33
Bonython, 144. 146, 2S1
Bookbinding. 7, 33
Boringdon House, 262
Borlase Family, 270
Borlase (Rev. H.), 220
Borough (Walter), 33
Botns Fleming, 76
Bowhill Chapel, Exeter, 32
Bowling Green House. 97
Bowring (Sir John), 74
Bray (Mrs.), 225, 227
Breton Mystexy Plays, 43
Brett Family, 178
Brice Family, 196
Bristow (Bristol), 65
British Coins, 82, 116, 118
BrUannia*a PasiwcUt, 5
Brixton, 83
Brockway Family, 33
Bromley (Henr^, M.P.), 52, 120
Brooking (Admiral), 55
Brow, 262

Browne (William), 5
Buckerell, 93, 146, 149
Buokfast, 78, 149
Bucklani 147, 263
Buddell, 23, 24, 196
BndgeU Lane, 23, 24, 196
Budleigh. East, 96
BuUock Drift, 108
Buntingdon, 34, 98
Burleiffh Family, 240
Bumaby Family, 177
BoTBCough (Rev. R.), 9, 63» 55
Burgoynes, 130
Busk (M.P.), 178

Cad, 34, 52, 98
Oadover Bridge, 52, 98
Caerhayes, 48
Calculating Boy, 260
Oal8tock.241
Gam^THead, 240, 266
Carbona, 12
Cardew, 48

Carew, Sir Gawen, 49, 78, 98. 118. 240

Carew. Sir Peter. 98

Carrington, 99

Oarybollock, 47

Casviterides, 41

Oatholidsm in Exeter, 42

Cat-water. 262

Caution to Licensed Victuallers, 162

Celtic Cornish Names, 201

Chapels of Ease, 262

Charges, Travellers', 93

Chanties, 96

Charles II., 76, 261

Charles Edward (Prince), 67

Chaucer, 2

Chauncy, I. W.. 144, 196

Chew Magna, 35

Chittlehampton, 128

Chough, 221

Chrism, 142

Chrisomer's HiU, 141, 142

Christmas Ballads, 140

Christmas Cubtoms, 133, 138, 162

Church Bells, 49

Church Dedications, 2^9

Church Restorations, 19

Churches, Cornish, 218, 243

Churches, 7

Church in the Wett, 18

Churton's Briiuh Higtory, 106

Cider Mill. Ancient, 238

Clarke Pedigree, 125

Clawton, 73

Clobery(SirJ,), 167

Clowance, 116

Cooker Family, 97, 219

Coex Broot, 53

Cokers, 97, 219

Colcombe Deer Park, 22

CoUins Family, 262

Colonizing Dartmoor. 262

Colonizing New England, 11

Companies, 187. 247

Conant Familv, 96, 147

Cookworthy, o

Cornish Antiquities, 243

Cornish Arms, 8, 35, 98, 118, 147, 272

Cornish Coasts, 137

Cornish Chough, 221

Cornish Churches, 218, 248

Cornish Customs, 140

Cornish Deer ParkB, 47, 7% 77, 114

Comiah Families, 33

Cornish Fonts, 246

Cornish Mines, 262

Cornish Mirade Plays, 10, 44

Cornish Names, 116, 170

Cornish Parish Registers, 270

INDEX.

Cornish Place Names, 201
Cornish Schools, 239
Cornish Sexton's Note Book, 31
Cornish Song, 52
Cornish Students, 252
Cornish Worthies, 38
Cornu-BritonH in Somerset, 8
Cornwall, Antiquities of, 1, 2, 243
Cornwall, HandDi>ok of, 144
Cornwall, Harbours of Refuge, 137
Cornwall, Notes on, 105, 106
Cornwall, Records of, 102
Cornwall, Witches in, 9
Corporation Plate, 61, 82
Courtenay Family, 49
Courtenay Mantelpiece, 172
Courtenay Monuments, 143
Coverdale, (Bishop Myles), 50
Crosses of Dartmoor, 12, 15, 98
Crowndale, 34
Cruel, 221
Cudwoith, 254
Culprit's Clothes, 144

Da Costa, Emanuel, 192

- Dartmoor, 58, 9, 34, 98, 99, 103, 262

— Dartmoor Bibliography, 9

" Dartmoor Crosses, 12, 15, 98
—Dartmoor Forest, 94
Dartmouth, 38, 73, 94
Darwin, 96
Da vies, Mary, 143
De Candolle, 96
DeL\ (Capt.), 96
Dedications of Churches, 289
Deer Parks, 21, 22, 23, 47, 49, 72, 74, 77,

78, 93. 114. 117, 143, 146
Denbury Fair, 263
Devonian Folk Lore, 75
Devonport Library, 174
Devon Worthies, 45
Devonshire Arms, 168, 266, 272
Devonshire Artists, 7, 3L 35, 219, 260,

261
Devonfibire Authors, 11
Devonnhire Bibliography, 9, 52, 181, 209,

214, 248, 261
Devonshire Castles, 224
Devonshire ("hurches, 239
Devonshire Deer Parks, 21, 22, 23, 47,

49, 74, 77, 93, 117
Devonshire Domesday, 152
Devonshire Epitaphs, 94
Df'vonshire Faraihes, 97, 241
Devonshire History, 148
Devonshire Mile, 117
Devonshire Pliilanthropist, 183
Devonshire Proverbs, 7, 31, 73, 115
Devonphire Rhymes, 7, 73, 115
Devonshire Sa^nngs, 31, 77
Devonshire Scenery, 16
Devonshire Students, 252
Divining Rod, 96, 195, 222, 265
Dixon-Hartland, 145
Dobflon, Austin, 103
Dolcoath, 12
Doones, 53
Dorchester, Mass., 10
Dorsetshire Bibliography, 19
Drake (Sir Francis), 25, 29, 49, 117, 134,

135, 136, 137, 145, 195. 239
Drake and Tradition, 215
Drake's Arms, 27, 199
Drake's Memorial, 199
Drake's Portraits, 199, 235
Drake's Sayings, 94

V

Drake's Ship, 50
Drake, Nathan, 11
Dryden, 270
Duchy of Cornwall, 102
Durham House, 109, 112
Duval, 95

East Budleigh, 96

Easton Family, 178

Eddystone Lighthouses, 20, 98

Egg BuckUnd, 118, 147

English Bible, 50

Epitaphs, 16, 94, 114, 163, 164, 241

Evelyns in America, 233

Evil Eye, 115, 116

Ezboume, 128

Exeter, 9, 32, 93, 151, 192, 196. 217

Exeter ('athedral, 109, 144, 166

Exeter Catholics, 42

Exeter Churches, 41, 215

Exeter Companies, 187, 247

Exeter Epibcopal Palace, 172

Exeter Families, 76

Exeter Ghost Story, 74

Exeter History, 197

Exeter Houses, 174

Exeter Mayors, 33, 242

Exeter Museum, 7

Exeter Newspapers, 144

Exeter Printing, 270

Exeter Registeirs, 123

Exeter Schools, 59

Exeter Serge Manufactory, 08, 77

Exeter Sieges, 244

Exeter Storms, 31

Exeter Streets, 144

Exeter Walls

Exeter Worthies, 91, 239

Exmoor, 241

Exmouth (Lord), 160

Failed to PctUf see Reviews

Fairs, 263

Falmouth, 53, 77, 99, 100

Farrow Deer Parks, 114

Fasts and FestivaLs, 1, 2

Father Peter, 217

Female Freemasons, 262

Ferris (Richard), 157, 158

Festivals, 1, 2

Fistones, 241

Fitz-Ralph (Richard), 116

Fleming Family, 177

Floods, 63

Folk Lore of Pig Killing, 191

Folk- Moots, 16

Fonts, 152. 246

Forest of Dartmoor, 94

Fowey, 33, 77, 239

Fortescue, 163, 164

Freemasons, 74, 262

Free. Schools, 239

French Church at Plymouth, 215

French Prisoners, 77, 118^ 147

Frog Lane, 148

Fr.g Marsh, 148

Frog Moor, 195

Frog Street, 89, 90, 91, 148, 166

Frog as a Tlace Name, 90

Fry-Blount, 9

Fry of Devon, 9

Fruits, etc., discovered by Drake, 136

Fulf ord Deer Park, 23

Funeral Customs, 97

Gardner Family, 242
Gaskin (Dr.), 170

Gater FamUy, 103, 104, 128

Gates (Governor), 97

Gavelkind Tenure, 9

Gay's FabUt, 240

Gemos, 12

OenUeman't Magazine, 271

Geraldus Cambrensis, 3

Gerens, 117

Grermain, 105

Gey Family, 262

Ghost Stories. 74, 171, 204, 219

Gifford, 145, 242

Gildas Badonicus, 105, 179

GUnville (Thomazine), 4

Glan^ille^i of Tavistock, 4

Glanvil (Rev. Joseph), 97

Glastonbury Abbey, 3, 8, 244, 245

Gloucestershire Bibliography, 18

Glynn Family, 38, 57. 58. 78, 170

Gt)dolphins, 46, 51

GoUnt. 33

Grenville, Sir BeviUe, 16

Gubbingsesy 5

Guiuever, Queen, 2, 3

Gwennap, 140, 241

Haigh for Deitonahire, 181

Hakluyt Voyage, 103

Haldol), 73

Ham, Hampton, etc., 155, 270

Hamoaze, 12

Hankford (Sir W.), 22

Harrington, 178

Harris (Christopher), 26 V

Harris (John), 17, 120

Hatfield (Miss S. £.), 100

Haunted Houses, 57, 171, 204, 239, 262
Hawker (Rev. Treasurer), 13
Hawkins Family, 165
Haydon Family, 75, 98
Hayle, 76, 267
He&ling Medals, 76
Hearles Family, 33
Heavitree, 12

Heche^s Buckland, 118, 147
Helston, 51

Heraldry, 51, 57, 199, 221, 247, 266l 272
N Herrick (Robert). 2, 131, 132
Herring, 191, 263
Herriot(SirT.), 96
Herring (Sir John), 191
Hiliun Family, 220
Ho^riit^r Bread, J44, 194
Holbetou, 96
Hole Family. 178
Hollo way (Thomas), 183
Holman Family, 143
Holy Wells, 123 •
Hooe. 219
Hooke (Rev. W.), 8
Hubberd (Christ), 193
Hutchinson (Thomas), 222

Ilchester Church, 142
Ilsin^ton I'huich, 32
Inscribed Stones, 76, 267
Insignia, 61, 82
lolair, 69
Isaacson, 178, 243
Islington, 86

Jeph>4on Family, 242

Jessie, the Maniac Maid, 163

John Herring^ 191

Johnson Centenary, 191

Jumping on seeing the Furst SwftUow, 8

INDEX.

Jd.

Kelland FamUy, 126, 127, 152, 166, 176,

176» 199, 263
Kempthome Familj, 124, 174
Kennaway Family, 218
Kentisbeare, 240
Kent's Cavern, 7fi
Keynsham Abbey, 233
King (John), Painter, 7, 3d
" King is Dead " 166
Kingdom Family, 177
Kitto (Dr. John), 76
Knackersknowle, 262

Lambourne, 116, 118, 119, 194

Landewednack, 247

Land's End, 39

Langdon, 221

Langf ord, 163, 164

Langmead, 117

Lansladron, 48

LantegloB, 47

Lapford, 126, 127

Launoeston. 31, 38, 47, 72, 81, 117

LawBon, Eawaind, 103

L^luse, 96, 136, 137

Lectures, 81, 246

Legend of the Lionease, 39

Lwgh Family, 176 "^

Leland, Notes on, 33

Letter of James Nortboote, 260

Leyden University, 252

Ley Family, 112, 114, 124, 174

Librarians, 93. 123. 174, 209, 214

Lighthouses, 20, 93, 100, 106, 107, 108

Liskeard, 2, 47, 239

Lizard Lighthouse, 106, 107, 108

Lionesse, 39

Locke (John), 256 .

Locomotion, 48

Loe, 116, 146

Londen Residences of Ralegh, 83^ 109, 112

Longships Lighthouse, 100

LoDg-frock Men, 32

Longfellow, 261

Looe, 1

Lostwithiel, 11

Lover's Leap, 219

Lundy. 73

Lustleigh, 52, 100

Lydford Journeu, 6

Lyo, Richard, 12, 65

Lymington, 73

Madan, R., 178

Maine Historical Society, 155

Manor of Taunton Deane, 216

Marisco, Adam de, 208

Marriage, Perplexing, 241

Marshall Family, 166, 178

Martineau, Harriet. 197

Mary Tavy, 114

Mass after the Reformation, 218

Massey (Yen. Roger), 116

Maurice of Somerset, 207

May Day Customs, 1, 2, 50, 56

Mayors. 76, 241

Mecca Pilgrim, 91

Medals, Healing, 76

Memorial Tablets, 246

Merivale Family, 149, 215

Merther, 48

Mile End. 85

Mllitiunr Series, 240

Mills, Ancient, 238

Miracle Plays, 10, 43

Mission Chapels, 262

MitcheU (Sir VV. H. F.), 176
Modburjr. 73

Modem Pretenders, 67, 118
Monmouth, 52
Montcalm (Marquis de), 145
Morchard Bishop, 12^
Morice(Dr. John), 8.170,240
Morrill of Topeham, 219
Morris, William, 8
Mount Batten, 82, 118, 119
Mount Edgcumbe, 23
Mount's Bay, 40
Mountjoy (Lord), 148, 195
Mudge Memoirs, 15
MuUyon, 140
Mundays, 116
Municipal Regalia, 61, 82
Muragtss, 194
Mynhennet, 48

Names, Cornish, 116, 170
Narborough (Sir John), 144
Naval Queries, 240
Newlyn, 50
Newquay, 18, 238
Newspapers. 144, 165
Newton Abbot, 165
Non-Jurors, 7
Norfolk (Duke of), 130
Northcote (James), 260
Numismatics, 116, 164
Nymet Rowland, 129

Olisolete Words, 96, 166, 194
" Octogenarian," 103
Odger, George, 87, 146
Okehampton, 77
Old Cider Mill, 238
Old Queen'a Head Inn, 87
Old Khymes, 30
Oliver (Dr.), 41, 43, 197
** One and AU,' 36, 52
Oral Tradition, 216
Original Research, 193
Orts, 12

Padstow, 1, 2, 193

Paignton, 50, 74, 76, 120

Panages, 194

Parham(SurE.), 242

Paris Street, Exeter, 144

Parish Registers, 270

Parodies, 57

Parr Familv, 10, ISO

l*aialwy iuid Babies, 30, 54

Paul's iiepulchral :siab8 of SoTMnet, 9

Pedigrees, 200

Pelican, 50

Penance, 31

Pennliflf Castle, 76

Penel Orlieu, 262

Penrice, 48

Periodicals, 17, 144, 151, 165, 173, 174,

198, 246
Peuryn, 241 .
Penzance, 2
Peter Tide, 50
PhiilippB(SirT.), 77
Philosophers of Somerset, 179, 207, 228.

254
Picages, 194
Pictures, 103, 122
Pied Bull Inn, IsHngton, 86
Pie KiUing, 191
PikenToues (Rev. J.), 148
Pilgrim to Mecca. 91
Pinckley, 48

Pitts (Joseph), 91

Place Names, 89, 201, 204

Plan-an-guare, 10

Plant Names, 52

Plymouth Almanacks, 173

Plymouth Artists. 161

Plymouth Charities, 96

Plymouth Company, 163

Plymouth Freemasons, 74

Plymouth French Church, 215

Plymouth Ghost Stories, 204

Plymouth Haunted Houses, 239

Plymouth Haven, 52, 78

Plymouth Houses, 97

Plymouth Institution, 16, 51, 81, 272

Plymouth Licensed Victuallers, 162

Plymouth Mayors, 76, 242

Plymouth Museum, 8

Plymouth Sayings, 73

Plymouth Steamships, 75

Plymouth Streets, 151, 170, 191

Plymouth Tramwajrs, 48

Plymouth Wards, 53

Plymouth Water Supply, 18, 27

Plymouth Worthies, 97, 246

Plym River, 98

Plym Steppes, 8, 34, 99

Peggi(M.), Artist, 165

Polperro, 1

Pontages, 194

Pontius Pilate, 77

Poole Park, 48

Popham Family, 176

Portages, 194

Porthleven. 50, 152

Portugal (Queen of), 63, 77, 99, 100

Portraits, 167, 235

Potatoes, 95

Powderham, 23« 73

Powlett Family, 146

Pretenders, 67, 118

PremonUion to Pi-incetf 32

Prices of Tea, etc., 48

Prideaux Place, 48

Prince Charles Edward, 67

Prince (Rev. John), 46, 158, 160

Prince Town, 147

Prisoners of War, 77

Proviarbial Sayings, 7, 31, 73, 115, 193

Pryce (Dr. W.), 192

Pudding, 76

Punch's Cross, 77

Pycroft's Art in Devomhire, 7

Pyne (John), 32, 54

Queen of Portugal, 53, 77, 99, 100
Quick (John), 145, 169, 221
Quillett, 144
Quivil (Bishop), 108

Radford Family, 127, 178
/Ralegh (Sir Walter), 32, 83, 95, 109, 112,
189 190 " » » . I

Ralegh (Sir Walter), Daughter of, 63
'Ralegh (Sir Walter), Residences of, 83,
^ 87, 109, 112

RsAeeh (Sir Walter), Bibliography of , 19
Rashleigh Family, 33, 176
Rearing Supper, 164, 195
Regalia, Municipal, 61
Residences of Sir W. Ralegh, S6
Restormel, 47
RssusdUtion, 193, 221
Revelstoke, 96

Reynolds (Sir Joshua). 97, 167
Reynolds (Rev. Preb.), 24

xu.

INDEX.

Rhymes,?, 30, 73,115

Biffht Worshipful. 76, 194, 241

RoberU (Henry), 181

Roborough, 163

Rockbeare, 177

Roman Coin, 164

Rood Screens. 117

Rooker Family, 33, 55

Rowe (Thomas), 239

Rowe's Perambulation of DartmooTf 6

Runic Stone, 62, 100

Sacrament, Holy, 108

St. Antony in Kirrier, 246

St. Blasey. 33

St. Columb Customs, 8, 65

St. Columb Major, 218

St Columb Minor, 116

St. Herygh, 32

St. Ives, 191

St John's Eve, 50

St. John's Hospital, Exeter, 59

S!». Madron, 247

St Martin's Church, 215

St Melan, 48

St. Michael, 48

St Michael's Mount, 40, 249

St. Nicholas' Chapel, Exeter, 41

St. Renan, 216

St Ruan Minor, 247

St. Sidwell's, Exettr, 97

St. Stephen's-by-Launceston, 19

St Vuy, 32

Salmon, 7

Salt, Price of, 7

Saltash, 53

Salteston, 53

Sandford, 127

Sand Glasses, 240

Baunder Family, 175

Sayings, 31, 77, 94

Schools in Cornwall, 239

Scilly Islands, 2, 32, 39,^54, 238

Sea Fights, 53

Seals, 51, 262, 272

Sedgemoor, 52

_e£pings(SirR.), 176

Ser^ Manufacture, 53, 77

Sexton's Note Book, 31

Shore (Jane), 12

Shute Chair, 57

Shute Park, 22

Sieges, 244

Sikes Family, 200

Silver Coin, 164

Skinner (Ephraim), 30

Smeaton (John), 20, 93

Somerset. 8, 9

Somersetshire Floods, 63

Somerset, Philosophers of, 179, 207, 228,

254
Somerset, Visitation of, 199
Somerville, 74
Sorlingues, 82, 54
Southcott (Joanna), 93
South Molton, 78, 191
Sparkes Family, 33
Spry (W. S.), 52
Staffordshire Bibliography, 271
Staverton, 73, 241
Steamshipe, 76
Stocks, 73, 96
Stoke Canon, 152, 166
Stokenham, 193
Storm at Exeter, 31
Stratton Church, 108
Streets and Street Names, 191
Stuart Pretenders, 52, 67, 118
Students at Leyden, 252
Suflfolk, 271
Sun Dials, 96
Superstitions, 48, 148
Swallows, 8

Swedenbor? (Emanuel), 8
Sweeting (Samuel), Exeter, 76

TaUand Church, 124
Tallaton, 263
Tamar River. 73. 114
Tattershall Family, 177
Taunton Church, 143
Tavistock, 240
Tavy River, 115
Teignmouth, 73
Testock, 22
Tilly Family, 242
Tin Ore Mill, 238
Tol-Pedn-Penwith, 32, 68
Torr of Westleigh, 130
Totnes. 9, 53, 55, 94, 158, 160
Tradition, Oral, 215
Tramways, 48
Travellers' Charges, 93
Treffry Family, 33
Tregea Family, 117
Tregellas's Comith Wwtkiu, 58
Trelawny Papers, 149. 153, 156
Trelawny (Robert), 154
Trelowarren, 48
Treemeer, 49

Truro, 165, 339
Tucker Family, 178
Turkish Men-of- War, 53
Tywardreath, 33

Unsentimental Journey through Corn-
wall, 19

Vandermast, 231
Vineyards, 7, 54, 77, 119, 120
Visitations of Somerset^ 199

Waddon Family

Wakeham (Robert), 149

Walls of Exeter. 199

Ward Names, 53

Warner. 52, 120

W^itchera on the Longthiju^ 100

Watchman, Old, 191

Way (Rev. James), 161

WeUs, Holy. 123

Wernngton Parish. 144

Werrington Deer Park, 22, 42, 143

Wesley, 165

Weetcote's View of Devomhiret 5

West Country Ballads, 261

West Country Scenery, 28

West Horsley, 83

Whale Ashore, 261

Wheal, 262

Whitaker Stone, 75

Whittier, 261

Wills, of Axminstor, 263
Williams (Sir E.), 178, 242
Winchester Cathedral, 143, 167
Winchester House, 156
Winter (Capt W.), 138
Winter (John), 164
Wistman's Wood, 94
Witches, 9, 34, 116, 143
Wolferstan FamUy, 193
Wolf Rock Lighthouse, 41
Wohrey (Oardmal), 73
Wood (Sir Matthew), 196
Woollcombe ^enry) 272
WooUcombe Family, 164
Words, Obsolete, 96, 166, 194^
Worshipful, 76, 194, 241
Worthiea of Devon^ 45
Worthies, Comiah, 58
Worth's West Country Garland, 2
Wreford Family, 178, 242

Yamscombe, 126
Yates (Edmund), 151
YotiageVat, 12
Yule Tide, 140

JOHN SMEATON.

THE

OR,

Devon anb Cornwall flote*»Book,

Being a medium of intercommunication for Anty^uanes and others interested in the History, Literature^

and Legendary Lore of the Western Counties.

Edited by W. H. K. WRIGHT, F.R. Hist. Soc, Borough Librarian, Plymouth.

No. I.]

JUNE, 1884.

[Vol. 4.

POPULAR ANTIQUITIES OF CORN-
WALL.

(FASTS AND FESTIVALS.)

* * * *
BY T. Q. COUCH, BODMIN.

^^T^^AY ist, MAY-DAY. This ever-to-be-
tL I J| remembered festival is observed in
• • Cornwall with scarcely faded fresh-

ness. All folks that can are out betimes to the
smiling woods and lanes to welcome the
coming in of Summer, bringing back to town
with them, as trophies of joy, boughs of leaf
and flowers.

I remember when, as a boy, I was up after
Chaucer's example, to do mine observance

** To the niorwe of May,"
Alas ! it is not now as it has been of yore, but
Wordsworth brings back to me the young
days : —

" All the earth is gay ;

Land and sea

Give themselves up to jollity,

And with the heart of May

Doth every beast keep holiday !

Thou child of joy.
Shout round me, let me hear thy shouts, thou happy
shepherd boy."

On this very May morning, 1884, my chil-
dren have been out getting that still famed
cosmetic, May-dew (as did Mrs. Pepys and
party more than two hundred vears ago),
bringing home the flowering branches of white
thorn.

This floral feast has been traced, with much
learning, to various origins, but it is probably

as old as humanity itself. We may safely
believe that in primeval times, the advent of
summer and hope must have gladdened the
heart of man universally as now, and that, as
oldStowe quaintl}' and prettily says, "all men
would walk unto the sweet meadowes and
greenaL woods, there to rejoyce their sprites
with the beauty and savour of sweete flowers,
and with the harmony of' birds praysing God
in their kind.**

Except perhaps at Padstow, the better
known portion of the ceremonial, the May-
pole, has, I believe, gone out in Cornwall,
though within my memory it has been erected
on Pelynt Green. Mr. Bond remembered
seeing one at West Looe : —

** On May-day, (he sa)rs) the boys of East and West
Looe dress their hats with flowers and hawthorn, and
furnish themselves with bullocks' horns, in which sticks of
about two feet long are fixed, and with these instruments
filled with water they parade the streets all day, and dip
all persons who pass them, if they have not what is called
May in their hats ; that is, a sprig of hawthorn."

At Polperro, which is near Looe, a similar
sport is kept up with unabated vigour to this
day. On May morning the children and even
grown-up people go out early into the country
and fetch home flowering branches of the
hawthorn, which at this season are far to seek,
or the newly opened leaves of this shrub, and
stems of the newly-budding elm, all of which
are called May. At a later hour all the boys
of the village sally forth, armed with bucket,
can, bullock's horn, rustic syringes or skits
made of the tubular stems of bilders or all-
sanders (composita)f or other vessel, and

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

avail themselves of a license, which the season
confers, to dip or well-nigh drown, without
regard to person or circumstance, all who have
not the protection of a bit of May in hat or
button-hole, singing the while the chant : —

** The first of May is dipping day."

The sprig of budding leaf or flower is held
to be a proof that the bearer has not failed to
rise early **to do observance to a morn of
May." There is a great deal of fun on the
occasion, and many an unfortunate wight,
failing to comply with an ancient custom, is
sent home like a drowned rat. Garlands of
crossed hoops, bedizened with flowers and
birds* eggs, are taken about, and largesse
expected.

In East Cornwall, especially, the boys and
girls go very early to the woods in search of
the circinate fronds of ferns, unfolded to a
sufficient length to stretch across the farmer's
cream-bowl ; which done, entitles the Mayers
to the contents : —

"At Penzance," says Mr. Richard Edmonds, "on the
first of May, about daybreak, parties of young persons
accompanied with music, go mto the country, regale
themselves at the dairies, and return soon after sunrise
with flowers and green branches. With these they for-
merly adorned the Maypole, and danced round it. The
last that remained in this neighbourhood stood at Marazion
about thirty years ago.

" In the Scilly Isles, the Maypole is still preserved and
annually decorated. Throughout this day, and for two or
three weeks afterwards, there is an incessant blowing of
horns, with which most of the little boys among the
labouring classes are furnished, a custom said to be derived
from a festival of Diana."

Troutbcck at the end of the last century, tells
us that the young men and maidens of Scilly
had a custom of rising early on May-day, to go
into the fields to gather flowers with which
they made garlands. These were hung upon
long polts in tiers, one above another, through
the streets.

At Penzance the expense of the Maypole
was defrayed out of the Corporation fund, as
the following entries show.

£, J. d.

** 1727-8. To John Gubl)s for new sarving

the scarf of the Maypole 5 o

1738-9. Mr Juhn Jenkin, a spar for the

Maypole I I O

1748-9. Paid on account of the Maypole 317 4

Allen says that a pole bedecked with gar-
lands of flowers was annually erected on
Bay-tree Hill in Liskeard.

At Padstow, the May -day festival is kept
with great vigour. The younger people wel-
come this as the opening day of Summer.
The whilom bare wintry branches are unmis-
takably putting on their leafy clothing, hedge
and woodland are adorning themselves with
their gay mantle of flowers, the birds are
singing gaily. At early morning the lads and
lasses assemble, and at brisk measure, sing, as
they proceed towards the country, a song of
greeting which Mr. R. N. Worth has preserved
in his delightful little book, " The West-
Country Garland," but which, in consideration
for your space, I refrain from quoting here.
Your readers will doubtless find the book easily
accessible. There is a pleasant twang about
the verses which brings remembrances of
Chaucer and Herrick : —

" As I seyde erst, whanne comen in the May,
That in my bed ther dawelh me no day,
That I nam uppc and walkyng in the mede."

ClIAtC KR.

Herrick's swain wakes up his laggard mis-
tress with his charming morning vSong early
on May morning. *' Come, my Corinna, come,
let's go a maying."

" Get up, get up for shame, the l)looniing morne
Upon her wings presents the God unbhorne.
See how Aurora throwes her faire
Fresh-quilted colours through the aire ;
Get up, sweet slug-abed and see
The dew bespangling herbe and tree.
Each flower has wept, and bow'd toward the east,
Alx)ve an houre since, yet you not drcst,
Nay ! not so much as out of bed,
When all the birds have matins seyd
And sung their thankful hprines; 'tis sin,
Nay, profanation to keep in,
When as a thousand virgins on this day
S])ring sooner than the lark to fetch in May."

(To be continued,)

QUEEN GUINEVER; WIFE OF KING

ARTHUR.

BY A. J. MONDAY, TAUNTON.

* I * AVI NO read an interesting note pub-
f^ hshed in the last September number
•■^^ of the Western Antiquary upon the
above subject, I have every reason for believ-
ing that some additional facts may prove
acceptable.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

The Somersetshire Archaeological and Na-
tural History Society have held two of their
annual meetings at Glastonbury; one in th^
year 1859, the other in the year 1880; the
last being held under the presidency of Dr.
Freeman, the historian. Moreover, the legend
of King Arthur's burial at Glastonbury being
dealt with very impartially by him in his
introductory address, your readers may there-
fore fairly assume that the Arthurian legend
as connected with that spot has been subjected
to a close and searching investigation. At the
annual meeting at Glastonbury, in 1859, the
Rev. W. A. Jones, m.a., f.g.s., (now deceased)
a gentleman not only well versed in Celtic
literature and archaeology, but in various other
scholarly accomplishments generally, read a
most able and exhaustive paper "On the
Reputed Discovery of King Arthur's Remains
at Glastonbury." The legend represents the
hero of Celtic romance as being conveyed,
after having received that which ultimately
proved a fatal wound at the battle of Camlan
in Cornwall, by sea in a bark "piloted
by Barinthus skilled in the navigation of the
seas and in the knowledge of all the stars of
heaven," to "the blessed Island of Apple
Groves" (Avalon), in order that he might have
the benefit of the medical treatment of nine
sisters residing there, who were skilled in the
healing art. Here the founder of true chival-
ry was suitably received in manner befitting his
exalted rank by one of the nine sisters who
excelled all the rest "and whose fame had
spread far and wide," Morgan or Morganis —
the Morgana of romance and magic, which
name Mr. Jones stated in his paper was the
Celtic for "beside the sea." She "laid the
king upon her couch covered with embroid-
ered gold. With her own hand she uncovered
the wound and examined it long. At length,
she declared that health might return if
his stay with her be prolonged, and if he
were willing to submit to her healing art.*'
With this assurance the bark and its crew set
sail for the Cornish coast, leaving " the ruler
of the table round '' in charge of the nine
sisters in the enchanted Island of Avalon,
" where the rain never fell ; " not without the
hope, however, of returning at some future
time to carry him away completely restored
to health, that he might again wield Excalibur
with the might of a conqueror. The exact
spot where Arthur was buried, remained, it
appears, a profound secret until the reign of

Henry II., when a Welsh bard having sung
before that monarch at Milford Haven, pre-
viously to his departure for Ireland, in praise
of King Arthur, his exploits, his death at Glas-
tonbury, and finally, his burial between two
pyramids there, the king ordered a search to
be made. Gerald Barry, or Geraldus Cam-
brensis, as he is usually called, a Welshman
residing at the court of Henry, and who saw
the bones at Glastonbury fourteen years after
their discovery, referring to the fact in two of
his works, viz., his Liber Distincttonum and his
InsHtutio PriftcipiSy says in chap. viii. of the
first -named work: —

"In their own times, while the 2nd Henry reigned,
the long-celebrated tomb of Arthur the British king, was
dug up in the consecrated cemetery of St. Dunstan, at
Glastonbury, between two lofty ol>elisks, on which were
inscriptions, to the memory of Arthur, and which had been
erected with great labour, the search being undertaken by
command of the foresaid king, and under the supervision
of Henry the Abbot, who was afterwards translated to the
bishopric of Winchester. The l)ody had become reduced
to dust and bones. "

This discovery is alleged to have taken place
in the year 1 170, during the abbotship of Henry
de Blois, nephew of William I., and brother
of King Stephen, who likewise held the office
of Pope's legate in England. John de Soliaco,
was the abbot at the time ueraldus visited
Glastonbury. He informs us, that when the
search was being made, at the depth of 7 feet
a broad flat stone was found, on the lower
surface of which was fastened a leaden cross,
with this inscription — **Hic jacet sepultus
inclitus Rex Arthurus in Insula Avaelonia cum
Wennevereia uxore sua secunda,'* (The words in
italics are not given by Camden), and Geraldus
goes on further to say: —

** Thus were found the remains of Arthur : not in a
marble tomb, as became a distinguished king, not in one
of stone nor Parian, but even in a wooden sepulchre — an
oak trunk, hollowed out for the purpose — and moreover,
sunk sixteen feet or more underground, a mode of inter-
ment for so great a prince, indicating haste rather than
honour, according to the exigencies of those troubled times.*'

The remains were, he states, found nine feet
below the slab. Geraldus says further on : —

"that his (Arthurus) leg-bone being placed alongside the
leg of a very tall man, reached three fingers' breadth above
the knee, as the Abbot showed us. His skull was also
very large and thick, being a hand's breadth wide between
the eyes and the eyebrows.'*

Mr. Jones stated in his paper that the Abbey
records, viz., the Parvus Liber and the Magna
Tabula Glastoniensis, according to Usher's Pri-
fnordia gave substantially the same account as

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Geraldus. These books, the Abbey Records,
are said to have been taken to Naworth Castle,
the ancient seat of the Howards. There is
one interesting book still in existence relating
to the Abbey Lands, recently published in the
possession of the Marquess of Bath at Long-
leat, who has, I believe, a great many, if not
the principal part of the manuscripts relating
to Glastonbury Abbey. It is the Inquisitions
of the Manors of Glastonbury, compiled by
Henry de Soliaco, great-grandson of William
I., Abbot of Glaston in the year 1189. It is
a most interesting record, containing as it
does, not only a list of the manors, but like-
wise the names of their tenants at that time.
As the late Mr. Pulman, of Crewkerne, has
pointed out in his Local Notnenclature, page 157,
that the various names of Glastonbury show
the state of that locality at different periods,
and the moorlands generally in chronological
order, viz.: — (i) Yfiys-Avallony the Island of
Apple Trees ; (2) Ynys Vitrin, the Island in the
midst of Bogs and Marshes; (3) Aher-Glaston,
"the Mouth of the river Brue, flowing with
blue waves into the mere or lake, a swampy
ground;" and (4) the Glasting-ahyrig of the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The following illus- *
trious personages are stated to have found their
last resting-place within the precincts of the
Abbey of Glaston : — King Arthur and Queen
Guinever; Edmund I.; Edgar and Edmund
Ironsides; the Dukes Alpher, Athelstan, and
Elwin; Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon;
Bishops Hedda of Winchester, Brithwold of
Wilton, Brithwyn of Wells, and Seffride of
Chichester ; Abbots : — Amesbury , Pederton,
Taunton, Kent, Fromond, Walter de Taunton,
Sodbury, Breinton, Mornington, Chinnock,
Frome, More, Selwood, and Here; in the Lady
Chapel) Sir John Byconel (Bicknell) and Sir
William Seymour, k.b. ; (South Transept) Sir
Thomas Stawell, Knight, and Hugh Morning-
ton, S.T.P.

•r T T V

THOMAZINE GLANVILLE.

BY W. U. S. GLANVILLE-RICHARDS, WINDLESHAM,

SURREY.

^ J g * T the head of the Pedigree of Glan-

y— § ville of Tavistock, in the Visitation

^^ • of Devon in the year 1620, stands

John Glanville, father of Sir John Glanville,
udge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1598,

but the Heralds have not mentioned the name
or parentage of his wife. It may therefore be of
some interest to record a few notes concerning
this lady. In the will of John Glanville of
Tavistock, **the elder" — to distinguish him
from his son Judge Glanville — ^which was
proved in London, the ist February, 1580, the
first clue to the identification of this lady is
found; for, amongst other names mentioned is
that of "Thomazine" his wife, to whom he
bequeaths certain property. Her surname is
not alluded to, and it is highly probable that her
name and family would still have remained
buried in oblivion had not a bundle of old
deeds, in the possession of a collateral descen-
dant, been fortunately unearthed. Amongst
these deeds was a conveyance of a parcel of
land in the Parish of Tavistock from John, the
son of William Browne, to his son-in-law, John
Glanville of Tavistock, the husband of his
daughter Thomazine. This is dated in the
year 1548. The said parcel of land appears by
another deed to have passed to Nicholas, the
eldest son of John and Thomazine Glanville,
and brother to Judge Glanville.

The Brownes were a family of consideration
and repute. Sir Thomas Browne — son of Sir
Stephen Browne, Lord Mayor of London in
1439 — was treasurer of the Household to
Henry VI., and also Sheriff of Kent in 1440
and 1460. He married Eleanor Fitz-Alan,
daughter and heiress of Thomas Fitz-Alan
and Joan his wife (P.M. 21 Henry 6th)
whicn said Thomas Fitz-Alan was brother to

iohn 14th Earl of Arundel. Sir Thomas and
-.ady Eleanor Browne had several children
born to them, amongst whom were Sir Anthony
Browne, Constable of Calais, ancestor to the
Lords Montague; Sir George Browne of
Bleechwood Castle, Surrey, beheaded in 1483 ;
and William Browne whose son finally settled
at Tavistock (Sir B. Burke's, L.G.) The name
of this son as it appeared by Har. MSS. and
Rawlinson's MSS. 6164. 287, and also by
another MS. in Queen's Coll. Oxon., was
John Browne of Tavistock, who had William
and Thomazine, and probably another daugh-
ter who married William (?) Grylls of Tavis-
tock. Thomazine was, as before stated, the
wife of John Glanville of Tavistock, and
mother of Sir John Glanville, Judge of the
Court of Common Pleas, whose fine monument
is still to be seen in Tavistock Church.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

WILLIAM BROWNE, AUTHOR OF
" BRITANNIA'S PASTORALS.''

BY C. ELKIN MATHEWS, EXETER.

IN connection with, and to supplement,
the notes which have recently appeared
in the Western Antiquary concerning this
poet, it may be well to transfer to your pages
— from those of the Academy of April 12th,
1884 — a paper communicated by Mr. Ernest
Radford, of London, thereby rendering it more
accessible to Devonians. I give it verb, et lit, : —

"A LYDFORD JOURNEY,"
By William Browne.

" This * facet e and witty ' poem, * The Excur-
sion of a luxuriant Fancy on the most ancient
Town and burrough of Lydford, lying in
Dartmoor,' has been often printed, but never,
so far as I can discover, in a complete form.
It is cited by Prince in the Worthies of Devon,
and included, upon that authority, in Davies'
edition of Browne's poems (three volumes,
12 mo, 1772). Prince and the editors who
follow him give sixteen verses. In Mr. W. C.
Hazlitt's version there are seventeen (The
Whole Works of William Browne, two volumes,
quarto, 1868-9).* This is from the MS. in the
Lansdowne Collection, and was first printed
by Sir Egerton Brydges fOrigifial Poems never
before Published; Lee Priory, 18 15). The
additional stanza of Hazlitt's edition comes
next after that upon the "strange strayede
cow," which seems, among other things, to
have moved the mirth of the visitors. It runs
thus : —

* Sure I believe it there did rayne
A cow or two from Charles his Wayne ;

For none alive did see
Such kynde of creatures there before,
Nor shall from hence for evermore,

Save pris'ners, geese, and we.*

"Mr. Hazlitt seems not to have been aware
of a version of the poem in Thomas Westcote's
View of Devonshire in 1630, edited by the Rev.
George Oliver and Pitman Jones, and pub-
lished at Exeter in 1845. Here we find as
many as nineteen verses. In the same form,
copied thence, it appears in Samuel Rowe's
Perambulation of tJie Forest of Dartmoor, second
edition, 1856. Collating this version with that
of the Lansdowne MS. we get twenty verses.
The three which I desire to see includfed in an

* In the Roxbuighe Library.

edition of Browne's poems relate to the very
interesting tribe of Gubbins, or Gubbings,
made immortal by Fuller and familiar by
Kingsley. No stranger to Lydford wrote
these lines: —

' The town's enclosed with desert moors,
But where no bear or lion roars,

And nought can live but hogs ;
For, all o'ertumed by Noah's flood,
Of four score miles scarce one foot*s good,

And hills are wholly bogs.

'And near hereto 's the Gubbins cave;
A people that no knowledge have

Of law, or God, or men ;
Whom Caesar never yet subdued ;
Who lawless live ; of manners rude ;
All savage in their den.

* Bv whom — if any pass that way,
He dares not the least time to stay,

For presently they howl ;
Upon which signal they do muster
Their naked forces in a cluster

Led forth by Roger Rowle.*

"Compared with the rushlights of other histo-
rians, the illumination shed by the author of
these lines upon the great subject of the
Gubbinses may well be considered blinding.
Fuller speaks of them as a sort of * Scythians.'
Kingsley relates vaguely how * Salvation Yeo
slew the king of the Gubbings;' but their
king, according to Kingsley, was a second-rate
sheep-stealer. If Roger Rowle had mustered
his * naked forces,' I suspect that escapade
would have had but a sombre conclusion.

** Of Westcote's View of Devonshire many
MS. copies existed. There is mention of six in
Moore's History of Devonshire, ii. 256. The
editors of the Exeter edition do not tell us from
what MS. their work was printed. If only its
authenticity were established, then at least we
should know that these three extra verses were
interpolated in the poet's lifetime. But there
seems no good reason to doubt that they are
genuine. Their character agrees admirably
with that of the rest of the poem ; and most
likely no reason but ignorance of their exis-
tence has prevented their inclusion in an
edition of Browne's poems. All the existing
versions of this poem differ in minor details.
Probably it would be a hard matter thus late in
the day to come at the original form."

At this time when the waters of our rivers
and streams are being industriously flogged
by happy anglers, I will take the opportunity
to note that our poet has been claimed as a
brother of the angle by Messrs. Westwood &

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Satchell, in their magnum opus, the "Bibliotheca
Piscatoria," (which, by the way, has been
happily described in the Edinburgh Review as a
" hagiography for the enthusiastic followers of
Walton."

This claim is made on the strength of the
following passage from the ** Pastorals," and
the modus operandi therein set forth would indi-
cate the conclusion being a correct one : —

*' Now as an angler melancholy standing,
Upon a grcene banke yeelding roome for landing,
A wriggling yellow wonne thrust on his hooke,
Now in the midst he throws, then in a nooke,
Here puis his line, there throwes it in againe
Mendeth his Cork and Bait, but all ifi vaine.
He long stands viewing of the curled streame;
At last a hungry Pike, or well grown Breame,
Snatches the worme, and hasting fast away,
He, knowing it a fish of stubborne sway.
Puis up his rod, but soft (as having skill).
Wherewith the hooke fast holds the Fishes gill,
Then all his line he freely yieldeth him.
Whilst furiously all up and downe doth swim
rh* ensnared Fish, here on the top doth scud.
There underneath the banks, then in the mud ;
And with his franticke fits so scares the shole.
That each one takes his hyde, or starting hole :
By this the Pike, cleane wearied underneathe
A willow lyes, and pants (if Fishes breathe)
Wherewith the Angler gently puis him to him.
And least his haste might happen to vndoe him,
Layes down his rod, then takes the line in hand.
And by degrees, getting the Fish to land ;
Walkes to another poole : at length is winner
Of such a dish as semes him for his dinner. "

Having incidentally alluded to angling, I.
am sure those readers of the W, A . who are
naturalists, fishers, or interested in the literary
side of the gentle craft, will thank me to draw
their attention to a little monthly journal now
on the eve of publication,* viz. : — The Angler* s
Note-book and Naiuralisfs Record, Its object is
to preserve in permanent form "the thousand
and one little odds and ends of tattle which
angling collectors care to store up and gossip
over.'' Scraps of this kind have hitherto been
buried in the Field and other huge sporting
papers. It will thus supply a distinct want,
will be a light, handy size (sm. 4to.), and quite
inexpensive (6d. monthly). The following
papers will appear in early numbers: "A
Fishing Sketch," by R. D. Blackmore (author
of "Lorna Doone"); papers by the poet-
angler, T. VVestwood, on ** Izaak Walton,"
**On Angling Books and their Bindings, with
a Glimpse of Ch. Lamb," and "The Scholarly

■ V

No. 1 appeared on the 15th May, 1884.

Angler" ; ** Leonard Mascall and his Booke of
Fishing,* by T. Satchell; with other papers
by Canon EUacombe, Rev. M. G. Watkins,
Alfred Wallis (of Exeter) ; and one by myself
on **Walton*s Hanging Cupboard." Messrs.
W. Satchell, and Simpkin, Marshall & Co.,
Stationer's Hall Court, London, E.C., are the
publishers.

* flDinor Tlotee* ^

«

A Book bound in a Murderer's Skin. — The
following communication appears in the **" The Antiquarian
Magazine and Bibliographer" for June, 1884, which we
venture to reproduce in the pages of the IVesiem Anti-
quary^ as a curious contribution of local interest : —

"Sir, — A newspaper-cutting in one of my scrap-books
states that there is to be seen in Exeter Museum, a book
bearing the following remarkable inscription. It is also
stated that *the murderer's skin, which is of a somewhat
tawny colour, has been nicely chased in gold by the book-
binder': —

* This book is bound with a part of the skin of George
Cudmore, who, with Sarah Dunn, was committed to the
Devon County Gaol on the 30th of October, 1829, by
Francis Kingdon, Esq., coroner, for murdering and
poisoning Grace Cudmore, his wife, in the parish of
Roborough. George Cudmore was tried at the Lent
Assizes, March, 1830, and was executed. Sarah Dunn
was acquitted. *

Assuming that a lx)ok with the above inscription is
preserved in the museum at Exeter, there are some
questions connected therewith which I should like to see
answered. Is it really ix>ssible that the human skin could,
in any circumstances, be used for such a purpose as the
binding of a book ? If the book in question l)e, without
doubt, partly bound in human skin, what was the name of
the inhuman bookbinder? Lastly, what is the title of the
book?" P. J. Mullin.

Bonnington Road, Leith, N.B.

In reply to the above, the Curator of the- Exeter
Albert Memorial Museum (Mr. D'Urban), with whom we
communicated, thus replies : —

** It is quite true that we have a book here as described.
The title of the book is *The Poetical Works of John
Milton,' London: William Tegg & Co., 85, Queen Street,
Cheapside, mdccclii. It was *sold by W. Clifford,
Bookseller, Exeter,' as the trade label shows. I do not
know who the * inhuman bookbinder' may. have been.
Human skin is just like pie; skin, and makes very goodl
leather. It is said that durmg the * Reign of Terror' in
France, ladies' white kid gloves were made from the skins
of the victims of the Guillotine. The book is interesting
as showing the change of public feeling in half a century.
The inscription is not quite correctly copied and is not
complete. After 4n the parish of Roborough,' read 'on
the 14th day of October, 1829.'

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

*Tried at the Lent Assizes, March, 1830.*

'Geo. Cudmore was executed March 25th, 1830.
Sarah Dunn acquitted.'

* Judge — Sir John B. Bosanquet. Sheriflf— J. B.
Swete, Esq. Under-sheriff— H. M. EUicombe, Esq.
County Clerk — II. M. Ford, Esq.'

** Though the skin must have been obtained in 1830,
the book could not have been bound until after 1852, the
date at which it was published."

Yours truly,

W. S. M. D'Urban,

t)xeter. Secretary and Curator.

* * * *

.Salmon and Salt, Change of Times. —The diary
of a country gentleman living in St. Budeaux, under date,
June 15th, I76i,has this very interesting record, illustrating
change of times and prices : —

** The Saltash fishermen, with two nets, catch 'd eighty
five salmons over against Warren Point : forty-five in one
net, forty in the other. They may not have such another
draught for the whole summer. To Cornelius, to pay for
300 weight of salt from the Liverpole coaster now come in,
and for a new gardening pot : — Salt 8s. 3d. per 100 ; for
two of the salmons at 2d. per pound, one for the servants
as l>eing cheaper than meat, 4s. Qd. ; paid for the 3001b. of
salt as on the other side £1 5s. ; for a water- pot of Forest
5s."

I was in Plymouth market a few weeks ago, and on

enquiring the price of salmon, was told, 2s. a lb., while

salt is now bought for 2s. 4d. the 100 lb. There is a good

ileal of comment to be made on this, but the pages of the

IVestertt Antiqttary are not the place for it.

Bodmin. T.Q.C.

T "p It T

DEVONbHiKE Proveru.— In Swift's Journal to .Stella,
Letter 14,(1710-11,) he says :— " It is a good proverb the
Devonshire people have :

Walk fast in snow,
In frost walk slow
And still as you go,
Tread en your toe :

\Vhen frost and snow are both together.
Sit by the (ire and spare shoe leather."
London.

M.W\

«

Devonshire Rhyme for Dancinc; a Child or
TWO o'n THE Knee.—

Come up my boss to *Bundleigh fair,

W'hat shall us have when we come there ?

Sugar and ffigs and elecampane,

Home again, home again, :J:Maister and Dame.

Remimscens.

♦Near North Tawton. fRaisins.

JOn ** double boss," with saddle, and " pillion" behind.

* * * *

John King, Portrait and Historical Painter.— In his
account of "Lyte's Cary Manor House, Somerset," Mr.
W. George describes a half-length portrait of the Rev.
H. F. Lyte, incumbent of Lower Brixham, Devon, in
which, says the writer, "he is represented full-faced, in a
black gown, standing in the pulpit, on the aishion, being
an open Bible. It is a mezzo-tint engraving by G. H.
Phillips, after a painting by John King, of Bristol. The
portrait is full of expression. As you contemplate the
handsome, spiritual face, marked with thought and
suffering, you feel as if you were holding communion with
the man himself." ("Lyte's Cary," 1879, p. 11. Notes.)

The only John King that Redgrave mentions ("Dic-
tionary of Artists," 1878, pp. 250-51) was a native of
Dartmouth, where he died July 12th, 1847. The highly-
finished altar-piece in the Mayor's Chapel, Bristol, is
described in the Guide Books as being "by John King,
Esq., of Clifton." There are, or were, two other altar-
pieces by him, in Bristol churches. A gentleman who
knew '-John King, of Bristol," informs me that he was a
Devonshire man, and that he died "somewhere in his
native county." Was the John King "of Clifton," "of
Bristol," and "of Dartmouth," one and the same person?

Somerset.

[Our esteemed correspondent, Mr. George Pycroft, in his
"Art in Devonshire,^' has the following brief reference to
this artist :—" King, John, history and portrait painter,
born at Dartmouth in 1788. He studied at the Academy,
and first exhibited in 1817. He painted historical subjects
for several years, but obtained scant encouragement.
Latterly he tried portrait painting. He continued to
exhibit till 1845, ^^^ ^^ied at his native town on the 12th
July, 1847. Editor IV. A. \

^ ^ ^ ^

Vineyards.— In a marginal note, found in a copy of
a work entitled " Harllib his Legacie," and written about
the year 1700, the writer says:— ".Mr. Meredith, at
Manckersfield in Gloucestershire, has a vineyard joyning
to his house out of which (his lady has told me) they have
often made as much wine as they have sold for 30 or 40;^.
They sold the wine to Bristol merchants, I suppose to mix
with rich wines." Are there any records or traditions of
vineyards in Devon and Cornwall ? Our English climate
would not at the present day allow of the growth of vine-
yards producing wine to the amount indicated by the
above "Note." y. B. Cur(;envbn.

London.

Non-Jurors' Churches.— In connection with
R. L. B.'s paper on " A Non-Juror's Church " in your issue
of April 19th, may I l:>e permitted, through your pages,
to invite any present incumbents of benefices, which were
held by Non-1 urors, to give such i>articulars of interest
connected with their Non-juring predecessors, as they may
be able to gather from the church, the parish registers, or
parish traditions? Particulars of the position and practices
of the Non-Jurors, clerical and lay, form an interesting
feature, of which too little is generally known, in the
history of the Church of God in this country. I. I, c
Dulverton.

THE VrESTE,RS AS

ARY

I 'jrjrj Mar .'jt ri-'fT ir 'zje. ?*7:n. aii: rir.r -.t,t Ziit,

-i: lad &

r:r.»r -C- t'

-X F- C

* « * *

vi-.« ill? vr '« ■;-! J --It -'.m'l. an«: '.Ta- - .s ti,ri« i.'«.ixC
-:iit •--rut ,r .:,r r-^^ir. ,i.- ir.y t j ,iir '•^ait'rr' .-'im aie

'iut rn.-..«u. ' J- F.

X. '--Jit r:ri. :. ■'/-.* -jt:LT -.rir-r- 2 ^r*- -I'.ar, x. zi ri-.-^'za
vrJi "r^ "r-' 1" . \r ^:^rrr - * r.-'rr.c. 'ir^...--^ 7 »:r ::i..oiy

/ J ,'. '..' r. iV; .r. ■*:■: .";^ 'Z.^ '•tx Tjjr.r.^ LT. th ' ^'.ZS^

«pc»tar -. < -.-^.rta-. ,;: I :> r.',c i--. •.i-.i't --Jt zr::2i

I rj-i '.'-

C'-*

i'^- •, -

T.* «x:'.

f*",cr. ^

rtrt^arj".

AT. ' . .-.

^tir- •■-

r- -c-t rjiau : ',c

H. L

-■» -,' *

.- "/i'. '..-■ --^' -• -• '.f E'c -' •-'".fT-

' M^ * J **.A ■■^ -

PEN'^ITH.

A* .1- ' ? C'.sr'i"'*:.!- — I^ 'hrr^r. .' rta.^*-.". :o think
•ha; 'Tr -"■'•■- ^■. ^-I'.i^ rr.-'iy '•? -i-rr.- :*i fr rr. :h* '"-vis^s 00
rn«t '..-.'?. .- 'yf "r>*: Corr..-h tr.i-tri.Lr.-s ? Thr^ ciay have
:#t*r* a.'TT"^ • *. '<*:zar.'- -7 m-r L:*:'.il heral i->. The oid
K^j€T..^t. 1. «.-;": '■'>-cs rr. . 'h a.^ ,rr_irr.*rr.'«. a.* we see
•herr. "^r. rr^r.y '/f 'h^ii cr -i«*s. rf. I'a-T- Ch'.r.r.var'i-
N*"* ' .'., >>, >. L»- S.

W I :. I, ; A V? M f ic ^ : - . E -^i . — W-I I or.e of v^jt c orTe*T«or.d-

e-i*- fiav r rr.c wi'h 'he in-cnption on *he t'^jcib of Williaai

Morri-. Lv*., of ¥i'':,W.gT., Tm-.-hi Hath^rflri;;!':, co. Devon.

I air nv --re /.h-'h-ir .: > ;r. 'ht churr.h «^ chur:hyard.

I'-.n-'A^ffy., .V.uihanij.'.or. G. T. Windter- Morris.

4i 4^ * •»

I>R. John Mokict —I shoald mach like to hare a copy
'^ the in.scnp*.ion on the tomb of this worthy, who was
CJhaiicellor of Exeter and died in 160C I believe he was
t>iined in the Church of Su Martin, Exeter.

P^iftSA'^^xI, S^Aithampcon. G. T. Wihdycr-Mobbu.

n • I1? ** Xew 'exvaJem Caarn:.'' /^x^ J^e.^
Asd r-arfr, la&c i 3 fi-jr-;^ -har '"■-•ftfr :rrg:'* "L"
zt L-ae" was "rar-^'^e-t "7 C->:«w-r*JrT rf
asy crcies cf tiis -snle wcrk t^ b«

3fTS«mc — Lr a rn-rB* >Lr.x: e or ±e A±i

nr-cu-:^. "he lacnier iesczr.z^l ir»:c thie c:c.:s-iis of
'a:it£3 ? piajter casts s ihe Mi^<-.^n. -ri^ered
'irai wr.-in^. az»i sessuri :: :hzik "ha: 12 irr
tihuf^ "*ck-ti ap w-i-h rur-iirer. M^ :'^^

r*^ 2§ :: isk zfir.j zt'bc JA-ir zc-rr'-^ry rfiae FIt

:i -ie M-iseis:- Tbe Lare W. |. >pcT. .3^ L'«e%.-<ipc«r,
iccnrer: :c •J:ir.eif -rra I=acri--»:-jj c the l-^rh Starch.
1965 — B i: zrzm .« tha: he ttt* :h.;m ro the I-L?c:t=tirQ
on "-tar Tccasi-c "
r£c-:r: zi "he MinTtes if the C'-criuttr

PeTha'>* 'he ^errrtarjes c-i..'! tod a

A>- ASSOCIAT

Rer. William Hocke.— I- r>r. 0.i^-n'i £r Zrsz xs^-a/

rzr^wei, % :L a. ar ra,zt S.;. zz-i^ft ** Av:T--ct*,'' in a

]z.iZ -.i tr.e Vi.:arv .-.f :he i-i .-r :rrh ■ i >t_ Fa-.rras near

\jpsjt ' Vr-Lvne :r Lt-.:* K-rt"-* - ire th-^e r-: me^: —

^ ''" pr •vr, 2.\7^."t\ icth '--., 1621-i

'A.llii::: K .<<>.«■ lite', -c whrse i;rrirat:'?fx for

N n-: 'f rrr.tv.
\V. Ll- Miilii^c v:-^^i^- S.h ;— e. i'>55.
At r-i^e S5 tf the fa^e v -I^me, in the Ik z-i Vicars of
Axa:: -'**', ire 'he-^e n-m-r^: —

'V.":ji-r: H • i.c. i :~:::c! 25:"- / .ly, 1632, -iujceeued

'7

Ni--3'::e: I»\*<t:. ajri J- >. 1659, on Ff coke's

re^ic^-a'i'-r-

I ' e!:e-.-e 'hrr^e rw , W'llbm H • ke< to be vientfcal. bat

wish :c It- w p:-.ti*f> : n:y reas.:r-> are, • i» -X-.t. a Wood

^At'.m. Crrn, / ry P'.i^*, \- ^'^^r. 1 1 51 >a\-s Wm. H«x>kc

L> 6r>t Vicar of -\\n::uth, I»ev.:n: freed to ieav« on

je"-! '-f hU ^e-t:::-:'^- ^nr. n> ani N'C-confonniry ; went
•-> New Eri:'ar. i: retjrT:e«: to Erc'ir.-t : preache-! against
the Cr.'jrrh: t»ct hii the c.?re *^e-i*?»eii on him that had
le^Ln^t-i to an orth.-iiox divine; afterwards taking the
ccvenii.:, hai the mastcr>h:p of the Sav.iy, Westminster,
a-nferre^i on him: after the re^t'-rat: .'n of Charies II. was
silenced- Caiamy al"".^ ^>-s he was eected from the Savoy.
«2i Winrhrop, in his /f/-.Vo .»'' -V.-:.- En-.\iKJ, states that
W:!!iaiu Ho«Ae !an*ie«1 in New Ervrli-^.d about 1633, and
lefumed to Enq^Ian*! 1656. Dr. Oliver's dale, therefore,
rery well coincides with these. There is, however, another
obscure point — the present Vicar of Axraouth, the Rev. S.
C. Davis, says that Harvey was succee«ied by John -Abbott,
4ih Nov. , 1633, and can tind no record of Hooke: Dr. Oliver,
on the other hand, lioes n<H mention .\b'K>i:, and gives the
name of Nathaniel I>}*ke as Hookers successor, in 1639.
The probable explanation of this is, that although Hooke
left England in 1633, he did not resign the living of
Axmoum until 1639 (perhaps on the death of Abbot) but
still continued to receive its emoluments: Abbott no doubt
having been appointed in an irregular manner-

Asy help in the elucidation of these points will be
greatly valued. J. S. Attwood.

Exeter.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Gavelkind Tenure.— Among the private Acts of
23rd year of Elizabeth, is one (ch. 12) entitled, " An Act
that Gavelkind lands within the city of Exeter may be
inheritable as land at the common law." Is this a solitary
instance of the occurrence in the West of England of
this East County tenure, or is it a survival merely of a more
extended prevalence of the custom in earlier times ?

HiBYSKWB.

Robert Burscough, M.A., Vicar of Totnes. —
This clergyman, who wrote "A Treatise \>{ Church Govern-
ment," 1692, and " A Discourse of Schism," 1699, is
noticed in Wood's Aihetui Oxoniensis, iv. 533. He was
born at Cartmel in Lancashire, about 16^1; Servitor of
Queen's College, Oxford, 1668; Vicar of Totnes, 1681;
M.A., 1682. He is styled by Wood, "a learned man,
sealous for the Church of England, and very exemplary in
his life and conversation. " Can any of your readers aiford
any further information about him ? How long did he
hold the vicarage of Totnes? Had he any other benefice?
When did he die? Charles W. Sutton.

i2i,Chorlton Road, Manchester.

[In a curious and interesting MSS. volume, the property
of Mr. T. G. Commin of Exeter, now in the possession of
the Editor of the IVesUnt Antiquary, iippears the sub-
scription of Robert Burscough, Vicar of Totnes, Diocese
of Exeter, to the various Articles and Canons of the
Church. This subscription l^ears the signature of ' * Robertus
Burscough," and is dated March 2nd, 1681. This state-
ment, although it throws no light on the above
queries, is still of some value. It may l)e added that the
volume referred to contains the subscriptions of the Cleigy
of the Diocese of Exeter from 1677 to 16S2, and includes
many notable names. A detailed account of the volume
and a list of those included therein, with notes, will appear
in an early number of the IVestem Antiquary, Editor.]

Paul's ** Sepulchral State of Somerset" (?). —
In a newspaper report of a day's scamper of a Clifton
Antiquarian Club to some Somerset churches in the
neighbourhood of Bristol, is this sentence: — "It was
pointed out (in Chew Magna Church) that the handsome
figure of Sir John Hautville has been coloured by modem,
though very good, taste, as there were no indications of
mediaeval colouring to follow, as Mr. Paul, in his
• Sepulchral State of Somerset,' implies. " What is the full
title of Mr. Paul's work ? * * Sepulchral State of Somerset "
is an equivocal one, to say the least of it. M.E.

Bristol.

['*An Account of some of the Incised and Sepulchral
Slabs of North-West Somerset, by R. W. Paul," London,
1882. ** State " of Somerset, in the report, is evidently a
misprint for *' slabs" of Somerset. Mr. Paul's handsome
folio volume contains thirty-four large engravings, illustra-
ting more than sixty subjects. On Plate XI. is a spirited
illustration of the life-size wooden painted effic[y of a fully
armed knight, in Chew Ma^a Church, Which, Mr. Paul
writes, is "traditionally" said to commemorate Sir John
Hautville, a Crusader of Prince Edward's nost, A.D. 1269.
"the costume of the statue," remarks the Athenteum, "b
two hundred years later than the thirteenth century, and the
work bears strong traces of Italian influence." This being
the case, it is to be regretted, that in the report referred to,
it is unreservedly asserted to be the effigy of the stalwart
knight himself. Editor W.A,^

Witches in Cornwall. ~ Was any woman ever
humt as a witch in Cornwall ? I know many have been
accused of witchcraft, and judicial inquiries instituted;
but was the capital sentence ever carried out to its cruel
end ? Penwith.

Fry of Devon. — In Lyson's Environs of London,
vol. I. p. 486, and also in Ilanning and Bray's History of
Surrey, vol. II. p. 392, I find under "Streatham : —
"In the north aisle pavement, on a black stone — Sacred to
the memory of Mrs. Elizabeth Fry, wife (»f Mr. John Fry,
of the county of Devon, who deiMurted this life 8 July,
177O1 aged 39. And Nicholas Lacy Fry, E^., son of the
above, who died 10 Mch, 1800, aged 43." Can any of
your readers tell me who this John Fry was, where he came
from in Devonshire, and what his wife's maiden name was,
or any other particulars ? E. A. Fry.

Birmingham.

Fry — Blount. — Can any of your readers clear up
the following for me? In Nicholl's Collectanea Topogrmt-
ica and GenecUogica, vol. II., p. 212, under Knolles, Earl
of Banbury, (being an addition to Dugdale's Baronage) it
says : — '* This Nicholas (who was the last Earl of Banbury)
first married Isabel, daughter to Mount joy Blount, Earl ojf
Newport (Isle of W^ht), by whom he had one daughter

called Ann, married to Fry, of in

coun. Dorset. In Banks's Dormant and Extinct Baronage,
vol. III., p. 50, this same Anne is said to have married
Sir John Briscal, Knt. Now in the Membury (Devon)
parish register, I have come across the following enfry : —
" 1668. Mountjoy, the sonne of Charles Fry, gent, and
the Lady Ann his wife, was baptized 10 Nov. and bom
19 Oct. last past." This Charles Fry was fourth son of
William and Dorothy Fry of Yarty, near Membury, and
was bom 19th July, 1644. I should very much like to
know where he and the Lady Ann were married, and what
became of the son Mountjoy, as there is no record of his
burial at Membury, and also where Charles and Ann were
buried, and when? As to Sir John Briscal, Knt., can any
one say who he was, and whether he married the Lady
Ann before or after (Charles Fry, if at all? "Dorset," in
Dugdale's additions to his Baronage, is, I apprehend, a
mistake for Devon, as the family of Fry to which this
Charles Fry belonged, doubtless had property in Dorset
too, Membury being just on the border of the two counties,
though it is quite possible Charles Fry might have been
resident in Dorset at the time.
Birmingham. E. A. Fry.

* * * *

Dartmoor Bibliography. — Can any reader of the
Western Antiquary give a clue to the author of "Dartmoor
Sketches " by A.Z. ? It is a pamphlet of 2^^ pages letter-
press, with 21 full-page illustrations (etchings, I believe).
As it bears neither the name of author, publisher, nor
printer, and is without date or place of publication, I
should imagine it to be a privately printed book, produced
probably within the last twenty years. I have seen but
one copy. Kearlby.

lO

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

^ IReplics. ^

Cornish Miracle Pi.ays.- As Mr. I. S. A. Ilerford
asks for particulars respecting the Cornish Miracle Plays,
I may just state briefly what I know of them. First, as
to the plays themselves. They have, I believe, all (with
the exception of one fragment) been publLshed and trans-
lated for philological purposes, in modern times: —

I. The drama Orit^o Muvdi, or Creation of the
World, containing the stor}' of the early part of CJenesis
in a dramatic form, with the legend of the Holy Kood
carried down to the period of Solomon.

II. The Passio CJnisti^ the Passion Play of old
Cornwall.

III. The Resurrection.

IV. The Mors Pilati, or Death of Pilate.

V. The Ascension.

These last three form a trilog)', which might be regarded
as one play, and probably were acted consecutively.

VI. The Beunans Meriasek.

\'II. Thi Legend of St. Sylvester, or the Story of
Conslantine the (ireat.

VIII. The Interlude of "The Woman and her Son."

IX. Jordan's "Creadon," a Post -Reformation play of
the period of James I.

Secondly, as to the stage directions, they had l-etter be
studied in the jMd)Hshe(l editions: t-.;^, Mr. Norri^'s
"Cornish Drama," and Mr. Whitley Stokes's "Dife of St.
Meriasek:" they are mostly in Latin.

Thirdly, as to the places for their performance. There
were, I l)elieve, several " Plan-an-guares," or theatres, in
Cornwall. Several have been destroyed and are now only
recorded in tradition. Two are in good state- the Perran-
Round at Perran, and the Plan-an-(iuare at St. Just,
recently restored. They were am])}iitheatres, I should
.say, probably imitations of the Roman amphitheatres.

Newlyn. W. S. LAC'ir-SzYR.MA.

The Pkl'NA.\s Mkkiaskk. -In answer to queries
about the publication of the interesting Cornish drama
disrovcred in 1869, nniong the Hengwrt MSS. of Mr.
\V. W. K. Wynne of Pcniarlh, I may say that it was edited
with a trnjislation ami notes by >Ir. Whitley Stokes in
1S72, and the pui)lisheri were Messrs. Triibner tV Co. of
Paternoster Row; 1 made an attempt at nn Knglish acting
version, partly in verse, which was printed in the Royal
Coniivdll Gazette, at Truro, last year. The drama with all
its (juaintness and mediieval conceits has more literary
merit than is commonly supposed, and d.*als with the dark
and obscure Romano-lirilish epoch of Cornish history
about which so little is known. Although there are not a
few legends about the struggles between the heathen
Saxons and the Christian Britons in Arthurian and other
traditions, and also of the conversion afterwards of the
Saxons themselves, yet there is little record of the battle
between the Christian Church and Celtic Paganism. It is
in this point that the "Beunans Meriasek" has an
historical as well as a mere literary and philological
interest. W. S. Lach-Szyrma.

Newlyn.

715-— Richard Haker and I>orchester, Mass. —
In the "History of the Town of Dorchester, Massachusetts,"
by a Committee of the Dorchester Antiquarian and
Historical Society, (Boston; 1859, 8vo) is the following
(pp. 105-6) which I transcribe, as there may \yt no copy of
the b(X5k in England: — "Richard Haker joined the Church
in 1639; made freeman May 1 8th, 1642; was one of the
early grantees of lands; one of the raters (/.<•., assessors)
in 1647, '50 and '60; a Selectman in 1653; constable in
1663; was once chosen a niling elder, but it does not
appear that he accejited ; was a member of the Artillery
Company in 1658 He married Faith, the daughter of
Elder Henry Withington (proliably after his arrival in this
country). He died Oct. 25th, 1689. His wife died Feb. 3rd,
1689. He lived in the part of the town known as .Savin Hill,
and was owner of a large real estate in Dorchester, a piece of
which is now in possession of his descendants near his
homestead at the place mentioned. His son John married
Preser\'ed Trott, 11(5) 1 667. James die<i a liachelor, March
30th, 1721, aged 69. M«ry l)orn 27 (2) 1643, marred
Samuel Robin.son. Thankful married William Griggs.
Hannah, born 9(11) 1662, married John Wiswcll. May 6th,
1685. Sarah, born 12 (5) 1668, married James White. Eliza-

l>eth married Pratt of Weymouth." A fac-simile of the

.signature of Richard Baker to a town document dated 7
(12), 1641, is given in Annals of the Town of Dorchester,
(Boston, 1846, Svt^), being No. 2 of the Collections of the
Dorchester Antiquarian and Historical Society. In the
Fourth Report of the Record Conunissioners of the City
of Boston, which was printed in 1880, and is devoted to
the Town Records of Dorchester, are numerous references
to Richard Baker, but I will only notice two. In 1674,
he lent the Selectmen for the use of the town, throe pounds
ten shillings, repayment of which is acknowledgtul in 1691
by James Baker. In 1680, the Elders and Deacons and
the rest of the Selectmen, and Richard leaker, were
appointed a Committee to look out for the supi)ly of the
Ministr)' until a man could be ft)und to take the office of
Minister. The will of Richard Baker, dated October 7th,
1689, was proved February 19th, 1689-90, and is recorded
in l>o()k XL, p. 122, of the Suffolk Probate Registry at
Boston. Baker seems to have been jiosbe.sscd of con.sider-
able property, but as no record remains of his inventory,
the amount cannot be .stated. He was interested in
certain ironworks at Taunton, Mass , and gave his right
in them to his graiulchild John Baker. Xo mention is made
of his wife, so tliat pr(4>ably she pre-decea.sed him, and the
date of her death .shouiil read I'ebruary 3rd, 1688-9. In
the old burying-ground of Dorchester are the memorials
of various numbers of the Baker family, the c;\rliest which
I noticed bearing the date of 1745. K.)vn;^ inscribed with
the name of John Baker, who died October 9th, 1746, in
his .seventy- fifili year, may ptjs.sil)ly comnu-mor.ite the
grand-child, already mentioned, uf li^* t-migranl.

Boston, Mas.s., U.S..\. B.

T V T •!•

Pakr Family oi" Dkvo.nshjke, and William
Parkk of AsHcoMitE —The following Will or copy of a
Will is to be found in the Book of Collated Wills in the
Court of the Archdeacon of Exon, from 1546 to 1550.
There is likewise a Will of another member of the family
proved about the .^ame time, to be found in I he same book.
I believe he lived in the parish of Chudleigh : —

"In the name of God, Amen I I Willm Parre of the
pyshe of Ashcu' be pfyle of mynile and remembrance make
my tesmnl yn thys man' fyrst I beq lealhe my sowle to
Almightie Ciod and my body to be buryed w"'in the

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

II

churcheyarde of Saynte Georgy's at Ashcu' l)e I also geve
vnto Saynte Georgy*s store there xij'' to o' Ladys store xij***

It* to Sent Nicholas store xij***

It' to Seynte John's there xij''-

It' to the Churche of Chudlighe xij<i-"

Residue to 'Alice my wyfe,' whom he appointed sole
executrix.

"These be witnesses William Alford, Stephen Drake,
John Hydon, with others." If mymemor)' serves me, this
will was both made and proved in the year 1546.

I have likewise references to Fr)'S of Bukerell'down to
the. year 1698; Hancocks of Combe Martin 1693 (will)
and of Ilfracombe (afterwards of Knowsione and MoUand)
as recent as 1706; and a few Tillys, which I shall be
pleased to publish, if desired, in the ll'estem Atih\/uary,
Taunton. A. J. Monday.

* * * *

716 — Colon iziNc; Nkw Encland. — In Winthrop's
"History of New England," vol. I., pp. 121-2, of the
edition by vSavage, is the following, under date of May,
1633: — "The Mary and Jane arrived, Mr. Rose, master.
She came from London in seven weeks, and brought one
hundred and ninety-six passengers. . . , In her return
*he was cast away upon Isle Sable, but [blank] men were
saved." There was a Mary andy^//;/, of 400 tons, Squeb,
master, which sailed from IMymouth, Alarch 20lh, 1629-30,
and brought a number of persons from Devonshire,
Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, and elsewhere, who arrived
May, 30th. The first colonists of New England came in
1620, and not in 1630 or 1632.
Ho-ston, Ma.ss., U.S.A. W.

ib ^

*

Devonshirk Authors —The Blackmore Fam-
ily. — In reply to J.H.D., I would observe that there are
great difliculties in finding information about persons who,
although ordained ministers, have not been beneficed.
The Rev. John Klackmore, I believe, never held any
benefice; he became Curate of Culmslock before the year
1840, when the Rev. William Karslake was Vicar of that
parish, and was continued in the Curacy under the succeed-
ing Vicar, the Rev. John Wollasloii Karslake. In the year
1847, Mr. Hlackmore removed and became Curate of
Ashford, near IJarnsta])Ie, of which pari.sh the Rev. John
Kendall Fletcher, d.d., had been the Rector since 1833.
Mr. Ijlackmore was never Rector of Ashford, but he may
have been the Curate in sole charge, as Mr. Fletcher also
held other benefices, and might not have icsiiled at Ashford.
He was holding this Curacy at the time of his decease in
1858, at which periixi Mr. Fletcher still remained the
Rector. To the list of Mr. R. D. lilackmore's \\orks
should be added "Mary Anerley," 1880, "Christowell, a
Dartmoor Tale," 1882, "The Remarkable History of Sir
Thomas Upmore, iiart., m.p." 1884.
15, Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster.

Georgf C. Boase.

* * * *

731- Nathan Drake.— The following extracts will
help towards the identification of Nathan Drake and his
family.

Lew Trenchard, N. Devon. S. B. G.

"Francis Drake, clerk A.M. S. John's, Cambridge,
1678, occurs 4th November and 2nd December, 1 681. He
was Vicar of Pontefract from 1678 to 1719; Prebendary of
Warthiel in the Church of York, 25ih January 1688-9;
and father of the author of 'Et)oracum.' His son John,
afterward Vicar of Pontefract, was baptized 9th January,
1677-8, at S. Mary, Bishophili Junior, in York, (Booth-
royd's Pontefract, p. 158, note, Watson's Halifax, p. 250.)"

"Nathan Drake, A.M. S. John's Cambridge, 1684,
Priest, 2ist December, 1683, ocairs 1684-5. ^^^ ^^^
Vicarof .ShefTield from 1st October, 1695 to 1713, Preben-
dar}" of Bilton in the Church of York, 2nd Septeml)er,
1703, and Rector of Kirk by Overblows, 9th April, 17 13.
He died April, 1729. That he was the same who was
'Master of the free schools in Snaith,' loth August, 1681,
12th June, 1683, and 24lh October, 1689, is established by
the baptismal entr}* at Snaith of his son Robert, on the
day last mentionetl. For, Robert, son of Nathan Drake,
Vicarof Sheffield, died 17th June, 1723, ttf 33, leaving
one daughter, who passed much of her time at Winchester,
with her maternal uncle. Archdeacon Balguy." (Hallam*
shire, p. 146, 155).

Mr. Drake was instituted loih December, 1689, to the
vicarage of Market Weighton, where his daughter Mary
was baptized, 27th January, 1690-1, and was living in 1727

as wife of Dod.son; his daughter Elizabeth, 25lh

May, 1693, and buried 14th November, 1694; and his son
Nathan was baptized 6th June, 1695; but had died before
his father. He was admitted master of the grammar
school at Pontefract, 22nd February, 1685-6. By his will,
daleil 15th December, 1727, proved nth June, 1730; he
makes his wife Elizabeth executor, gives his daughter
Betty ;^250, and his son Joseph his library.

* * *

*

Bardrick, the Kinc; of the Teign. — In reply to
Mr. Parfitl's encjuiry published in the ll'cstern AfUitjuary^
April 5lh, I have obtained the following information
from a person who was present when the skeleton was
found: — "In the year 1841, when the excavation was
being made for the Canal (now known as the Hackney
Canal), a skeleton was discovered at a place within a few
feel of the present road, leading to Newton Abbot ; it was
buried about 4 feet deep, apparently in a stooping or sitting
position, and covered with water-stones. There was a
gold ring or armlet on the left arm, which was presented
to Lord Clilford (the Lord of the Manor), but my inAirmant
has no recollection of a spear-head being found. The
skeleton was examined and placed in position by the late
Dr. Radley of Newton Abbot, and removed to the lielfry
of Kingsieignton Church. An inquest was held, and
finally the bones were buried in the Churchyard."

King's Teignton. Henry Partriimie.

^

^ ^

757— LOSTWITHIEI. IN QlKEN E LI Z All ETH 's

Reuin. — Mr. II. Sharrock is anxious to know the meaning
of the word 'statutes' in an Act of 13 Eliz. the title of which
runs as follows: — "An Act that all statutes and recogniz-
ances acknowledged before the Mayor of Lostwithiel in
Cornwall shall be of force and effectual in law." The
reference is not diflicult of explanation. In former times
there were two particular methods by which a debtor could
bind himself to his creditor. One was by the * Statuit
merchant' which was a bond of record, signed and sealed by

12

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

the debtor. This was held to be of so high a nature that the
creditor could, in failure to pay on the day assigned, at
once obtain execution without any mesne process, or being
put to his proof of the debt. The other, also a bond of
record, and used for much the same purpose, was called a
"Statute-staple" and was acknowledged before the mayor
of the staple and the constables, or one of the constables
of the staple. Both these modes of securing debts have
long become obsolete, having been superseded by processes
cheaper, less technical, and (juite as effectual. Lostwithiel

Erobably wished to transact its own share of this part of
^1 business, leaving the Assires — if thev had them — to
the Bodmin people. J. P. Latimer.

Temple, London.

Carbon A or Carbonas.— There is another way of
explainii^ these perplexing words, both of which are used
in Cornwall. I mcUne to the opinion that carhona is the
singular, and carbonas the plural form. The miner, as is
well-known, calls an accumulation of ore in a lode, a
carbona. I n carbona^ car would seem to be the same as cam^
a rock, a rocky place, a high rock, a shelf in the sea, a heap
of stones. It is very doubtful whether bona has any connection
with the Latin, bonus^ good. There is another word used by
miners, viz. i— bunny, and it may be that bona is only a
form of bunny. In mining, bunny means an enlargement,
or "bunch" of ore in a lode, and carbona, if spelt car-
bunny, would be phonetically nearly the same. As to the
derivation of bona, or of bunny, I lake it to be from the
Celtic Combh word ben, a butt end. According to this
view, carbona would be of purely'Celtic Cotnisn origin,
viz. : — from cam, a rock, and ben, a butt end, or enlarge-
ment ; as, for instance, of ore in a lode. Perhaps the right
word was, originally, cctm ben, but now, by use and time,
corrupted, and changed to carbona. F. W. P. J ago.

Plymouth.
p,S.— Williams, in his Lexicon Comu-Britannicum, gives
the following variations of hen, a butt end Welsh,
bdn, Armoric, bonn, btm, Irish, bon, bun, Gaelic, bonn,
Manx, boyji, bun, Sanscrit, budhna. To each and all of
these, bona, and bunny, an accumulation of ore, are
closely allied.

Jane Shore. — I scarcely see the connection of this
query with Devonshire, except as suggesting a "slip" by
one of Devon's finest, though little known poets, W. M.
Praed. Is it a slip ? The lines in Drayton are :—
" Methinks thy husband takes his mark awry
To set his plots to sale when thou art by,
When they which do thy angel locks behold,
As the base dross, do but respect his gold.
And wish one hair before that massy heap
And but one lock, before the wealth of Cheop,
And for no cause else hold we gold so dear,
But that it is so like unty thy hair.
Drayton's descriptive sonnet was written more than a
century and a half after Jane Shore's time— probably a
fancy portrait — and it is equally probable he used his own
poetic humour as to ' golden hair,' as Praed in * raven hair."

There is no suggestion that the portrait in question was
an original likeness of the lady, other than its accordance
with Drayton's description. J. R. Chanter.

Barnstaple.

Lye, EdwaU), M.A. — Is Mr. E..WindeattaccaiateiR
assigning the birth of this scholar to the year 1694, and hb
death to the 19th of Au^st, 1763? A bic^raphy in the
Penny Cychpadia, referrmg to Nichol's ** LLteranr Anec-
dotes," gives his birth as in 1704, and his death m tj6j,
with this a MS. note in my possession agrees. J. B. D.

London.

^ ifi 41 41

Dartmoor Crosses.— The Editor says that Mr. Rowe
speaks of Huntingdon Cross, and not Buntingdon Cross.
No one can have more respect than I have for Mr. Rowe,
and his services to the knowledge of Dartmoor. But no
man can be always accurate, and it is difficult to undentand
why the name Buntingdon should have arisen, with Hunt-
ingdon Warren close by, unless there were some reason fin-
it. W. F. C.

^p ^1 ^Jl w^

DOLCOATH. — I should Say that DoZ-pit and Coa/k-
old — old-pit, is the most probable derivation.
Newlyn. W. S. Lach-Szyrma.

^ **' •f ^

Orts. — rhis word is used by Bloomfield in the old
Suffolk ballad of " Richard and Kate, or Fair Day." The
first verse is as follows: —

" Come Goody stop your humdrum whert.
Sweep up your or/s and get your hat.
Old joys revived ottce more I feel,
*Tis fair-day, ay, and more than that."

W. J. Owen Tucker.
Natsworthy Manor, near Ashburton.

Heavitree ( fV, A, 3rd S. 3.)— Your esteemed corres-
pondent Mr. T. Kerslake, says the Domesday form of this
name is Hencotruna, (See Notes and Queries, 6th S. ix.
251.) J. S. Attwood.

^eter.

* * * *

Hamoazb ( IV. A, 3rd S. 195).— It may be as well to
record here the etymology of the latter part of this word as

fiven by Prof. Skeat, in Notes and Queries, 6th S. ix. 17.
t means ^^ooze, or soft mud, particularly used of the mud
of a harbour." J. S. Attwood.

Exeter.

* * * *

"Yotinge Vat," and "Great Yotinge Stone,"
( W. A. 3rd S. 159).— In Grose's Provincial Dictionary
is this explanation ; — Voted, or wkesed, watered ; the
brewer's grains must be well yoted, or whesed for the
pigs." He says it is a west country word, Webester, gives
the word, on the authority of Grose, but with no etymology.
Exeter. J. S. Attwood.

«

«

Gemos {W. a. 3rd S. 102).— This word doubtless
means hinges, as Hibyskwe, supposes. In the Book of
Accounts ^ the Guild of the Holy Ghost at Barnstaple,
1 557- 1664, is the following entry under date 1565: —

** Item more p<* to the above sayd Willm for the 1

men-

dynge of the gemeousse of the skool howsse doore yj"*. "

In Notes and Queries (6th S. vi. 314) the word is
stated to be a corrupt form cAgetnels (O.F. gemeans) a pair
of hinges. J. S. AmvooD.

Exeter.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

13

IN MEMORIAM.

4> 41 41 ifr
JOHN MANLEV HAWKER.

BY THE REV. PREBENDARY R. H. BARNES, M.A.

OUR English Universities claim a share
in England's education and well-being
which is quite distinct from mere
collegiate training, and, indeed, separable from
the locality itself--a share which may be describ-
ed generally as the encouragement to young men
to make worthy friends — and, essential as this
function of an English University is, we cannot
often picture it in better colours than when it
is seen in its long influence on a bright and
honest life. The late Treasurer and Prebend-
ary of Exeter Cathedral, John Manley Hawker
M.A., of Balliol College, Oxford, Rector of
Berrynarbor, whose death on the 5th instant
we now record, was a man of rich and rare kind-
ness of heart. His reluctance for a University
career when the place of eldest son in his
father's house of business at Plymouth would
have secured for him an ample fortune, his
almost entire relinquishment of the University
after taking his degree would, at first sight,
not point to any University influence as a
marked factor in the formation of his charac-
ter. Yet he made many friends at Oxford.
They remained his friends in close intimacy
and warm affiection until the day of his death.
When death came he had entered exactly one
month upon his sixty-fifth year, having been
born 5th May, 1820, and dying 5th June,
1884. During the last six months of his. life
his illness admitted little hope of recovery, and
during it, Lord Coleridge (Lord Chief Justice
of England) and P'rederick (Lord Bishop of
Exeter) came to his bedside, as two among
many friends, such as Matthew Arnold, who
had been deeply attached to him since college
days. These friendships of forty years stand-
ing rightly belong to Balliol College, although
John Duke Coleridge, Frederick Temple, and
ohn Manley Hawker, were all Devonshire
men. With Archdeacon Woollcombe, who
read the lesson at his funeral, he had been a
pupil before he went to college. With these
and other friends, such as the Rev. R. H.
Fortescue, he was always considered as pe-
culiarly a Devonshire man. Mr. Fortescue
was his neighbour, while he held his first
curacy at Brownstone, near Modbury, under
the Rev. Nutcombe Oxenham. There, another

well-known Devonshire clergyman. Rev. Pre-
bendary Kempe preached the first sermon
at the desire of the late Archdeacon Froude ;
and it is from friends like these that we
are assured of the constant and remarkable
purity of his language and thought ; while all
who knew him can bear witness to his genial
humour and overflowing kindness of heart.
To those who knew him well, the selection of
the Bishop of Exeter in his sermon in Exeter
Cathedral on the 8th instant, of the words
" Blessed are the pure in heart for they shall
see God," rested on the deep foundation of this
lite-long purity. The Bishop's words were : —

"The deceased clergyman, at any rate, was one of those
who had many of the marks of that purity of heart of which
he (the Bishop) was preaching. He did not know that he
had ever been acquainted with a man who had in him so
much of that perpetual kindness of heart and those other
indications which showed that the soul of the man was bent
on the service of the Lord. It seemed as if beyond any-
thing ebe that which occupied his mind was how to do
kindnesses to other people. It pleased God to visit him
with a severe affliction. Afler living a happy life of 60
years and more, never having suffered mucii pain during
that long period, it pleased God that at last he should suffer
great agony. He suffered very severe agony for weeks and
weeks, and those who were with him never heard him
utter an impatient word, never heard him say a single
unkind thing, and when he (the Bishop) last saw him
there was on his face a sorrowful smile of absolute
peace, indicating that he had given himself to God with
nis whole heart. He was a man who was not likely to be
soon forgotten by those who knew him. "

At Berrynarbor on Sunday, June 8th, the
services were conducted, as has been the case
for several Sundays past, by the Rev. Wilfrid
Fisher, of Ilfracombe. In the afternoon, the
rev. gentleman made special reference to the
rector's death. He selected as his text, St.
John xvi., 16 — " A little while and ye shall not
see Me, and again a little while and ye shall
see Me, because 1 go to the Father." Having
referred to the occasion upon which our
Saviour uttered these words, the preacher
said: —

*'It is impossible that I should not allude to the
departure from your midst of one whose voice you will
not hear again within these walls. This time last year
none — though he was not young — seemed more full of
vigour; none — ^such was his natural strength, so bright
were his spirits — more likely to see many years to come,
and to do good work for God. It has been willed other-
wise by Him who knows what is best, and who orders all
in love. His loss will be felt greatly, not here only, or by
us, but in many places, and by all who knew him at all as
his friends knew him. No distance or length of years
made him ever forget old friends, and not many forgot
him. It was one of his happinesses to the last to learn
that they remembered him. God reward them that they
let him Know it ! And, then, he was so ready with his

14

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

sympathy; so willing to go anywhere and do anything
when his help was asked — and it often was asked, because
on whatever he un lertook he bestowed no scant pains ;
doing it with all his heart, throwing himself into the work
as though it was a work of love, as no doubt it was. He
brought with him, moreover, so much sunshine, such
bright, cheery ways, such innocent love of fun, that his own
labours and those of others were lightened, and the business
was turned into a pleasure. His voice has for many months
been silent in this church, but from his sick room he has
preached to you and to me, not on Sundays, but on every
day, showing us how to meet our trials, and how to listen
for that voice which will ere long call us hence. It is a
privilege to have received the hopeful lessons of those
earlier months while God was little by little preparing him
for the great change. It is a privilege, though full of
sadness, to have l)een near while an immortal spirit was
amid the mysteries of bodily suffering, being clothed in the
beautiful robes of holiness, adorned with the imperishable
jewels of a meek and a quiet spirit, before it entered the
presence-chamber of the King. It is a kindness on God's
part that the blow, when at last it comes, is softened by
such thoughts to those who must mourn, though with a
feeling that is akin to joy. For their affections have, in a
sense, become spiritualized. They have learnt to love that
inner self which does not die, but is eternal, and which,
when their friend is at last removed out of sight, still lives
for, and in a manner, in them. "

Treasurer Hawker's presfence was ever wel-
come and prominent at the annual congresses
of the Devonshire Association. His papers —
which were numerous — were always looked
forward to with the highest interest, not only for
the valuable information which they contained,
but because of the happy style of their delivery,
which invested them with a twofold charm.
He undertook the task of reading year by year
the series of reports prepared by the committee
on Devonshire celebrities, and many pleasant
memories and associations will be recalled by
his own contributions, at successive meetings,
on "John Prideaux, Bishop of Manchester,"
•* Wolcot, otherwise known as Peter Pindar,"
** Myles Coverdale," ** Bishop Jewel's Birth-
place," " The Manor House, Berrynarbor,"
"Clotted Cream," "The Devonshire Farm
Labourer now and 80 years ago," and " Devon-
shire Cider." His paper upon "Clotted Cream"
which was given at Dawlish in 1881, was
exceedingly entertaining, and gave rise to a
lively discussion. In 1876, Treasurer Hawker
was President of the Association. He took
the deepest interest in all matters archaeo-
logical, and was a keen lover and observer of
nature. His sprightly conversation added
greatly to the pleasures of the excursions of
the Teign Naturalists* Field Club, of which
he was for many years a member, and his
.more formal contributions, read at the meetings
and dinners of that body, were always sources

of attraction. Treasurer Hawker will be
missed and regretted by a large circle of
friends throughout the county, and his absence
will be mourned by those with whom he was
brought into closer relationship as the Rector
of Berrynarbor.

He was not only an accomplished scholar,
but an eloquent preacher, and a pleasing as
well as popular platform orator. He took a
deep interest in the promotion of science and
art. John Manley Hawker was a man
whose sympathies embraced all classes, and
he was popular in every rank of society. To
sit near him at a dinner table was to secure
enjoyment, for he possessed a rich store of
anecdotes and told them well. Alike in the
pulpit, on the platform, and in social life,
Treasurer Hawker was honored and beloved —
a perfect type, in mind and presence, of a
courtly English gentleman.

He wrote no book. He claimed for himself
no special fame; but we may not omit his
homely labours; for instance, his constant
zeal in associating to himself the young men
in each parish where he ministered. By Bible
classes in his own house, and by many other
means, he unremittingly undertook with mark-
ed success this part of the duty of a parish
clergyman. The fresh flower in his button-
hole was to all who loved him more than a
mere custom. It became a sign of that
freshness and fragrance of spirit which led
him ever to seek the young that he might lead
them alway to holiness and happiness.

Those nearest to him, his widow, his so.is
arid daughters, his brothers, his other near
relatives, though they feel his loss to them to
be very great, have a rich inheritance, not in
outward possessions, but in spirit. He was
an unselfish husband and father, always full
of interest in others* doings, always most for-
bearing. There are very many friends, and
among them many of the Devonshire poor, to
whom his memory is most dear. His sons
have every encouragement to follow the foot-
steps of this most worthy man, whose memory
is truly revered. His college will not let the
recollection of so deserving a man soon he
forgotten.

Heavitru Vicaragi^ Exeter.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

15

^ Hoticefl of "Recent Boohs^ *

* * * *

A/udge Memoirs: being a record of Zachariah
Mudge, and some members of his family ;
together with a genealogical list of the same,
compiled from Family Papers, and other
sources. Illustrated with Portraits. Edited
and arranged by Stamford Raffles Flint,
B.A., University College, Oxon. Truro :
Printed by Netherton and Worth, 1883.
Price 21/-.

A copy of this volume has just come to
hand; it is limited to an issue of only one
hundred copies, and will therefore soon be-
come difficult to obtain if not so already. It
is a well-printed, capitally edited, and hand-
some work, and reflects great credit upon all
concerned in its production. As a specimen
of typography, we have seen nothing better
issued from any western press. There are
seven autotype portraits ; namely, Zachariah
Mudge, Prebendary of Exeter, and Vicar of
St. Andrew*s ; Thomas Mudge ; John Mudge,
M.D., (3 portraits) ; William Mudge, Major-
General, r. a. ; Zachariah Mudge, Vice-
Admiral. The volume, with index, makes
260 pages, and is full of very interesting
matter, especially to Plymouthians, from the
particulars it gives of the Vicar of St.
Andrew's and the associations which centred
around him ; also for the sketch of the life
and friendships of Dr. John Mudge, a most
intimate friend of John Smeaton, the builder
of the Eddystone Lighthouse, now being
re-erected on Plymouth Hoe. It may be
remembered that there is a fine bust of Zacha-
riah Mudge, by Chantrey, in St. Andrew's
Church, and that portraits of several mem-
bers of the family were painted by Sir Joshua
Reynolds. References will also be found to
Edmund Burke, Thomas Colby, Mr. Cook-
worthy, Dr. Johnson, James Northcote, and
many others. The work is a valuable con-
tribution to western biography.

North Devon and North Cornwall from Exmoor to
the Land^s End, By C. S. Ward, m.a., with
maps and plans. Price 2/6 ; also

South Devon and South Cornwall including Dart-
moor and the Scilly Isles. By C. S. Ward,
M.A., and M. J. B. Baddeley, b.a. Maps
and plans. Price 3/6.

The above are the titles of two of the
** Thorough Guide Series," recently published
by Messrs. Dulau & Co., London. They are
indeed "thorough," for with these little books
in his possession, the tourist need be at no loss
to find his way to every place worth seeing
between Taunton and the Scilly Islands. The
works are models of conciseness and me-
thodical arrangement, in every way ; and,
while containing no lengthy or high-flown
descriptions, they seem to possess all the
features necessary for a ** thorough" acquain-
tance with the districts treated, besides giving
the most minute particulars of the distances
from place to place and the most pleasant
ways of reaching them. The maps alone are
worth all the money charged for the books.
We are glad to see that other districts are
being equally well supplied with these
** thorough guides."

The Official Records of Robert Dinwiddie, Lieutenant-
Governor of tJie County of Virginia, 1 751 -1758.
Now first printed from the Manuscript in
the collections of the Virginia Historical
Society, with an Introduction and Notes by
R. A. Brock, Corresponding Secretary and
Librarian of the Society. Vol. I., 528 pp.
Richmond, Va., mdccclxxxiii.

These records, now first published, will be of
inestimable value to students of the early his-
tory of the American Colonies. The volume
we have under notice contains copies of many
autograph memorials, letters of Washington
and others, collected by that untiring worker
and veteran bibliophile, Mr. Henry Stevens,

F.S.A.

Curiosities of tJu Belfry. By John Potter
Briscoe, f. r. h. s. London : Hamilton,
Adams & Co., 1883.

Mr. Briscoe has gathered into a compact
little volume a surprising amount of bell-lore,
and we congratulate him upon his per-
severance and its gratifying results.

Ancient Crosses of Dartmoor, By William
Crossing. Reprinted from the Western
Antiquary^ 1884.

Our esteemed contributor, Mr. Crossing,
has had his valuable notes reprinted for
private circulation, together with the illustra-
tions which appeared in our third volume. This
work forms a very useful addition to the
Bibliography of Dartmoor.

X6

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Curious Epitaphs collecUd from the Graveyards of
Great Britain and Ireland, with Biographical
and Genealogical and Historical Notes, By
William Andrews, f.r.h.s. London :
Hamilton, Adams & Co.

Mr. Andrews is a diligent seeker in all sorts
of out-of-the-way paths, and in the volume
before us he has collected a large mass of very
curious and interesting matter. The epitaphs
are grouped under various headings and the
work is well indexed. The author, in his
preface, says, "for many years I have collected
curious epitaphs, and in this volume I offer
the result of my gleanings. An attempt is
herein made to furnish a book, not compiled
from previously published works, but a col-
lection of curious inscriptions copied from
gravestones." Appended to the volume is a
Bibliography of Epitaphs, which, although far
from complete, will be welcomed by many as
being even more valuable than the contents of
the book itself.

Historic Romame, Strange Stories, Characters,
Scenes, Mysteries, Mefncrable Events in the
History of Old England, By William An-
dre w s , F.R.H.S. London : Hamilton,
Adams & Co., 1883.

This is another of those handy little books,
for the making of which Mr. Andrews seems
to possess a special aptitude. It contains
many curious facts.

Folk-Moots, By John Nicholson, Hull.
Driffield, 1884.

This little pamphlet contains the substance
of a paper read before the Hull Literary
Club, November 5th, 1883, and is a very
clever monograph upon those ancient British
Courts.

Th: Midland Garmr, a Quarterly Journal con-
taining a selection of Local Notes and
Queries from the Banbury Guardian, with
additional articles. Edited by John R. Wod-
HAMs. Banbury: Guardian Office, 1884.

We have pleasure in welcoming this new
follower of the pioneer " Notes and Queries,"
which we believe owes its existence to our
former correspondent, Rev. Hilderic Friend,
who has for some time been removed from
Devonshire. The arrangement is somewhat
similar to that of the three completed vols,
of the Western A ntiquary, and we are glad to
know that the efforts of Mr. Friend and of

the Editor have been successful in launching
this new enterprise upon the great ocean of
literature. The part now before us contains
much interesting matter, and is embellished
with an illustration of Drake's Chair from the
block which was specially engraved for the
Western Antiquary, We look with great in-
terest for future issues.

Sir Beville Grenville, the Knight of the West: a
Biography in Outline, By Alfred A. Rob-
BiNS. Launceston, 1884.

Mr. Robbins has done well to give us a
short biography of this renowned western
worthy. May his example be followed by
others, so that it may never again be said that
the brave men of this western land, are, in the
words of Kingsley, — ^'Englaind's forgotten wor-
thies."

Annual Report and Transactions of the Plymouth
Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural
History Society, Vol. VHI, Part 3, 1883-84.

This Report (just to hand) contains, in
addition to the usual matter, several interest-
ing papers, including the Presidential Address,
by Professor Chapman, m.a. ; a paper in
"Local Heraldry" (Illustrated), by Mr. Arthur
J. Jewers, f.s.a. ; " Some Recent Revisions of
Plymouth History," by Rev. J. Erskine Risk,
M.A. ; and ** Assyriology and the Assyrian
Museum Tablets,*' by Rev. G. Evans.

Mr. Jewers*s Notes on Local Heraldry are
very interesting; he has, in that thorough way
in which he always works, given us an account
of nearly every item of heraldic interest in
the old buildings of Plymouth ; Mr. Risk,
has fought over again the battle of Sir Francis
Drake, and the bringing in the water to Ply-
mouth ; while Mr. Evans has described two
tablets in the Museum of the Plymouth Insti-
tution. These tablets are in the Assyrian
cuneiform writing, and are from the palace of
a King who reigned from 885 to 860 b.c.

Devonshire Scenery : its Inspirations in the Prose
and Song of Various Authors, Edited by the
Rev. William Everitt, Rector of St. Law-
rence, Exeter. Printed and Published by
William Pollard, North Street, Exeter,
1884.

Even as we are going to press comes this
charming little book of Devonshire praise.
The editor has brought together in an elegant
volume no less than one hundred and thirty

THE SVESTERN ANTIQUARY.

17

tributes of loyalty or affection "descriptive
of, or suggested by, the fair and diversified
scenery of Devonshire; ** in the belief,'* says
the preface, ** that this collection will prove,
that for excellence of scenic literature, as well
as for beauty of scenery, Devonshire stands
pre-eminent among the counties of England/*
We feel sure that few pei'sons will be found
tojdispute the latter statement, and we feel
equally sure that a perusal of the book of
lyrics in prose and verse, now before us, will
convince even the most sceptical of the truth
of the former assertion. The notion of this
volume is happily conceived and excellently
carried out, every page contains something to
admire, to remember, or to awaken memories
of dear old Devon : —

'* A land of honey, milk and cream,

Where showers are sweet as roses' tears ;
Romantic as a puet's dream,

And fresh as the primeval years ;
A region rich in fairy tales,

Where happy mortals go in quest
Of rarest joys ; such are the vales
Of my dear love-land in the west."

Edward Capern.

The pressure upon our space at this time
prevents our carrj'ing out a wish to take a
sketching-tour from page to page of this en-
ticing volume, a treat which we promise our-
selves hereafter. But in the meanwhile all
true Devonians should secure a copy; the
price is only 4/6.

We are also in receipt of the under-
mentioned Periodicals : —

I. — Antiquary, June, 1884.

2. — Antiquarian Magazine and Bibliographer.
Edited by Edward Walford, m.a. June,
1884.

3. — Palatine Note Book, Edited by J. E.
Bailey. No. 41, Vol. ^, June, 1884.

4. — Gloucestershire Notes and Queries.
Edited by the Rev. Beaner H. Blacker,
M.A. Part XXII, April, 1884.

5. — Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian
Notes. Edited by Wm. Duncombe Pink,
F.R.H.s. Part III, April, 1884.

6. — Northamptonshire Notes and Queries.
Edited by the Rev. W. D. Sweeting, m.a.
Part II, April, 1884.

7. — Bedfordshire Notes and Queries. Edited
by F. A. Blaydes. Part V. April, 1884.

8. — Bibliographer, a Journal of Book Lore.
No. 31, June, 1884.

9. — Library Chronicle, a Journal of Libra-
rianship and Bibliography. No. 3, May,
1884.

10. — Newport (Rhode Island) Historical Mag-
azine. No. 4, Vol. IV, April, 1884.

II.— Journal of the National Society for Pre-
serving the Memorials of the Dead.
April, 1884.

12. — City News (Manchester) Notes and Que-
ries. Part 19, July to December, 1883.

13. — Cheshire Sheaf. Parts 17 & 18, 1883.

14. — Proceedings of the New England His-
toric Genealogical Society. January,
1884.

15. — Midland Antiquary. Edited by William
F. Carter, b.a. Nos. 5 & 6, 1883.

16. — Bradford Antiquary. Parts i & 2, 1881-
1882.

17. — Parodies of the Works of English and
American Authors. Edited by Walter
Hamilton, f.r.h.s. Part 7, June, 1884.

18.— Publications of the Clarendon Historical
Society, Edinburgh. No. 12.

antiquarian anb Bibliofirapbical

^ flotce^ *

The Meeting of the Devonshire Association is to be
held this year at Newton Abbot, under the presidency of
the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, m.a. The date fixed is
Tuesday, July 29th and two following days. The gathering
will doubtless be a most interesting one, although the
recent loss of Rev. Treasurer Hawker (referred to in
another page), will sadden the hearts of many of those
who have l^en accustomed to receive his kindly greeting,
and to he cheered by his genial smile and pleasant con-
versation.

We are promised shortly a biography of the late John
Harris, the miner-poet of Falmouth. His son, our
esteemed correspondent, Mr. Howard Harris, is preparing
the material left by him, and we doubt not that the book
will be full of interest and command a ready sale, for
the miner-poet had a large circle of friends and supporters.

i8

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

We hope to publish in an early number of the Western
Antiquary, a senes of illustrations, with notes, on some of
the most interesting "Holy-wells" in Cornwall, inasmuch
as attention has been drawn to these relics of ancient days,
both in our pages and elsewhere.

Mr. Edward Capern, the Bideford Poslman-poet,
has, after a residence of many years at Harborne, near
Birmingham, returned to his native county; and has
settled down at Braunton, N. Devon.

Mr. Henry Grey, who has published several useful
manuals, has now added to his pre\'ious efforts, **A Key to
the Waverley Novels, in Chronological Sequence, with
Index of the Principal Characters " It is published by
Messrs. Griffith & Farran, London.

Mr. William Kelly, f.s.a., f.r.h.s., announces: —
** In the press, * Royal Progresses and Visits to Leicester:
from the reputed foundation of the city by King Leir,
B.C. 844 to the present time.'" From the prospectus which
is before us, and the list of contents of the various parts,
there can be no doubt as to the comprehensive character of
the work. It will contain numerous illustrations and
autotype fac-similes. The subscription price is ;f i I is. 6d.,
and the publisher Mr. Samuel Clarke, of Gallowtree Gate,
Leicester.

Mr. a. K. Hartnoll, of the "Minerva" Printing
Works, Newquay, announces : — "In the press *The New-
quay Guide and Visitor's Handbook.'" The work will
contain a carefully-executed map of the district from the
latest Ordnance Survey, and several illustrations of the
most striking scenes in this charming locality.

The Rev. Herbert E. Reynolds, m.a., Librarian
of the Cathedral Library, Exeter, has announced the
forthcoming publication of another of those valuable
reprints, several of which he has already produced. The
prospectus now before us is of the "Orclinale secundum
usuni Exon, compiled by John de Grandisson, Bishop of
Exeter, 1327- 1369, for the use of his Cathedral Church
and Diocese, and agreed upon by the Dean and Chapter
of the same Cathedral Church, 1337; and used without
intermission until 1505. Now for the first time printed;
line for line, and folio for folio, for convenience of refer-
ence." Mr. Reynolds does well to concentrate his
attrition upon the priceless manuscript-treasures contained
in his library, and we hope his efforts will be not only
appreciated but supporte<i, in order that he may be
encouracjed to continue the good work which he has begun.

We are pleased to note that "The Church in the
West," published by Messrs. Brendon & Son, Plymouth,
continues lo flourish, and that the industrious editor has
received sufficient support to enable him to carry out his
wish of making the journal a weekly instead of a fort-
nightly publication. We trust some of our friends will
assist both Mr. Sach the Editor, and ourselves, in the
eff^ort to put upon record every Church restoration occurring
in the two Western Dioceses.

Amongst the announcements of forthcoming books
may be mentioned a new and revised edition of Luke's
Illustrated Handbook to Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devon-
port. This edition will contain notices of all the recent
town improvements, including the Drake Memorial, the
Promenade Pier, the Smeaton Memorial on the Hoe, and
many other matters of interest.

The history of the Plymouth Water Question from the
days of Francis Drake down to the present time, in all its
ramifications, has yet to be written. Who the historian
will be we cannot divine, but there is no question, that
although the task will be a difficult one, yet there is
abundance of materials only waiting to be gathered. We
commend this work to some one possessing time, patience,
and energy, as one which will amply repay the labourer,
both in the quality of the work itself, and the interest it
will awaken in the West of England. Much has been said
and written of late resj>ecting the claims of Sir Francis
Drake as to having brought ox given the water to Plymouth.
We are among the number of those who l)elieve that
Drake's work has not been over estimated. Would, that
there were a second Sir Francis Drake, to relieve the Cor-
poration and the town from the j^rplexity which has for so
long exercise<l the public minds relative to the continuous
and abundant supply of this, one of the greatest necessaries
of life.

The Devonport Independent has of late taken a new
departure, by publishing a series of more or less interesting
articles entitled "Doings in Devonport and Plymouth
B'ifty Years ago." In No. 37, dated May 31st, 1884, the
Plymouth Water Question in 1832-33, is dealt with, con-
sisting of a series of notes and epistles, written by Mr.
Charles Bird, a Barrister, and a member of the Plymouth
Corporation. Mr. Bird, strongly protested, in his private
and ofiicial capacity, against the abolishing of the public
conduits by the then trustees of the " Water Charity " as
he contended it was, being the gift of .Sir Francis Drake to
the "To^^n" of Plymouth, and not to the Corjjoration
thereof. Much controversy had been carried on in the
town, as to the right of the Corporation to exact payment
from the inhabitants for the use of the water, which had
hitherto been free to the poorer part of the townsfolk.
The subject was most ably explained by the above-men-
tioned gentleman, in a series of letters, to his "Respected
Fellow Townsmen and Neighbours," published in the
Devonport Tcli graph. We hope to be able to republish
those letters, as an interesting addition to the histor)- of
the IMymouth Water Question referred to in the preceding
paragraph.

Rowk's "Perambulation of Dartmoor" is being revised
and edited by Mr. J. Brooking Rowe, f.s.a., but the date
of its probable appearance is not yet announced.

A BOOK is announced entitled -A^i^Z/V/iry' Centres in Devon
and Corn7i'all^ ivhat to see and hoiv to see it. It will con-
tain about 200 pages, descriptive of holiday resort through-
out the Two Counties, and also of coach and railway
routes. Mr. John Smith, of Old-Town Street, Plymouth,
is the publisher of this welcome addition to local lit-
erature.

The want of a Gloueestershire Bibiios^raphy, on a good
and comprehensive scale, hjis long been felt; but the onerous
nature of such an undertaking has deterred more than one
from attempting it. It is therefore gratifying to be able
to state that measures have been adopted for carrying out
this desirable object, and that a work of the kind (which
there is every reason to believe will be found satisfactory)
is in preparation. Full details of its plan, and of the
mode of publication, will be duly announced in the
Gloucestershire Notes and Queries^ edited by the Rev.
Beaver H. Blacker, M.A.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

19

As announced in our prospectus for the Fourth Series
of the IVcstern Antiquaryl our esteemed corresjwndent,
Dr. T. N. BrushBeld, is about to favour us with a complete
" Bibliograpy of Sir Walter Ralegh." We know that the
compiler has spared no pains in his endeavour to verify
titles, and collect from every available source, all the in-
formation that could be gleaned concerning the works
bearing upon the life and times of our talented but ill-fated
Western worthy.

It is gratifying to note the increase in bibliographical
works and workers of late. A prospectus of a Dorsetshire
Bibliography is recently to hand, and we gladly insert it
here for the double purpose of giving what publicity we
can to so desirable a scheme, and of inciting our readers to
to work in the same direction for the County of Devon.
Now that Cornwall has its admirable bibliography, and that
there is a fair chance of other neighbouring counties being
equally well served, we hope that Devonshire will not
long remain '* worse off than its neighbours": —

"BiBLIOTHECA DORSETIENSIS. — By ChARLBS HeR-

HERT Mayo, m.a., of Lincoln College, Oxford, Vicar
of Long Burton, Dorset, This work, which has occupietl
the writer at leisure moments for some years past, and
which has necessitated a careful examination of many
books in the British Museum and Bodleian Libraries, as
well as in private collections, aims at recording whatever
has issued from the press in a separate form relating to the
History and Topography of the County of Dorset, —
inclusive of its Natural History, Dialect, and Social Life,
and the Biography of eminent Natives, — and contains a
reference to alx)ut eight hundred publications on these
subjects. The title of every book described, the size, the
number of pages, together with any remarks that seemed
necessary, have l)een given, and nearly every work has
been personally inspected. The present restmg-plac« of
the books and pamphlets has also been noted for the
convenience of students who may wish to consult them.
In the arrangement adopted, those works which relate to
the county generally are grouped together, and the remain-
der arc placed under the headings of the respective parishes
to which they l)el<)ng. Those U)oks, however, which refer
to the whole of England, and which, therefore, necessarily
include this county, have not been chronicled, as they may
l)e found already noted in **The Book of British Topo-
graphy," bv Mr. J. 1*. Anderson. The titles of a large
numl)er of Civil War Tracts are given at length. A
reference has also l^een made to the various Acts of Parlia-
men', public and private, which concern the county. Local
newspapers have received attention. Sermons and lH>oks
of divinity are only mentioned when they indicate the
date of some notable event, or are of special interest.
Notice has been taken of •* Particulars of Sales " of
estates, a neglected source of much valuable topographical
information. A list of local printers, who have nourished
in the county, is added, and many of the productions of
their presses are chronicled.

The writer hopes that his attempt will l>e of use both
to the bibliographer, and also to tnose residents in the
county who may wish to know what has been printed
concerning their own fKurish or neighbourhood. He will
esteem it a great favour if collectors of Dorset books will
allow him to examine their collections, and a reference to
rare and scarce publications will be gladly welcomed.

The volume, which will be printed in Foolscap Quarto
by C. Whittin^ham and Co., of tne Chiswick Press, London,
whose name^ is a sufficient guarantee oi the excellence of
the type and workmanship, will be sent to the press as soon
as a sufficient number of subscribers are forthcomine. Price
to subscribers, lOf. 6^. large paper copies, j^\ 11."

The delightful series of articles entitled. An Unscnti'
mental Jouruey through CornuHill^ by the author of "John
Halifax, Gentleman," which has l)een appearing from
month to month in "The English Illustrated Magazine,"
concludes with the present July number, and it may fairly
l^e asserted that the writer has added a charm to the
beautiful localities described. The wondrous scenery of
the Land's End, the mystic traditions of the fabled
** Lyonnesse," the romantic associations of Tintagel and
Boscastle, the stories of King Arthur and the Knights of
the Round Table, the loves of Guninevere and the
knightly Sir Launcelot, and all the fabulous characters
of that wild and wondrous region ; all these stories and
traditions have received a new charm, if that were possil)le,
by the treatment they have received from the pen of the
gifted authoress of "John Halifax, (Jentleman," and so
many other deseivedly popular books.

* * * *

CORRESPONDENCE.

»

* * * *

* (tburcb IRcstorations^ *§-

In order to incite our readers and particularly
the clergy of the Western Dioceses to send
us some accounts of completed or projected
Church Restorations, we here insert a
communication which recently appeared
in the Western Morning News concerning
the proposed restoration of one of the
most interesting and ancient churches of
Cornwall : —

THE PRIORY CHURCH, ST. STEPIIENVS,
BY LAUNCESTON.

Sir, — Allow me a few words in connection with the
statement as to our restoration which appeared in the
fP^estern Morning News,

Beyond a doubt, St. Stephen's, long before the Norman
Conquest, was the wealthiest and most important of the
religious houses in the West of England, and apart from
the allusions to it ii Dugdale and in Cornish writings, your
readers will find in Oliver's Monastic, interesting details of
the tribute paid, it was for many years the mother church
of a vast district from St. Giles m the down to Talland
and Liskeard.

I have had visits from various archaeological societies
and many persons, clerical and lay, well up in arclueology,
all of whom unhesitatingly asserted that there must have
been a north aisle, and some have asserted that there were
north and south towers.

The old sacristy (in mvxlem days called the vestry-room)
was behind the east wall. Two door-ways discovered
shew what where the entrances nonh and south of the
altar. There once was a fine skrene north, south, and
west of the chancel. This was taken down by a former
incumbent, the Rev. C. Lethbridge. My authority for
this was the late Mr. Northmore I^urance. We found a
section of the old West Skrene planked up in one of the
old pews, and judging from it, it must have been a most
elaborate handspme one.

My churchwardens and I were first encouraged as to
restoration by Dr. Skirrow, who visited us in connection
with the inspection in these parts on the port of " The

20

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Charity Commissioners." He was much struck by the
church, and warmlv uiged its restoration, suggesting
>f3,ooo as about what we should require. Well, our
Church income from lands is about ;^7o or j^'So a year.
The old feoffees had accumulated moneys in the savings
bank, certain tenements and lands had- been sold at a
profit, and thus we had a good sum of ;f2,5CX) in hand,
wherewith to restore the fine old historic priory. But the
Charity Commissioners interfered, and we were told that
we should be allowed to spend only j£^i,349. The conse-
quence is that the restoration is dwarfed and now at a
standstill !

Mr. Hine could, of course, act only within the limits
of the ;f 1,349, and this leaves the inside bare. The old
sacristy not restored, the north aisle unrestored, and no
provision for the skrene, though it was removed compara-
tively so recently, and though all the clear marks of its
existence so protestingly exist.

The north chancel aisle, which in the plans was to be
divided into an organ chamber, and a vestry remains open.
We have no money, and we are like a child who has been
generously tipped, but who is not allowed to spend his
money.

A visitor, led by the allusion to ** the north and south
aisles " in the statement printed in the IVestern Morning
News, was disappointed on finding that there was not a
north aisle. I fear that some of your readers would
naturally make a similar mistake.

Visitors to Launceston are well-acquainted with the old
ecclesiastical entrance to the While Hart Hotel. It will
interest them to hear that there is every reason to assume
that it was the original entrance to the old north porch of
St. Stephen's — removed thence to St. Thomas when St.
Stephen's was suppressed and partly dismantled, and then
brought to the White Hart. St. Thomas, by the way, had
to pay its tribute of, I think, £^ a year, and two wax
candles to St. Stephen's.

Now sir, while we all will admit that scores of charities
have been abused, and that there was need of supervision,
yet I hope that many will think it odd that a Church
income, such as ours, should be classed with the general
run of charities, and that it is '* hard lines " thai our stem
step-father, "The Charity Commission," will not allow us
to spend our savings in the restoration of one of Cornwall's
old historic churches.

The church is roofed, new windows are in, such tiling
as ojr limit of expenditure will allow is done, but the
whole area of the church is like a new corn bake. " Naked
and bare, just fancy, ;^ 1,349 ! being allowed for the
restoration of a big, old church ! ! ! while we had ;£"2,500
in hand, and that even not enough.

Well, sir, one good way to comfort us will be for every
reader of the IVestgrn Morning A'eivs to send j^i to the
churchwardens, addressed and payable to "Captain Lang-
don, Roydon, St Stephen's, Launceston."

By the way I would like to have information as to how
far chairs are a success, or the reverse. Mr. Gurney,
(chairman of our trustees), my churchwarden, and I, much
preferred cha'rs, the majority of the trustees object, but
then there is the old pew prejudice, and also the fact, that
few of them have ever seen the chairs in churches.

Your faithful ser\'ant,

E. S. T. DAUNT, M.A., Vicar.

Catalogued of Seconts^banb fioofte.

We propose to give a brief note from month to month
of all Catalogues of Second-hand Books that may come to
hand, containing lists of works relating to the Western
Counties. In this connection we may now mention the
following : — Mr. J. G. Commin, Exeter ; Messrs. Draytoo
&Sons, Exeter ; Mr. William George, Bristol ; Mr. Jonathan
Nield, Bristol ; Mr. Heniy Gray, Antiquarian Bookseller,
Manchester ; Mr. Andrew Iredale, Torquay ; Mr. Frank
Mabin, Plymouth, &c-, &c.

All the above contain entries of books relating to Devon
and Cornwall, but we would particularly mention the
Catalogue of Mr. Charles Golding, Colchester, Essex, as
containing entries of many rare and valuable books and
manuscripts respecting the Western Counties. Cornwall
occupies nearly two pages of the Catalogue, Devonshire
also two pages.

We shall be glad to give a more detailed notice of such
works in future numbers.

4» <^ur 5lludtratfon0. ^

In the present number we give a portrait of John
Smealon, the designer and builder of the Eddystone Light-
house which has lately been superseded by that of the
Trinity Board, and is now being re-erected on Pljnnouth
Hoe as a memorial of his genius. The other illustrations
represent Winslanley's Lighthouse, the first erected on the
Eddystone reef, and that of Rudyerd which took its place.
The history of these structures is so well-known and has
been so much commented on of late, that we refrain from
entering here into a detailed narrative. Suffice it to say that
Winslanley's light tower was commenced in 1696, the light
was first exhibited in 1698, but it succumbed to the ftiry of
the elements on the 26th of November, 1703. Then
perished also the great-hearted projector and builder —
Winstanley.

The second lighthouse was commenced in 1706, and
finished in 1 709. It existed for more than fifty years,
being destroyed by fire in 1755. Smeaton's lighthouse
was commenced in 1756, and was completed in 1 759. It
continued to shed its blessed light over the waste of waters
until superseded by the structure which was opened with
great pomp and ceremony in May, 1882. John Smealon
was a native of Yorkshire, having been born at Leetls, on
the 8th of June, 1724. For further particulars, we would
commend our readers to Smiles's Lii'es of the Engifie-ers.
We are indebted to Mr. John Smith for the loan of blocks
from which our illustrations are taken.

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Bevon anb Cornwall flote^Book,

No. 2.]

JULY, 1884.

[Vol. 4.

AND

DEER PARKS OF DEVON

CORNWALL.

* * "s-

BY J. P. B.

PART I. — DEVON.

'"W^EVON has always been famous for its
gX-/ deer parks, and even now, when the
olden glories of the parks have departed, there
are only three counties which contain a larger
number — York, Gloucester, and Stafford. The
west and south-west of England has indeed
from earliest Norman times been rich in park-
land. In Devonshire there are at present, as
nearly as I can discover, some fifteen or sixteen
parks containing deer. So far as I know, every
county of England, save Cambridge, contains
red or fallow deer. Some shires, like York
and Gloucester, have between twenty and
thirty parks ; others have six or eight, and
some only one or two. For the last three
centuries there has been a steady decline in
the number of parks containing deer. Queen
Elizabeth's reign was the golden age of sport,
and there were then some 700 parks sown
thickly about the country. Now there are
barely half that number, and the tendency is
still to decrease. As the necessity for culti-
vating a larger area becomes more urgent, the
parks grow more sparse ; and during the
present century a very large number of these
beautiful enclosures, for which England has
has always been renowned, have been dis-
parked, and their sites cultivated or used for
pasture. The Cromwellian civil wars ruined
the glory of the English parks. The deer
were killed and eaten, the trees cut down for
the use of the navy, and the fences burned for
firewood. When Charles IL at length ascended
the throne, the Royal parks were so empty of
deer, that, the King conferred a baronetcy upon

a gentleman in the Isle of Ely who made him
a present of some. Many cruel reprisals were
practised during and after the struggles be-
tween Cavalier and Roundhead. When, shortly
after the death of Cromwell, the Royal cause
finally triumphed, the parks of the country-
gentlemen who had assisted the Parliament
were emptied of their deer to replenish the
denuded parks of the Royalists. But, despite
presents of deer and the importation of a large
number from the Continent, many parks
remained empty, and were given up to the
plough. The civil wars, however, only
completed what the extravagance of the
Elizabethan courtiers had begun. Under the
rule of Elizabeth, England grew for the first
time really prosperous, money became plentiful
and the usual extravagance resulted. Scores
of old landed families were ruined, and their
parks were either sold or given up to the
growing of beef and mutton. More ** new
people " took their places among the English
county families during the Elizabethan period
than at any other time until the present
century.

I cannot pretend to say how old is the
practice of keeping deer in a semi-domesticated
condition, either as ornaments to a domain, or
for the purpose of sport ; but there is some
presumptive evidence that the Saxon Thanes
were accustomed to take their pleasure in their
parks, for at the compilation of Domesday
there were in England 31 parks containing
deer. There could be no better proof of the
mutations which deer parks have undergone
than the fact, that although we can recognise
almost every parish mentioned in Domesday,
it is no longer possible satisfactorily to identify
a single park which it enumerates. There is
some reason to think, although the evidence is
incomplete and unsatisfactory, that Lqrd
Abergavenny's park at Eridge, in Kent, is the

22

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

** Reredfelle " of Domesday. If the identity
could be proved, there would no longer be any
room for doubt which is the oldest deer park
in this country. It is often assumed that
Woodstock, one of the endowments of the
first Duke of Marlborough from the nation, is
the oldest ; but, as a matter of fact, there are
several which were licensed earlier. Many of
our existing parks were enclosed during the
hundred years which followed the compilation
of Domesday, while others have been formed
within the last few years.

The fate which has followed the deer parks
all over the country has not spared those in
Devonshire. Three hundred years ago there
were more than fifty parks in the county; now,
as I have said, hardly one-third of them remain.
Many of these extinct parks were of great
antiquity, and one of them, at Winkley, in
Tiverton Hundred, was mentioned in Domes-
day. Probably it was an old park then, for I
find no later mention of it. In a county which
has from first to last contained so large a
number of these enclosures, there is, of course,
a very large quantity of disparked land. It is
only possible to make mention of some of the
more noteworthy of those parks which have
ceased to exist. There was Umberley, the seat
of the Willingtons, in the parish of At herington,
which has long been disparked. Testock,
near Barnstaple, the ancient seat of the once
mighty Bourchiers, Earls of Bath, a family
whose name knows its place no more, also had
a park. When it disappeared I do not
know precisely; but it was in existence in
1575. The park at Mohuns Ottery, which
belonged to the Carews, has for generations
been under cultivation. Colriche has shared
the fate of Chulmleigh, which appertained to
the great Devonshire house of Courtenay,
This latter park ceased to exist more than
250 years ago. The Marquess of Exeter's
park at Colcombe is another of the long list
of parks of which the history alone remains.
The park of another great family, the Mar-
quesses of Dorset, however, still exists at
Shute. It extends to about 100 acres, and
usually contains from 100 to 150 head of fallow f
deer. Unless some radical change should be
made in those ancient and interesting forms
of land-tenure which still exists more or less
in every county, Shute is likely long to preserve
its park ; for the estate is held under the
Crown upon the tenure of keeping at least ten
head of deer in the park. Shute is, I think,

the only deer park remaining in western Devon.
There is no wall or pale surrounding this
interesting park ; but it is fenced in by an
earthen bank, ten feet high, topped with
alders.

At Crediton the Bishops of Exeter long had
a park which has now disappeared. Neither
of the two parks which existed at Tiverton in
the time of Charles I. now remains. A tragic
story is connected with the old park of Annery,
at Monkleigh, near Bicjeford. The park has
gone, but its story has often been told. In the
time of Henry V., Annery was the country-seat
of Sir William Hankford, Chief Justice of
England. When the Courts were not sitting,
Sir William was wont to take his ease in that
remote corner of England, where suitors
troubled not, and where news of the disastrous
times was long in coming. The Chief Justice
seems to have been a worthy and patriotic
man, and he continually lamented the troubles
which had fallen upon his country. He grew
tired of life at length, and made no secret of
his desire for death. His conscience would
not allow him to commit suicide ; but he came
to his end by what was, nevertheless, prac-
tically self-murder. He gave his keeper strict
orders to shoot anyone whom he might find in
the park at night, unless they could give
satisfactory accounts of themselves. That
same night Sir William, of set purp>ose, went
into the park, and when challenged b}'^ the
keeper made no answer, and was shot dead.
Among other extinct Devonshire parks may be
mentioned Inwardleigh, which was a park in
the possession of the Coffin family before
Edward III. ascended the throne ; Hart land,
where there were two parks belonging to the
Abbots of Hartland ; Molland, the seat of the
Bottreaux family ; UfFculme, of the Cogans ;
Lyneham, near Plympton, of the Crockers;
King's Nympton, of the Pollards ; Langtree,
of the Browns ; Wembury, of the Heles ;
Ashton, of the Chudleighs.

One of the finest existing deer parks in
Devonshire is that of Werrington. It may,
indeed, be claimed as a Cornish park, for the
river Attery, which flows through it, divides
the two counties. Werrington park is wild,
beautifully diversified, and heavily timbered.
Its extent is 352 acres, and at one time it
contained as many as 6^0 fallow deer. Wer*
rington must always be mteresting to Devon-
shire men, for with it is associated the great

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

23

name of Sir Francis Drake. The vanqaisher
of the Armada made a park at Werrington,
but, as he had not obtained the Royal Hcense
to do so, he was much troubled by trespassers
who declared that it was no park at all.
Therefore, on the 28th of February, 1631, he
petitioned Charles I. for a license to enclose,
which was duly granted. Earl Fortescue's
park at Castle Hill is 153 acres in extent,
and usually contains about 300 fallow deer.
This park is probably of considerable antiquity,
although it not marked upon Saxton's Eliza-
bethan maps, in which the then existing deer
parks are carefully indicated. Lord Clifford
of Chudleigh's well-stocked park at Ugbrooke,
for natural beauty, is a worthy fellow to
Werrington. Bicton Park dates from the
time of Queen Elizabeth. Sir Robert Denning
enclosed it during that reign at the time that
he rebuilt the old house. It is a small park,
the area not exceeding 100 acres, and it
contains a not very numerous herd of fallow
deer. Lord Poltimore*s park, at Poltimore is
undoubtedly ancient; but it is not known
when it was enclosed. It was, however, in
existence as long ago as 1575, as we know
from contemporary records. One of the most
venerable of Devonshire deer parks has dis-
appeared within the last five and twenty years.
Great Fulford was originally the seat of the
ancient family to whom it gave its name. It
was looked upon as an old park even in 1463,
when Sir Baldwin Fulford, Knight, was
attainted and the estate granted to John
Staplehill. Fulford was disparked and divided
into farms about the year i86o. Shobrooke
Park, or Little Fulford, as it is sometimes
called, is almost a survival of the old park, for
the deer which it contains are said to have
been there more than two centuries. Its
present extent is little more than 200 acres,
and the deer number some 150. The Earl of
Devon's park at Powderham is exceedingly
fine. The scenery is eminently park-like, the
enclosure is studded with beautiful timber;
while the waters of the Exe add the greatest
of all charms to the landscape — ^the charm of
running water. Here, as at Mount Edgcumbe,
there is a considerable herd of deer. Among
eminently beautiful Devonshire parks, Whyd-
don, in the parish of Moretonhampstead,
occupies a foremost place.

It is difficult to compile an entirely accurate
list of parks in a great county, but I think the
following almost, if not quite, exhausts the

deer parks still remaining in Devon : — Bicton,
Castle Hill, Clovelly, Heanton, Hall, Killerton,
Little Fulford, Mount Edgcumbe, Newnham,
Poltimore, Powderham, Stevenstone, Shute,
Ugbrooke, Werrington, Whyddon.
(Reprinted, by pennission, from the IVestem Morning News,)

* * *

BUDDELL. BUDDLE, BUDLEIGH, OR

BUDGELL LANE? PARISH OF

ST. THOMAS, NEAR EXETER.

BY THE REV. MAURICE SWABEY, M.A.

BOME difference of opinion having ex-
isted as to the proper title of the
umbrageous lane which connects Duns-
ford and Okehampton toll-gates, in the parish
of St. Thomas, the writer would suggest, that
beyond all question, " Budgell Lane " is its
correct designation. It is well-known that
the family of Eustace Budgell (the famous,
but somewhat licentious, contributor to the
Spectator^, who was on his mother's side a
cousin of the celebrated Addison) for many
years possessed a property in St. Thomas,
and that their estate, which is said to have
produced an annual income of /"950, was lost
by the essayist in the ** South Sea Bubble,*'
shortly after the unhappy close of his brilliant
career as a member of the Irish Parliament
and Comptroller- General in the Sister Isle.
The title-deeds of properties in the vicinity of
St. Thomas* Church, on both sides of Cowick
Street, recite the names of former pro-
prietors, and in these the names of Eustace
Budgell, sen., his widow (filizabeth Budgell),
and Gilbert Budgell, Doctor of Divinity
(respectively grandparents and father of the
gifted but unfortunate writer, who committed
suicide by drowning himself in the Thames,
1737) frequently appear. Through the courtesy
of Mr. John James, of Rio Cottage, Cowick
Street, the writer has had access to a deed in
which it is repeatedly stated, that a " walled
courtilage" or enclosure anciently extended
in a westerly direction from St. Thomas'
Churchyard (clearly the old churchyard prior
to any enlargement towards the west^ as far
as the old Vicarage garden, " in whicn stood
a rbansion formerly occupied by the Rev.
Gilbert Budgell, Doctor of Divinity." The
same documents, and also the land-tax
papers bearing upon the locality, confirm the
view that the " Budgies " (as they are some*
times styled in the tax papers) owned land on
the north side of Cowidk Street, opposite the

24

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

present Vicarage, which extended as far as
what is called " Buddie Lane," in a westerly
direction. There is therefore little doubt that
the Budgells gave thsir name to the pretty
shady lane which separated their lands from
the Barley Estate, now owned hy Sir Charles
Brune Graves-Sawle, Baronet, but in those
days the seat of his ancestor, Sir Thomas
Carew, Knight of Barlej', Recorder of Exeter,
who ** was buried with much lamentation in
St. Thomas, 29th July, 1681," and whose
daughter (Grace) married Francis Sawle, Esq.,
and conveyed the estate into that family.
The Rev. Gilbert Budgell, d.d., above referred
to, was Rector of Symondsbury, in the Diocese
of Salisbury, from 1684 to 1695, but died and
was buried at U ply me (his own living), in the
Diocese of Exeter, where for many years he
discharged the duties of his sacred calling.
His son — Eustace, jun. — the essayist, was
baptised at Symondsbury, September 2nd,
1686; and his daughter — Elizabeth— (as we
learn from Burke's Peerage, article " Graves
Baron}'") married Rear -Admiral Thomas
Graves, 1723, and became the mother of
Thomas first Baron Graves, direct ancestor
of the present Lord Graves. His wife was
Anne, daughter of Dr. William Gulston,
Bishop of Bristol, who was his immediate
predecessor in the living of Symondsbury.
In St. Thomas' Register of Burials there is
evidence that the Rev. Dr. Budgell constantly
resided in the parish from 1695 to 1707, and
he is also mentioned in connexion with the
funeral of his mother (Elizabeth Budgell),
1691, when the Rev. Prebendary John Rey-
nolds (grandfather of Sir Joshua Reynolds,
the celebrated painter), instituted 1662, was
still Vicar of St. Thomas. These facts would
seem to confirm the tradition alluded to by
Dr. Oliver ; namely, that several of the essays
contributed by Eustace Budgell, jun., to the
Spectator were composed in a summer-house
which stood on the borders of Budgell 's Pond,
near St. Thomas' Church. Being strongly in
favour of preserving historic names and ancient
land-mafks in parishes, may the writer venture
respectfully to suggest to the popular Chair-
man and Local board of St. Thomas that
they should immediately look into this matter,
and, if satisfied of the correctness of the proofs
which he has advanced, erect a sign-board, at
. at each end of ** Budgell Lane" by which the
cause of euphony will be served, and the
corruptions which have gathered round an

ancient name and obscured its historical sig-
nificance effectually removed.

Oxford has its ** Addison's Walk " — let the
worthy parochial authorities enquire whether
St. Thomas has not also its *• Budgell Lane,"
in memory of the family of his gifted, but 4ess
honoured kinsman, whose literary aid was
once so freely accorded to him in the pages of
the Spectator. It may interest some of your
antiquarian readers to know that a monu-
mental slab in St. Thomas* Church, in the
rear of the pulpit, to the memory of the
daughters and infant son of Eustace Budgell,
sen., of St. Thomas (freeman of the city of
Exeter, who died October, 1680) bears the
following mutilated inscription : — * * (Hie) jac^nt
DorotJua et Margarita Eustatkii Biidgell (filla) de
Saficto Thofna^ prima ^ tahe consumpta, obiit ultimo
Marti 1689, altera, quantum dimissam sororem
deflere non possit^post tres dies, et ipsa morte (erepta)
— Ricardus ejusdem Eustafhii filius^ obiit Dec,

i657."

In close proximity to this tomb is that of
Rev. Prebendary (John) Reynolds, M.A., who
at the time of his decease, in July, A.D. 1692,
had been 30 years vicar of St. Thomas. He
was the son of Joshua and Margaret Reynolds
(who are also interred beneath St. Thomas'
Church) and by his two wives, whose virtues
are commemorated upon the tomb, appears to
have left four sons, (John, Joshua, Samuel, and
Thomas) and two daughters, (Elizabeth and
Mary); John, the only son of his first wife,
baptized in St. Thomas,' July 9th, 1671,
became Canon of Exeter Cathredral, and
Head Master of Exeter Grammar School,
where he founded and liberally endowed the
Reynolds' Exhibitions, &c. Samuel the sec-
ond son by his second wife (** Elizabeth
Aynsworth, of the parish of St. Thomas,")
baptized in St. Thomas', February 13th,
1 68 1, also took Holy Orders, and became
Head Master of Plympton Grammar School.
Of the younger sons of this divine, one (upon
whom was conferred the Christian name of
his uncle and great-grandfather,) became Sir
Joshua Reynolds, the famous painter, first
President of the Royal Academy — Bom at
Plympton St. Maurice, July i6th, 1720, and
buried in St. Paul's Cathedral, 23Td February,
1792. Rev. Prebendary Reynolds was a man
of cultivated mind, and evidence is not want-
ing of the £act that an intimate friendship
subsisted between him and the Recorder of

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

25

Exeter, above alluded to, whose wife (styled
in the Rasters "the Lady Elizabeth Carew,")
erected, in 1657, the "Carew** or ** Barley
Aisle," on the north of St. Thomas', when the
church was rebuilt on the old site after the
destructive fire of January 30th, 1645.

In reference to the obsequies of that gentle-
man, he records in the Register of Burials: —
•* My most Honored and singular good friend
Sir Thomas Carew, Knight, died July 25th,
1681.

" Quis funera fando, tempcnt a lachrymis.'^

In 1684, when pews were erected in the
nave of Exeter Cathedral, and that portion
of the church opened for public worship, —
Prebendary Reynolds was the appointed
preacher. In his sermon on that occasion,
he thus alludes to the desecration of the

Cathedral in the days of Oliver Cromwell : —

•

** Many of us have been sorrowful witnesses
to great disorders and profanation in this very
House of God where we are now assembled.
You cannot forget the monstrous Babylonish
wall which was raised here to divide the
Cathedral into two parts," (i.e., for the use of
Presbyterian and Independent Ministers and
their congregations.)

** Many of us have seen not only the monu-
ments of the dead, but even the very ashes
and bones of some of them disturbed and
violated."

[The above article, for which we are indebted to the
respected Vicar of St. Tliomas', Exeter, was jxirtly
written for the Exeter Gazette^ but has l)een revised and
ampHBed by the author fur publication in these pages.
Ed. /K^.]

ifi « ifi

FACTS NOT GENERALLY KNOWN

ABOUT FRANCIS DRAKE AND

FRANCIS RUSSELL.

COMMUNICATED BY HENRY II. DRAKE, LL.D.,

Ph.D., &c., &c.

* y I *S Wyclif was styled "the Morning
jr|l Star of the Reformation," Drake
^^' " may be styled its sword and buckler.
The former set his foot on papal aggression
when Pope Urban cited Edward III. to do
homage at Avignon; the latter, in foiling
Philip of Spain, stamped it out effectually,
/the two men are pillars by the way.

Before the introduction of printing and
cheap newspapers, our ancestors, following in
the wake of their fathers, inherited religion
and politics alike; there was a party of
progress, and a party that preferred to stand
still; both fortified themselves b}' family
alliances, but the party of action, quickened
by Wyclif, prevailed and turned the current
of our history.

Wyclif 's patrons, John of Gaunt Duke of
Lancaster, and John de Montacute third Earl
of Salisbury, were distinguished ancestors of
Queen Elizabeth, who, with her Devonshire
descent, inherited LoUardy, a drawback with
the Papists, though the descent helped Devon-
shiremen with Elizabeth.

Accounts of Montacute's doings and of his
penance are given in the ChrofiicU of St. Alhan^s
and in the works ol Drake's friend, Fox the
Martyrologist. His daughter, Anne Montacute
Duchess of Exeter, had, by Sir Richard Hank-
ford of Devonshire, her first husband, an
heiress married to Thomas Earl of Ormond
and Baron Rochfort, whose second daughter
and coheiress married Anne Boleyn's grand-
father. The Devonshire estates passed by the
marriage of the eldest daughter to St. Leger,
the Rochfort title went to Anne Boleyn's
unfortunate brother.

As Francis Drake told Camden that he was
the godson of Francis Russell Earl of Bedford,
we have some data for determining his age.
John Lord Russell, while serving abroad in

1545, left his son Francis, aged seventeen or
eighteen, on his newly acquired estate at
Tavistock and under charge of Edmund
Tremayne, once M.P. for Plymouth, whose
father was very friendly with the Rev. William
Drake, vicar of Whitechurch, adjoining Tavis-
tock, where Drake was born in or about

1546, as we independently infer firom the
evidence of the authentic portrait taken from
life, in his 43rd year, and engraved by a Dutch
hand after the defeat of the Armada, — Stow
also gives this date. Edmund Tremayne
who lost two sons in their infancy, each
named Francis, was through life on such
terms of intimacy with Francis Russell that
he made him overseer of his will, and divulged
state secrets to him when Earl of Bedford,
for which he had to apologize to Walsingham.
Tremayne assured Walsingham on another
occasion that he regarded Francis Drake and

26

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Christopher Harris,* (Lord of the Manor of
Whitechurch), as his own sons. The statue
on the Hoe, looks towards Harris's seat,
Radford, where some of Drake's treasure was
deposited after it was landed. Harris was an
executor of Drake's will and owner of part of
Crowndale, Drake's birth-place.

We may be morally certain that Edmund,
the father of Francis Drake, and afterwards a
Puritan clergyman, held communion at Tavis-
tock with young Francis Russeil, who later
on was imprisoned by Mary fo/ his religion,
when Cranmer interceded for him with Sir
Wm. Cecil, and John Bradford, the martyr,
exhorted him by letter to be steadfast. WifFen,
in his Memoirs of the House of Russell, says,
that after his release, Francis Russell joined
the Protestant exiles in Geneva and assisted
them pecuniarily. He bequeathed his ancient
manuscripts of Wyclif s works to Lord Burgh-
ley.

Edmund Drake with his Protestantism, was,
I presume, so unpopular in a neighbourhood
where a dissolved abbey had once dispensed
bounty, that he had to fly for his life in the
Papists' riots of 1 549, when the people demanded
the revival of "The Six Articles" of Henry
VHL He settled in Kent where most of his
twelve children were bom, and this affords
additional reason for assigning the above date
that of Drake's birth. Beyond this we know that
Drake was partly trained by his cousin, John
Hawkins who died, aged sixty-three, in 1595,
which gives him a suitable seniority of fourteen
years. Historians have generally reckoned
Drake older than he was; his sister-in-law died
not very aged in 1631, and the daughter-in-law
of his cousin, Alexander Maynard of the
Middle Temple, (the legal adviser of his
brother Thomas Drake) died in 1721. [The
writer has private means of knowing that
trustworthy family evidence lasted to nearly
the middle of this century.] At the Papist
outbreak in 1549, under Arundel, Sir Peter
and Sir Gawen Carew were hastily dispatched
from the Court to aid Francis RusselPs father,

'^Drake's godfather, Francis Russell, died in London,
1585, and was buried 8th September, at Chene}*. Drake,
being on the point of setting out for St. Domingo, could
not attend the funeral, but Christopher Harris represented
him and walked with the Herald, who bore the Earl's
arms before the coflia. Harris's colleague for Plymouth,
when the Water Act was obtained, was Henry Bromley,
whose fiunily was closely connected with Hawkins and
Drake and received legaaes and presents from both.

who was created Earl of Bedford for sup-
pressing the riots, and the Carews were
rewarded with Arundel's forfeited lands. John
Drake, Receiver of Exeter, returned to that
city, aifter a sally, with an arrow through both
cheeks; and. Sir Gawen Carew was shot
through the arm in a skirmish. Sir Gawen
having married Anne, sister of Charles Bran-
don Duke of Suffolk, the brother-in-law
of Henry VIII., was the uncle by marriage
twice over of Lady Jane Grey, and once of
Lord Guldeford Dudley and Sir Thomas
Wyat; but — ^passing over the proceeding in
favour of Lady Jane Grey — the Protestants,
foreseeing the doom of the Reformation in
the projected marriage of Mary and Philip of
Spain, designed to frustrate it by marrying the
Princess Elizabeth to Edward Courtena^'
Earl of Devon, and proclaiming them King
and Queen in Devonshire. Sir Peter Carew,
whose mother was a Courtenay, Sir Gawep
Carew and his nephew, Sir Arthur Champer-
nown, undertook to manage the insurrection
in the West — the result is matter of histor3%
Francis Russell Earl of Bedford, who had
been a medium of communication between
Elizabeth and Wyat, was the overseer of the
will of Sir Gawen Carew as well as that of
Edmund Tremayne, who again comes to the
front. He was the cousin of Sir Peter Carew,
and executor of his will, his wife Eulalia St.
Leger was a cousin of the Princess Elizabeth ;
and, he himself, being a member of Courtenay *s
household and in his confidence, was put to
the torture, but nothing escaped him, and by
his fortitude he saved Elizabeth's life. Three
of his brothers fled, two were outlawed, and
joined the Cornish privateers then serving
under the King of France against Spain,
and which failed to intercept Philip in the
Channel. Several years after when two of the
Tremaynes fell at Havre, Queen Elizabeth
was inconsolable for their loss; Richard Tre-
mayne, on his return to England, became vicar of
Menheniot and treasurer of Exeter Cathedral;
and Francis Russell tried to obtain the bishop-
ric of Exeter for him. He and another
brother married two sisters, Courtenays;
Francis Drake's cousin, John Drake, was in
Richard Tremayne's household. He married
Mrs. Tremayne's friend, an heiress, was ex-
ecutor of her will, and witnessed that of her
mother, Lady Courtenay, of Ugbrooke.

It may be remarked here, that Gawen, the
son of Sir Arthur Champemown, was Francis

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY,

27

Drake's close friend ; he married the daughter
of the Count de Montgomery, the Huguenot
leader who escaped from the St. Bartholomew
Massacre, and his brother, Henry Champer-
nown, fell fighting for the Huguenots at
Rochelle; Sir Philip Sidney, another great
friend of Drake, was the godson of John
Russell, whose son Francis Russell, was god-
father of both Francis Drake and Francis
Bacon. The latter, in Observations on a Libels
published in 1592, justifies Drake's conduct
throughout in regard to Spain.

Francis Drake is first heard of at the age of
21, after the disaster at St. Jean d' Ulloa, and
it may as well be said at once, that a chain of
cousinship connected him with Courtenay and
Elizabeth, and that she was cognizant of it,"^ She
instructed the warden of All Souls to present
Edmund Drake to the college living of Up-
church, and she presented William Drake to
the living of St. Just, in Penwith. She and
John Hawkins, and young Francis Drake
were co-partners in the above expedition
from which the latter escaped to Plymouth
penniless, and was sent on at once to Cecil
to report himself. Barret, the messenger
under a flag of truce to the Spanish com-
mander at Ulloa, was treacherously detained
and sent to Spain to be burnt by the Inquisi-
tion. We presume that he was related to Drake
because Drake, in his will, styles archdeacon
Barret, ** cousin ;** we know also that Drake
professed to be the avenger of the cruelties

* Cooke, Clarencieux, being instructed to devise an
augmentation coat of everlasting honour for Sir Francis
Drake in token of Queen Elizabeth's " princely affection,"
to save time, set his artist to embellish a skin of parchment
with a broad ornamental border (an elaborate work of art)
while the heralds designed the new coat, and drew up a
form of words ; which, proving too long for the space left
vacant by the artist, was twice abbreviated and then com-
pressed into the space and rendered almost illegible.
Cooke re- wrote the part and gave it to Sir Francis, adding
the following paragraph before the testing clause: — ^* Not-
withstandiuge that he the said Sr. FraAcys Drake, beinge
'well borne and descended of ivorthie ancestors such as have
long time boren (1)orne) Armes as tokens and denumstrcUions
of their race and progenie^ which lykeTS/yse to him by just
descent and prerogatyve of birth or duly detyved, may for
the amies of his sumattu atui family beare Argent a ivever
dragon volant gueles^"* etc, etc.; as Cooke was credibly
informed by Bernard Drake and others of that family of
worship and good credit. This paragraph was found
among the Ashmole MSS. by Mr. Bridger, tne well known
genealogical authority, and brought to me in triumph, as
corroborating a similar entry .which. I had previously db-
covered in the College of Arms, attached to the rough
draft of the grant, and which had lung escaped notice. —
H.H.D.

practised by the Spaniards on his kinsman
and friends. His father, his god-father, his
father by adoption, had each suffered for a
religion against which Philip was the arch-
conspirator. Though the Tremaynes and the
Killigrews had set Drake an example of
privateering, none before him had the daring
to attack the enemy abroad. When ruined
he could still fit out an expedition, for his
^ii^-fathers, Francis Russell and Edmund
Tremayne, were of Elizabeth's Privy Council ;
and the secret cause of his devoting the first
wealth he acquired to fitting out three ships
for the public service in Ireland is, that those
two men were then employed to quell re-
bellion there.

Plymouth is specially indebted to Drake for
her water-supply. If her sense of obligation
remains temporarily shaken, want of leisure
probably accounts for the reticence of her
erudite lawyers who are best competent to
form an opinion and restore confidence. I
touch on this subject because it leads up to
others of greater moment. This gift was
feasible only in the way Serjeant Hele
managed it. From time immemorial the
tinners on the moors had bid laws defiance ;
under powerful auspices they choked a branch
of the haven and even filled the cloisters of
Plympton priory with their refuse ; water was
essential to them and Drake could procure a
supply for Plymouth only by obtaining a
public Act of Parliament under pretence of
scouring an important and extensive haven.
The composition nominally made with Drake
was a pretence (in accord with the practice of
law thenUo empower him to act in Plymouth's
name. The figures were fictitious, and the
entry concerning them such as would be
designed by Hele to approximate closely to
to precedent. For every entry in the
Receiver's book that has been brought to
detract from Drake's munificence, a thousand
could be produced from our archives, in all
the pomp and circumstance of parchment,
exhibiting figures equally necessary to em-
power an agent, and no less illusory, as the
county historian discovers in his novitiate.
DlrAke built six mills at his own cost ; and, for
a technical purpose, the Plymouth Corporation
claimed the credit, and so old English law
abounded in fiction.

Drake was called abroad after the Act of
Parliament was passed. Why did Plymouth

28

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

remain inactive for years awaiting his return,
if ^"300 would supply her with a necessary of
life? She had employed professional sur-
veyors before, why did she look forward to
the leisure of a sea-captain ? We have proof
that Plymouth then was not the same as
Plymouth now. She prayed for remission of a
quit rent payable to a dissolved priory — about
;^30 — because she had not means to maintain
her fortifications. Richard III. had by his
letters patent, in 1483, allowed her 100 marks
a year for this purpose.* Her chief men who
filled the Mayor's chair, in turn petitioned the
Queen*s Council to place Drake in command of
St. Nicholas* Island, because others would seek
the office for its emolument, but he, ** their
verie friend,'* would have regard for the poor
inhabitants ; and they further prayed if they
should fail in their petition, that they should
be relieved from their charge. Under such a
condition of affairs, the figures we should
demand — which if an}' such existed would have
left an indelible impression on the memory of
the rate-payers — are those which should
record the levy of an extra water-rate, or a
loan borrowed and repaid. Instead, we had
the remembrance of a lasting debt of gratitude
faithfully repaid up to the time of the ter-
centenary movement, and we had a people's
tradition stronger than any figures. We have
the Mayor and Corporation annually, at " the
Fyshing Feast," drinking to the pious memory
of the man who gave them water, and the
Mayor's letter informing Cecil that the water
cost Drake money.

Two provisos were added to the Act on its
second reading, stipulating that landholders
for their cultivated ground, and tinners and
millers should be first compensated before
operations commenced. Where are the figures
representing that compensation which, on
subsequent evidence, would have involved
thousands of pounds? The question is vain,
for Drake's tongue is still, and no figures

*9th January, 1484, Richard 111. granted 100 marks
annually during pleasure, to be paid by the Customer of
Plymouth and Fowey, and of the Creeks belonging to the
same, to the Mayor and Commonalty for the purpase of
building the walls of Plymouth, T, R. Westminster, P.S.
(Pat. I, Ric III., p. 3.) Every evidence shows that
Plymouth was too poor a town to cut the leat at her own
expense. The burthen of levying an extra water-rate, or
of raising and paying off a loan, would never have been
forgotten. Nor the magnitude of Drake's service till the
lapse of three centuries had made obsolete procedure
unintelligible to ordinary readers.

remain penned by a
hand know what his
remains the draft oi
for moorland, which,
was to be assessed
pleted.

man who let not his left
right hand did ; but there
a fictitious compensation
by the Act of Parliament,
after the work ivas com-

Francis Drake's cousin, Richard Drake,
also a Puritan and childless, was ready to help
a good deed; as owner of the Roborough,
Downlands, and other tin works, as well as of
mills in the district, his voice was potent to
suppress opposition to the Act of Parliament.

To support the Act, Plymouth returned to
Parliament, Drake's friends, Christopher Har-
ris and Henry Bromley, to whose father
Drake had presented 800 dollars worth of
silver-plate.

After Drake's death the tinners drew water
from the leat, and Plymouth appealed in her
distress to Drake's former comrades, the Lord
High Admiral and Cecil; but Mr. Crymes her
opponent, having been an assessor, knew the
case in all its bearings, and by intimidating
Plymouth with threats of having her Act
rescinded, he succeeded in retaining the water
at a quit rent of one shilling a year. When
his works were exhausted, I presume, Mr.
Copplestone, another assessor, utilized the
stream for his mill at Warleigh. Alexander
Maynard, of Tavistock, Drake's cousin, was
the Counsel for Plymouth, and certainly knew
the truth, so did his more famous son, the
Serjeant, who lived near London, and died in
1696, leaving a widow, who died, in 1721,
some years after Brown Willis had published
his statement, probably obtained from the
Serjeant himself, that Drake gave the water to
Plymouth ; in 1722 Bp. Gibson repeated it.
These were reliable authorities who had means
of verifying, and would not have printed what
they had not verified. Brown Willis's wife
was a literary lady, an EHot of St. Germans,
related to the Fitz's, the old friends of Drake's
family, before he was born, and his ow^n con-
nections by marriage.

A few words more to conclude this subject,
for it is propel upon this memorable occasion*
that Drake's credit should be restored. Sir
Francis Drake wrote the " Dedicatory Epistle
to the Queen," in a work prefaced by a letter
to the reader from Drake's nephew, classing

•This paper was written on the occasion of unveiling the
Drake Memorial on Plymouth Hoe.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

29

among Drake's illustrious and commendable
actions that of "filling Plymouth with a plen-
tiful stream of fresh water," and setting the
actions forth, "not" as he said, "for glorifying
the man, but to set out the praise of his and our
good God that guided him in his truth and
protected him in his courses, my ends are to
stir thee up to the worship of God and service
of our King and Country by his example."

Francis Drake, one of the most generous ol
men, has been described within Plymouth, as
a mercenary speculator who contracted to sup-
ply the town with fresh water for ;^300, —
surely ^"3,000 was nearer the cost. But, can
we believe that Drake's nephew addressed the
above solemn exhortation to his reader "to
stir him up" to undertake contracts? Does
it not point to the pioiis act of Sir Francis,
and say, — Reader ! Go thou and do likewise
to the best of thy ability.

In introducing the water subject I promised
to lead it outside Plymouth. Serjeant Hele,
acting under an exaggerated notion of the
royal prerogative, framed his Act of Parlia-
ment to silence the landed and tinning oppo-
sition by a menace concealed under the
pretext of serving the navy ; he was more
outspoken in Queen Elizabeth's last Parlia-
ment; there he boldly declared that, under
precedents of Henry III., John, and Stephen,
the Queen might seize the lands and goods of
all her subjects to raise a revenue. Edward
Montacute (the Lollards* descendant) denied
the power, at least so far as goods were con-
cerned, and his son, Lord Kimbolton, in 1628,
similarly opposed the arbitrary levy of tonnage
and poundage. Who were the foremost men
at that critical period to rush into the breach
in defence of our liberties ? Their deeds are
recorded in the annals of our country — but I
call attention to facts not generally known. —
Eliot in St. Germans, Trelawny in Men-
heniot, Coryton in St. Mellion, Rouse in St.
Dominic, Wm. Strode, member for Beer
Alston, Maynard and Glanvil in Tavistock,
with Pym and Russell for its members,
Richard Strode in Plympton, Sir Francis
Drake, Bart., m.p., for Devon. Did blind
chance cluster these men in parishes circling
round Buckland Abbey to sport with our in-
telligence ; or, did a master-mind once occupy
the centre ? Was it the light of the "Morning
Star" falling on the mail-clad figure of Drake
that cast its halo around? The question

suggests the answer; then again St. John,
"ship-money St. John," was member for
Totnes, Boone for Dartmouth, Denzell Hollis
for Dorchester, and Pollexfen, who was born
on Drake*s manor of Sherford. Nutwell Court,
owned the present seat of Drake's representa-
tive, and the home of the distinguished lady,
your guest. Strode, senior, and Rouse, senior,
were executors of Sir Francis Drake's will.
The daughters of Strode, Pym, Boone, and
Pollexfen were wives of the first, second, and
third baronets Drake. Algernon Sidney was
the nephew of Drake's friend, Sir Philip Sid-
ney, and Lord William Russell was the
lineal descendant from Francis Russell. Sir
John Maynard refused to plead against the
seven Bishops, — Sir Henry Pollexfen pleaded
for them, and no two men were more instru-
mental than they in bringing about the
Revolution of 1688. Just one century after
the Armada action, Francis Russell's descen-
dant, Admiral Edward Russell, steered Wil-
liam of Orange into Torbay, and the first
house the Prince slept in was that of Sir
William Courtenay, the step-son of Sir Francis
Drake's widow. Thence he set out on his
triumphal march to the metropolis, following
the flag inscribed with the watch- words passed
from Wycliff to Drake and then to himself,
viz.: — "Thr Prostestant Rbligion and the
Liberties of England 1"

/

ARCHERY IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN

ELIZABETH.

CONTRIBUTED BY A. H. A. HAMILTON.

HE following copy of a letter from the
Lord Keeper Egerton occurs among
the Records of Quarter Sessions, in
the Castle of Exeter. It is curious, as showing
how long the ancient national weapon of
England maintained its ground after the
introduction of "villainous saltpetre." Queen
Elizabeth appears to have continued the
policy adopted by David, some eighty gen-
erations before, when " he bade them teach
the children of Judah the use of the bow." '

** A letter from my Lord Keeper for the mayntenance of
Archery.

** To mj very lovinge ffiryodes the Shyriff and JustToes
of peace tot the County of Deyon and to every of them
geve these.

" After my harty commendacons, whereas there is of
late Awarded a Commission uppon the Statute, for the
Mayntenance of Ardiery, to Stephen Thompson, Peter

30

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Risdon, and George Schatticke, for the County of Devon,
and that heretofore I have understood that oftentymes
Commissioners of this sorte have not attended the further-
aunce of the publicke goode, by vertue of there Commisions,
so mutche as by color therof they have sought there owne
pryvat comodytye : I have thought goode to recomend to
your care the consideracon of the said comissioners
procedinge upon this theyre commission, to thend that if
theye do that which maye tend to the suppressinge of
unlawful! games, and the Reducinge of the exercise of
Archery into use agen, then that you geve your liest
flurtherance and assistance therein, but if you nynd it to
be a matter to rayse mony for themselves only, then that
you certeBye me thereof, that thereupon suche further
course maye be held as shall appeare to be most con-
venyent. So nothinge doubtinge your Redye endevours
henn, I leave you to the mercyfull keepinge of the
Almighty. — From London thexxixth of November, 1596.

Your verie lovinge ffrend,

THo. Egerton, C.S.

* flDinor "Wotee. *

EpirKAiM Skinner, a Native of Barnstaple. —
In Nelson's 3rd edition of the History of Islington (a.d.
1829), in a Table of Benefactions to y Poor of the Parish
of St. Mary, Islingdon — alias Islington — Page 301, there
occurs an entry : —

" Mr. Ephraim Skinner per annum, for a Catechist
Lecture, a pulpit cloth, with cushion and table cloth, two
cushions, two large common prayer books, covered with
velvet, and linen for the commmunion table, £iS,

In a foot-note, is the following relative to the generous
merchant in question : —

*' In the parish church of S. Olave Jewry, (London) is a
marble monument to the memory of the above gentleman,
which bears the following inscription: — 'Near this place lieth
the body of Efhraim Skinner ^ merchant, some time his
Majesty s consul, at Ltvame^ (Leghorn) whose exemplary
piety toward G0I, integrity toward men, charity tothe poor,
and humility toward all, made him live desired and die
lamented by all who knew him. He was born in the town
of Barnstaple^ in Devon, on St. Andrew's Day, anno.
1637, died at Islington, May 6th, 1678, in the 44lh year
of his age.' Amongst the MSS. in the British Museum,
is a Life of W. Skinner, apparently written by his own
hand, (Aysc&ttgh*s Catalogue, vol. xi. p. 464,) a portrait
of him is preserved among the ])aintings in Barber Surgeon's
Hall. It appears that W. Skinner, left by will, £^ annually,
to l)e distributed by the * Vicar, for the benefit of the
Chaiity Children.'"

I find no reference m^de to any townsman called
Skinner in *' Memorials, &c., in the Church of St. Peter,
Barnstaple," anexhaustivelittle work by Mr. J. R. Chanter,
so that Ephraim Skinner does not seem to have had
ancestors who have monuments in that sacred fane. Fi^^ther
particulars as to the family might be interesting.

Fair Park, Exeter. Harry Hems.

^ ^ ^

Parsley and Babies. — A^'hen a baby is born there
is often great wonder and curiosity among the other
children as to where the baby was brought from. When
enquiry was made by the younjgf ones, the answer often was

that "the doctor brought it in his pocket," and more com-
monly in Cornwall, that '*the baby came from the paisley
bed." I remember very well being told so of a yooiw
brother and was much puzzled, notwithstanding I examioed
the parsley bed in ourgarden ver>' carefully. Although such
an odd phrase, or explanation of the new arrival, is com-
mon in Cornwall, I never heard it used elsewhere. The
phrase is perhaps used in many other places. Bui the
origin of the saying, that **the baby came from the paisley
bed," has always seemed inexplicable to roe until lately,
and the following may be the explanation : —

The writer (who signs himself as G. A. S.) of the
"Echoes of the Week;" in the Illustrated London A'ru's^
says that, '*in 1720, Parliament, l>eing of opinion that
the sale of printed calicoes was detrimental to the
English woollen and silk manufacturers, passed an act
(7, Geo. I., c, 7,) prohibiting the use or wear of any
printed or dyed calicoes whatsoever, whether printed at
home or abroad, and even of any printed goods of vshich
cotton formed a part. The effect of this law was to pot
an end to the printing of calico in England, and to confme
the printers to the printing of linens.

"Less than fifty years afterwards, a Lancashire yeoman,
named Kol>ert Peel, set up as a calico printer, at Brookside.
He made his first experiments secretly in his own house ;
and the cloth, instead of being calendered, was ironed by
a female of the family, //is first pattern was a parsley
leaf.** (The italics are mine.)

We are all of us familiar with the patchwork bcd-
quilt, and also with lied -quilts covered with printed calico
of one pattern only. It would seem then from the al)ove,
that the parsley bed was not in the garden, but that the
quih with its pattern of the parsley leaf was the real
parsley bed, and so may have originated such a quaint
phrase.

Plymouth. F. W. P. J.

Ill lii «

Old Rhymes.— -The following verse is taken from a
sampler worked some half-century ago : —

" Endeavour to be first in thy calling.
Whatsoever it may be ;
And in well-doine

Let no one go before thee."

An aged friend remembers an antique cider-jug in the
farm-kitchen of a relative, which jug bore the subjoined
inscription : —

•* Kindly take this gift of mine :
The gift and giver l)oth are thine.
And though the gift it is but small —
A loving heart is worth them all."

Perhaps the readers of the Western Antiquary are
familiar with altered forms of the next rhyme. It is given
as an item of local interest.

** Rain, rain, go away.

Come again another day ;

For little Johnny wants to play.

Every drop as big as a hop ;

Send the maidens to Bullum-Garn's Shop."

This children's play-song was used, according to the tes-
timony of my parents, many years ago in the neighbour-
hood of Dolcoath Mine which was originally, at surface,
a garden for vdld^plums (prov. duUtfms)^ and they stat^
that a blacksmith's shop stood near, where the " maidens'*
might dry any damp or wet article of clothing.
' Porthleven. Howard Harris;

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

31

Artists in Devon.— Turner, Prout, and Varley
were on a sketching tour in Devonshire. They had to
cross a ferry, the passage-charge, for whidi was twopence.
Varley did not happen to have any change, and borrowed
the money from Turner — advanced reluctantly. Next
morning, Varley and Prout took the Exeter coach for
London, leaving Turner l)ehind. But to their surprised
gratification, although the hour was daybreak and the
morning bleak and dark, they saw Turner at the coadi-
office waiting to see them off. Varley acknowledged
the compliment, and thanked him. "No," said Turner,
*' it isnt that; but you forgot to give me back the
twopence I lent you yesterday. The above is a clipping
I have just taken from a local paper.
Fair Park, Exeter. Harry Hkms.

Devonshire Sayings. —Are the following modes of
speech peculiar to Devon and Cornwall?

"HehasriV/&^</hisfoot."
Meaning sprained or twisted it.

"If you come across him, tell him he is wanted.**
If you meet him, &c.

"I ran as hard as I could split."
Meaning as fast as possible.

"Stop before Maud comes back."
That is until her return.

The last seems analagous to the use as mentioned in N.
and Q, of luhiie for until. Devs. Junr.

The Old Coaching Days.— The following adver-
tisement appeared in the PlyniotUh Dock Telegraphy of the
1 8th August, 182 1, and occasioned great excitement at the
time : —

Plymouth to London in 32 Hours!!!— Extraordi-
nary advantage combined with Safely and Expedition.
Plymouth Dock to Exeter and back in One Day.

Weakley & Co.,

Respectfully beg leave to inform the inhabitants of Plymouth
Dock and their vicinities, that for their better accommoda-
tion a new and elegant Patent Safe Coach called the

Safeguard,

leaves the above Hotel every morning at half-past six,
through Ashburton and Chudleigh, and arrives at Congdon's
Hotel, Exeter, at half-past twelve, and then proceeds to
London direct, which it reaches the following afternoon at
five o'clock — only one night on the road.

The above Coach leaves Exeter at three o'clock,, and
arrives at Dock the same evening at half-past eight. Per-
forming the journey to Exeter and back in One Day^ thus
giving the advantage of two hours and a half for transacting
business in Exeter. W. B.

Plymouth.

PJi ijf fJ^

Doing Penance in a White Sheet. — I have been
told that early in the present century a certain Plymouth
lady having slandered another at a dinner party was
sentenced either to pay ;f 500 for the libel, or else to do
penance in a white sheet. She paid the fine and thus
deprived antiquaries, fond of studying survivals of antique

usages, of a most interesting instance of the survival of a
mediaeval form of discipline. Penwith.

P.S. — I have heard and recollect the particulars of the
libel, but as it is probably forgotten and might pain descen-
dants of the persons concern^ if repeated, I would leave it
to oblivion.

t^ ifi lii

Storm at Exeter, 1703.— The following record of
the memorable storm of 1703, is extracted from the Parii^
Register of Holy Trinity, Exeter. "Exon. on friday
night being y« 25th of November 1703, there ris shuch
tempestious windethat it blewe downe 20 trees in St. Petter's
church yeard (the cathedral yard) flat to y« ground : two
mullings of y« windows into the church of St. Petters : Kept
up f^ lead of the church & steeple of y' one bell tower ;
aboute y« Citty it blew downe several houses & chimnes
& uncoured the houses: few or none escaped, but blessed
be god nobody killed. Likewise in y* cuntry was the same
to the wonder of this age." R.D.

Exeter.

ijp ip ^p

A Cornish Sexton's Note- Book.— In the course
of gathering materials for a historical sketch of Launceston,
I have been favoured with the loan of a record oi the
burials in the parish of St. Mary Magdalene, (the central
church of the town) from 1813 to 1840. Although of
so recent a date, the book contains several points of
general as well as many of local interest ; since, to the
funeral entry is appended, in a number of instances,
a remark of the sexton upon any special incident at
the interment. Such entries deal witn widely differing
affairs; in two cases it is noted that a person "dropt in
something for an Evil ;" in another it is stated that a youth,
son of a leading townsman, was buried by torchlight, the
church beine "Crowded with' Spectator'.*, Some Very
Disorderly ; in several instances there is an assertion that
"the Clergyman reprimanded some Young Men for their
111 Behaviour During the Burial," or words to a similar
effect; and in many it is noted that "Sceors (presumably
"scores") attended," "hundreds attended ;" or, as in one
instance, "very few people attended ;" while once it
is recorded that there was " A very Respectable
Attendance." Set against the occasional ill-behaviour of the
spectators is one entry of the misconduct of the clergyman;
it being stated, (in connection with the burial of an infant,

in 1817) that, "the Cle n Read to the Burial what

Could not Be found in the Book, from a state of
Intost n." Questions of deportment appear particu-
larly to have interested this observant sexton (whose name,
by the way, was John Frain) for, he records that at two
funerals in 1822, (at the later of which there was a "Large
Assembly of People") the son of the deceased, on each
occasion, "Keept His Hat On During the Burial;" while
in the same year, at the interment of a young woman, "the
Bell TolM 56 Minutes and Her Father at the Grave Side,
Never shed a Tear." On one occasion "No Parents
Attended;" on another "the Clergyman Lectured them for
Coming two Late," and on a third, the corpse was "Carried
by y* Trade, in White Aprons." It is carefully set down
at what funerals the minute bell was toiled and at which
the bells were chimed and the *' dead peal" or the "dumb
peal" rung; while it is often noted that "Job*s Anthem,"
"ViUl Spark," or "the 90th Psalm" was sung, the first-
named evidently being the favourite. The state of the
weather also is a frequent subject of remark. Once there
was " Heavy Rain during the Burial as Ever was Known;"

32

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

then there were " Rain and Hail*s,** while another time it
was "Wet, dryty (presumablv "dyrty") and Cold with
Snow." In several instances tlie cause of death, when at
all exceptional, b given, but only twice is any heed taken
of national events ; namely^ in 1821, when it is mentioned
that a funeral took place " the Day after the Coronation of
George 4th,*' (possibly noted because in celebration of the
ceremony, a popular feast had been held the previous day on
"The Walk," adjoining the church); and in 1837, when
there was an interment on May 24th, "Princess Victoria
B*day," — just four weeks before her present Majesty came
to the throne. The book, as far as I am aware, has not
previously l>een examined, and, as it b in certain senses a
unique record, the few selections here given may prove of
interest to some outside the immediate neighbourhood it
concerns. Alfred F. Robbins.

London.

* * *

4» Queries. ♦

^ tji ip

Rev. John Pyne — Can anyone, interested in Devon
Bibliography, give me some information concerning the
Rev. John Pjme, Rector of Bereferrers, from 1629 to 1644 ?

He was almost certainly the author of Anagramaia
Regia^ published 1626, and Musarum Dclicia^ published
1635. Frederic Wintle.

Bereferrers Rectory.

SciLLY IsLA.vos. — The value of these Islands must
have vastly increased since the days of Henry VIII.
Leland writes, that the proprietors, Daveis of Wiltshire
and Whittin^on of Gloucestershire, scarcely got forty
marks out of U, in rents, &c. What is the annual value of
these Islands now ? W. S. L. S.

w 1^ w

Sir W. Ralegh's "Premonition to Princes." —
The abridgment of Sir W. Ralep[h's History of the World,
published in an 8vo. volume, in 1698, and in successive
editions, in 1700 and 1702, contains as its first article one
headed, " Sir Walter Raleigh's Premonition to Princes,"
consisting of fourteen unpaged leaves, the rest of the work
being paged in the usual way. Except as to its publications
in the above form. Bibliographical Dictionaries are silent.
It is not included in the Collected Works of that author,
is even excluded from the Abridgment with a Continuation
of the History of the World, published in four volumes,
in 1708, and I have been unable to discover this same
article under a different title.

Can anv of your readers assist me by pointing out

where else this literary work of Sir Walter's may be found ?

Budleigh Salterton. T. N. Brushfield, m.d.

SoRLiNGUES (Les Iles):— This is the French name
of the Scilly Isles. Query, its meanii^ and origin, with
examples of cognate names? John W. Bonb.

[From " Notes and Queries," June 7th, 1884.]

^ iS ifi

LoNG-FROCK Men.— I have lately heard this term
applied to a certain class of quay-porters, who formerly
plied for hire in the neighbourhood of Sutton Poof,

Pl3rmouth. Some particulars were given me as to their
habits in the early years of the present century, and more
especially during the period of the war with France, when
great quantities of prize goods were brought on shore and
left to the mercy of all-comers. Perhaps some of yxrar
octogenarian correspondents may be able to give a short
account of these "long-frock men," and the particular
aptitude they evinced for concealing contralMind goods
beneath their lengthy outer garments. Kearlct.

\P ^P 'W

BowHiLL Chapel, St. Thomas's, Exeter. — ^Thc
house at Bowhill, on the Barley Estate, St. Thomas's
(with which Bowhill ruined Chapel is connected) seems to
have been a religious establishment of some kind. Can
any of your antiquarian correspondents furnish any in-
formation in reference to its early history? Had it any
connexion with the adjacent Cowick Priory? Bishop
Lacy's Register merely states that he licensed a Chapel
(^^Capellam^^) for R. Holland, ^^ infra mansionem suam^^
April 28th, 1429. M. Swabbt.

St. Thomas, Exeter. '

[The R. Holland, above referred to, appended his sig-
nature to the deed of Consecration, of the Parish Church of
St. Thomas, October 4th, a.d., 1412, during the Epis-
copate of Dr. Edmund Stafford. His daughter, Thomazine
Holland (coheir of her father), married John Carew, Esq.,
of Antony, Sheriff* of Cornwall, and conveyed the property
to that family, from which it passed again by marriage to
the Sawles, and eventually to the Graves', who added
Sawle to their patron]rmic. 'Edytok IV.A,}

Ilsington Church. — ^The recent accounts in the
local papers of the restoration of this church made known
many features of interest in it. I am surprised, however,
that in neither of the reports I have seen was any mention
made of a feature which struck me as being peculiarly
noticeable, and I hope the silence of these accounts does
not indicate that it has been " improved " away.

I refer to the manner in whicn the nave-arcades were
continued without break across the transepts, while the
roof of the transept left an open space above the wall
which was supported by the arches and pillars, and which
was left standing up to the level of the wall-plate.

Is there any explanation to be given of this peculiar
feature, other than the supposition that the transepts being
a later addition, no care was taken to make proper arches
where the nave and transept joined ? W. S. B. H.

ifi ft ifi

ToL Pedn Penwith.— What is the exact meaning of
each word of this Cornish place-name? What would be
the equivalent form of this name in Cambrian Welsh?
Does the word tol enter into any other place-names in
Cornwall or any other part of Britain ? Any references to
books giving information on this will be welcome. I do
not find the name in Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

C. E. Cardkw.

[The above from " Notes and Queries," June 7th, 1884.]

ifi « 131

Saint Herygh.— Who were St. Herygh and St.
Vuy, brothers, of St. Hya, mentioned by William dT
Worcester? They seem to have been connected with
Lelant, but could not, it would seem, be confused with St.
Uny. W. S. L. S.

THE WESTERIJ A>JTiQUARY.

«

The Rooker Family. — Among the Acts of Parlia-
ment passed in the 58th year of George III. is a private
act, (ch. 60.) entitled **An Act for naturalizing Martin
biederich Rucker."

Is it known whether this refers to an ancestor of the

late well-known and highly esteemed townsman, Alfred

Rooker, whose family I believe are understood to have

been of Dutch extraction ? H. .Sharrock.

Plymouth.

•{i fi ift

Brockway Family. — Information is desired respect-
ing the history and genealogy of the Brockway family.
Will you or any of your correspondents kindly inform me
if any of the name still reside in the western counties, and
give me if possible their addresses. As near as I can learn,
one left eitner England or some part of Wales in 1664 o^
1665.
206, Broadway, New York. W. L. Brockway,

<i «i lii

Cornish Families. — I shall be glad to receive in-
formation (not in print) of the £unilies of Treffry, of
Trefrioc, near Bodmm, and of Fowey, Of the Rashleighs,
of Rashleigh and Barnstaple, Devon. Of the Sparkes',
of Friary, Plymouth, one of whom is buried in St,
Andrew's, Plymouth. Of the Bonyfaces, of Fowey ; and
of the Hearles, of Prideaux Luxulyan.
Kilmarth, Par Station. E. W. Rashleigh.

*

«

Bibliographical Query. — ^There is a tract — prob-
ably a rare one — in the library of the Devon and Exeter
Institution, with the following title : —

'*The History of James P****n, Esq., of the County
of Devon. Being a full, true, and perfect Relation of his
Birth and Education. The many Hazards he was exposed
to, . . . How after he had spent all his Allowance, he
was drawn in to commit a Robbery with a pretended
friend, for which he had nearly been hang*d. How he
aftenvards took himself into a more serious way of think-
ing, and abandoned every vicious habit of life ; and at last
b^me a good Husband to a Lady of great Rank, Fortune,
and Merit. Licensed at the Stamp Office according to
Act of Parliament. London : Printed by T. Bailey, in
Leadenhall Street, by whom, Printing in General is per-
formed neat and reasonable, 1 756.'* i2mo., pp. 36.

There is no clue given to the name of the individual,
or to the part of the county from whence he came. In
the opening statement, he is recorded to have been "bom
in the county of Devon, heir to a fortune of 1,500/, per
ann., the pocession [sic] of his father." And on p. 36,
he is stated after his marriage to have " set out for his
estate in Devonshire, where he was received with the
loudest acclamations of joy, everybody was rejoic'd to see
him return home with a bride." If real personages, they
must have been alive at the date of publication of the tract
(1756) as the memoir terminates thus : —

*'Let it be sufficient now to say, that the happy couple
is a true patem of that love and affection due to the
inarriage state, and may providence grant them a sufficient
impiber of year^ to enjoy it."

Can the hero be identified as a member of any Devon
fiuniW, or has the story be^ written simply ** to point a
moial?*' T. N. Brusufibld, m.d.

Budleigh Salterton.

Leland. — ^There are some obscure points mentioned
bv Leland about Devon and Cornwall, on which I should
lixe more light,

I . — Plymouth. Leland enumerates the creeks between
the Tamar and Plym, thus :~-(i) '*Mille bay," our Millbay.
(2) Stonehouse Creek. (3) **Kaine Place Creek. Where
is a maner place of Mt. Wise. " Is that Keyham, if so, was
the manor house Ford or what? (4) *'The Creek, having
a mill at the head of it, it is in length 2 miles," this I
suppose is Weston Mills.

2. — Morwellhani, this he calls Morlehame. Which
was the real original name ?

3. — The point east of Fowey, he calls " Pontus crosse,
vulgo Paunch crosse," [su]. Is this an additional evidence
of Punch coming from Pontius in the miracle plays ?
What is the cross called now ?

4. — He calls Helston, Hailestoun or HelUs- Is not
this a proof that its name comes from Hayle a salt marsh.

W. S. L. S.
* * *

Parish History of Tywardreath, Golant, St.
Blazey, and Fowey. — I am collecting all information

E>ssible on the parishes of Tywardreath, Golant, St.
lazey, and Fowey, in order to complete another Parish
History, such as Mullion, Polperro, &c. , and shall be glad
of any assistance the readers of the PVesUm Antiquary
can render me. I need scarcely say that I do not require
any extracts from printed books, but original information
not before published. E. W. Rashleigh.

Kilmarth, Par Station.

•ii ifi ifi

* "Replies. ^

A Book Bound in a Murderer's Skin. — Richard
Smith, Senior Surgeon of the Bristol Infirmary, who died
in 1843, or 1S44, showed me, in his museum at the Infir-
mary, a large quarto volume containing the brief of the
counsel, and a number of papers used at the trial and
conviction of one Horwell, a murderer, and this volume
was bound in the skin of the convict. It made good
leather, was of dark brown color, and, **horresco referens"
was ornamented with a gallows impressed in gold, and the
ghastly pun ♦* Cutis vera of •••♦Horwell. " The existence
of this book does not '* show the change of public feeling
in half a century," as M. D'Urban states the Ejceter
volume does; for I well remember that five-and-forty
years ago ever^ one who saw it was disgusted with the
book, the bindmg, the tooling, and the pun.

Kenton, Exeter. George Pycroft.

fi lit lit

Walter Borough, Mayor of Exeter. — In Jen-
kins's History of Exeter, 2nd edit. p. 416, I find the name
of Walter Borough, who was Mayor of Exeter, in 1610
and 162 1. He was one of the members of the Worshipful
Company and Fellowship of the Merchant Adventurers in
the City of Exeter, and was probably a descendant of
Stephen Borough, the hardy navisator, whose adventurous
expeditions in search of a north-east passage to China
("Cathay") and India have been exhaustively treated by
Mr. Cotton, in vol. xii. of the "Transactions of the
Devonshire Association." Walter Borough was a great
benefactor to the poor of this dXv^ and his portiait— 'A.D.
1626, set. 72'— hangs in the Gnil<uiall. It has been engraved
in Mr. Cotton's Elizab^ham Guild. W. B. Ryb.

J^xeter.

34

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Witches in Cornwall.—" Penwith" asks whether
any woman was ever burnt as a witch in Cornwall. It
would be interesting to have the point definitely settled ;
but, in the meanwhile, we may appeal to tradition.
One of the outer towers of Launceston Castle was known
locally as "The Witch's Tower," because of a legend
that it was there some unfortunate crone had been
burnt in olden times. The late Rev. F. V. Jago-Arundell
(who projected a history of Launceston, and collected much
material with that object) had some of the earth and rubbish
of this tower excavated and thoroughly examined. He dis-
covered a staple to which a chain had been affixed, together
with evident marks of combustion. Mr. S. R. Pattison (in
his paper on Launceston Castle, read before the Royal
Institution of Cornwall in 185 1) was disposed upon tnis
evidence to accept the legend as being based upon fact ;
but the Rev. J. J. Wilkinson, in a lecture on Launceston,
delivered in that town in 1873, demurred altogether to the
story with its pendant, that no grass had ever grown upon
the spot where the supposed execution took place ; giving
it as his opinion that the ashes were simply those of
watch-fires, though he said nothing in explanation of the
staple and chain. Mr. O. H. Peter, in a lecture on the
Castle, delivered locally in 1879, considered that Mr.
Arundell's discovery might prove anything or nothing,
and the question is therefore left in a doubtful state, and
it should not be impossible by means of some of the assize
rolls or later records to decide it once for all.

DUNHEVED.

* * *

Plym Steps. — In answer to your correspondent,
W^ F. C, I can offer a conjecture, but only a conjecture,
as to the meaning of ** Plym Steps." In the old map of
Dartmoor, at the Albert Museum, Exeter, figured and
described in the Transactions of the Devon Association for
1872 (vol. 5, p. 510), there appears a curious object on the
river Plym, consisting of a circular space, under which the
river appears to flow. Probably the drawing means, that
the river ran into it at one end and out at the other.
This space is inscribed, Plym Croundel. This word
*'Croundel " is of frequent occurrence in deeds of a pre-
Norman date, and the thing it describes must have been
a well-known object. There is a form called Crowndale,
near the Tavy, alx>ut li miles below Tavistock. A parish
and hundred in East Hants, are called Crondal. A
strange mystery seemed to attach to the meaning of this
word amongst writers in the early part of the century.
J.M. Kemble, in the Codex Diplomaticus (vol. vi., p. 248),
writes, "Of Abba's Croundel I unfortunately know
nothing," and, Thorpe in his Diplotnatariuvt^ (p. 654) says,
" Of this word, it is easier to say what it does not signify,
than what it does." He then gives various speculations as
to the meaning, and brings together a list of sixty crundels
taken from Anglo-Saxon charters. It is strange that to
these ingenious and learned persons the idea never
occurred, that a crundei means simply a sheep- washing
pool — such a structure, in fact, as gave its name to the
Devonshire parish of Sheepwash, a member of Shebbeare,
the Sheeps' mound or castle. That this is the true mean-
ing of crundei is rendered probable by a passage in an Old
English Homily, of the 12th century, published by Dr.
Morris, (vol. ii., p. 139). "And for thi he tumde ut of
the burh into wilderne, and fro mennes wunienge to wilde
deores, and ches thare crundei to halle, and eord hole to
bure, bare eorde to bedde, and hard ston to bolstre, stive
here to shurte, and gret sac to curtle." "And therefore,
he" (John the Baptist) " turned out of the city into the

wilderness, and from men's abode to that of wild animals,
and chose there a cave ( crundei ) for a hall. And an
earth hole for an abode, and bare earth for his bed, and
hard stone for a bolster, stiff hairs for a shirt, and a great
sack for his kirtle." Here the crundei chosen for a hall
would apply very suitably to the bed of a disused sheep
pool.

Suppose then such a structure to have existed on the
Plym. Steps would be necessary to descend into it when in
use, at which time we may suppose the main current of the
river was diverted for the occasion. Thus, I imagine, the
name " Plym Steps" may have originated. Local observa-
tion may perhaps throw light on the conjecture.

And now a word as to the origin of the name " Cad '*
for the Plym, as to which W. F. C. is so severe upon
Carrington, the writer. There is every reason to suppose
that the Meavy district, like Dartmoor, was inhabited by
Britons long after the .Saxons had subdued the rest of
Devonshire. The name of the farm "Britsworthy," at the
extreme east end of this parish, is a sign of this. So is
the name of the adjoining farm. Cad worthy, where " Cad,"
signifying "war," reminds us of the Cadburys of Devon
and Somerset — especially of the renowned Cadbury castle —
the true site of Arthur s Camelot. Near Cadwoithy, in
Meavy parish, a bridge crossed the Plym carrying an
ancient road. This was called Cad worthy Bridge, which
by some phonetic change (and this is certainly a mystery)
became * * Cadover" bridge. Then came in the etymologist,
whose efforts at that day were still in the infantine stage,
and he laid it down that "Cadover" bridge must mean
the bridge " over the Cad " — ^hence that the river running
under the bridge must be "the Cad." — q. e. d. — Fooli^
as this may have been, or even "stupid" as W. F. C. says,
it remains to be shown that the invention is to be laid at
the door of Carrington. There can be no doubt, that
the whole river is properly called the Plym, though strangely
enough, in the Meavy charter of 103 1, a portion of this
stream, not far from Cadover bridge, seems to bear the
name of " Odda Well's Lake." But this, probably, is an
accidental circumstance of no real significance. J . B. D.
London.

Plym Steppes {?). Buntingdon:— Your able contri- f
butor W. F. C. touches on these two subjects in your •'
last monthly. It is rather late now to expect to determine
exactly the origin of names on the moor, the only two
sources of information Ijeing natural features and tradition.
The first may have given a name and may equally well give
us now a key to the origin of the name: the second is
more unreliable.. As to Plym Steppes there is nothing in
the locality that can be called a "steppe" nor is there the
slightest evidence that the word was ever in use on Dart-
moor. There are Erme Plains and Zeal Plains, but no
"steppe." Again, the configuration of the spot would
preclude the intention of referring to a plain, there not
being an acre of level ground near Plym Steps. There is
an old ford there, might there not have been stepping-
stones?

Of the 2nd. The old Ordnance Map of 1809— CoL
Mudge's— gives Buntingdon : but as there are several errors
on the Ordnance Map within 2 inches of Buntingdon, of
which there is full proof — such as Nettle-combe for Little-
combe, Benjay Tor for Bench Tor, (this would no doubt be
Benchy on the lips of the local yokel) Puppers for Pipers —
there need be no attention paid to the Ordnance Map. All

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

35

the old men to whom I have spoken say it has been Hunni-
ton Corner, in their time and their fathers*. It is supposed
that when the Earls of Macclesfield hunted the red-deer in
the neighbourhood, the knoll on which the Warren is,
which even now bears a fine crop of heather, was then the
great lair of the deer, as it is now a never-feiUng kennel for
the fox, hence the name Hunting Down. The old cross
hard by was then known by the name attached to the hill,
though years before it might have borne another name. The
cross was there a thousand years before the Warren and,
bearing a name, would probably have given it to the
enclosure, or Newtoke ; but the earliest lease of the Newtake
is Huntingdon, from what the Duchy Steward says. So
we may conclude that the name of the cross was lost and
the present name has sprung up within the last 200 years.

Wallabrook.
>ii 4i iS

ToHN King, Artist.— Your correspondent "Somer-
set'*^ is quite right in his conjecture that John King, of
Dartmouth and John King of Clifton, was the same
person. This artist was a native of Dartmouth ; his
father, observing his talent in portrait painting, put him
in a college, in London, and after a time he practised his

{)rofession and had exhibit ion -rooms in that town. He
odj^ed at Clifton during certain times of the year, and
while living there, presented altar-pieces to the Mayor's
Chapel, to St. Thomas' Church, and another church in
Bristol not known to me. He was not satisfied that his
talent lay in portrait painting but aimed higher, and for years
employed himself in historical and scriplural subjects. He
exhibited for about 30 years, sending twenty-nine pictures
to the Royal Academy, thirty-six to the British Institution,
and thirteen to the Suffolk Street Gallery. He presented
the altar-piece of Brixham Lower Church, the subject
of which IS "Christ in the Judgment Hall," about the
year 1824, at the time the Rev. H. F. Lvte was incumbent.
In my small work "Art in Devonshire," I stated that he
exhibited from 181 7 to 1845. I have since learnt that he
sent pictures to the London Galleries both earlier and later
from 1814 to 1847. He did not receive much encourage-
ment, his scriptural pieces did not sell, and he would have
done better had he stuck to portraiture, a branch of art in
which he succeeded, but the practice of which was distaste-
ful to him. George Pvcroft.
Kenton.

*

«

The Effigy in Chew-Magna Church.— Let me
interpose a word respecting this effigy. — Mr. Paul is
undoubtedly correct as to the epoch he assigns this effigy,
a iiitU too early perhaps, but not much, and it may
be undoubtedly assigned to the first quarter of the I4tn
century— circa 1300-25. The remarks of the Athenctum
are simply rubbish, as the veriest tyro in effigial knowledge
would know, — wkyd^o these pretentious ignoramuses assail
patient, honest knowledge thus ? — ''^ two hundred years later
than the thirteenth century, and the work bears strong
traces of Italian influence I ! l"*^

The effigy is early transition irom mail to plate, and a
very similar figure (in stone) in attitude and appointments
of armour in Lustleigh Church, Devon. I have no doubt it
was originally painted, as almost all the effigies of that date
were. The tradition that it was Sir John Hautville, who
lived, or rather died, about 1269, and that the effigy was
•carved after his death, would give fair warrant of probability,
Colyton. W. H. H. Rogers.

John King, Portrait and Historical Painter. —
There is only one John King in question, with three
addresses ; and of him, the author of vol. iii. of Bristol:
Past and Present^ p. 283, has written in these terms : —

"King, John, an historical and portrait painter, for
many years resident in this city [which comprises Clifton],
is best known by the altar-pieces of St. Thomas' church
and the Mayor's chapel. He died at Dartmouth, July
1 2th, 1846.

' The Bristol school ! How rose it there ?
Let Bird, Gold, Eden, King declare :
Their modest worth is dumb — forbear. ' "

These lines are from the Rev, John Eagle's Rhymes
in Latin and English^ p. 87. B. 11. Blacker.

Clifton, Bristol.

"^ ^ ^

Arms of Cornwall. — Referring to the renewed
query of W. S. L. S., No. I, Vol. 4, — in my copy of Kent's

Abridgment of Guillim's Heraldry, (date 1 728, ) an esaitcheon
shows the ^^Armes borne by one Cador^ a Britain^ Earl of
Comwal long before the Conquest. He left Issue Avicia
his Heir, married to Reginold Earl of Bristonvy and in her
Right Earl of CornwaL M.S. of Christ -Church lAhnry,
Canterbury" The arms are thus described : — " The
Pield is Sable, Ten Bezants, four, three, two, and ofu» "
and in the woodcut, the bezants or roundels are etched
in relief as " bosses," by marked shadings, and not shown
as flat discs. Nearly all the roundels, however, whether
tinctures or metals, throughout the volumes, are similarly
shaded, though some few are not. The Rev. C. Boutelf,
whose small volume on "English Heraldry" is most reliable
to the student, gives on one of his earliest pages (p. 14) an
illustration of "the shield of an early Effigy at Whitworth,
Durham," in which the stnictural formation of the shield,
shews that "the heads of the rivets or screws employed to
fix the border on the shield, appear to have been made to
assume the character of heraldic additions," as suggested
b^ W. S. L. S. Mr. Boutell (p. 68, cut No. 140), ftirther
gives the arms of " Richard, Earl of Cornwall, second
son of King John, — arg, within a bordure sable, bezantee,
a lion rampant, gu, crowned, or," the bezants in bordure
number eleven, and this I have noted to be a usual number
in bordures.

In Burke's General Armory (ed. 1842) is given no less
than 25 distinct sir-names of Comewall and Cornwall,
bearing arms; and of these 14 bear bezants or plates
(roundels argent) as charges in some form, chiefly as
bordures however, and only in one instance do they occupy
the entire field of the shield "Cornwall, azure, fifteen
bezants, five, four, three, two, and one."

It would be interesting to know the earliest example of
the arms as, " sable, fifteen balls " (or bezants), and motto
" One and All." .1 do not remember to have seen a really
ancient shield or illustration, certainly not mediseval.
Boutell observes " the bezant apparently has derived its
name from the Byzantine coins that the Crusaders, when
in the East, may sometimes have actually fixed upon their
shields for heraldic distinction." The older authority
Guillim, quoting a yet older herald, Smithurst, says, " the
Bezant signifies great Profit brought by the bearer to the
King and Country." In this significance, may not the
metalUc riches ot the County, and the "coinage" of the
tin at the Stanneries, be indicated ? The coinage seal of
the Lord Warden corresponds I believe with that given by
Boutell to the ancient Eiarls of Cornwall.

36

THE WESTERII ANTIQUARY.

Looking at the compact pyxamidal arrangement of the

fifteen balls, there is also conveyed, as by the Romaik

phalanx — an impression of union and strength, rendering

the motto '* One and All " peculiarly felicitous.

London. Samuel Knight.

•ii 4> ^

4» "Reviews. ^

^ ^ ^

The Haunted Homes and Family Traditions of
Great Britain. By John H. Ingram. Lon-
don :— W. H. Allen & Co., 1884.

A curious and interesting volume, the result
of much labour and research. The author
has drawn his ** strange stories and weird
traditions " from many sources, not, as he
says in his preface, ** with a view of creating
un frisson nouveau^ but to serve as a guide to the
geography of Ghostland — ^a handbook to the
Haunted Houses of Great Britain.'* The
work is, as its name implies, general in its
character, and, with the exception of Edin-
burgh and London, no locality furnishes more
than one illustration to its pages. Thus, the
Western Counties are represented by one or
two stories only ; Plymouth by the narrative
which appeared in a former volume of the
Western Antiquary^ in whioh Mrs. Hunn, the
mother of George Canning bore witness to
strange and ghostly sounds ; Truro, furnishes
a strange story in which another celebrated
actor, Samuel Foote, was the principal. The
well-known story of Mr. Williams's dreams at
Scorrier House, Cornwall, is also inserted, and
the town of Taunton is the scene of yet another
which is called ** The Luminous Chamber."
These instances and the remarks of the editor
sufficiently indicate that ** the number of
dwellings reputed to be haunted is much
greater than is commonly supposed," and we
cannot but regret that the instances cited from
the superstitious districts of Devon and Corn-
wall are so few. We believe that there is an
ample field for research in this neighbourhood,
and that were enquiries systematically made,
we should find enough of these traditions in
the two counties to fill a volume. Mr. Ingram
is however, to be congratulated at having set
the example of gathering up these uncanny
narratives, and we trust, should he be dis-
posed to venture upgn the preparation of a
second series, that he will find our own columns
of some service to him, and the contributors
to the Western Antiquary ready to aid him in
his interesting resqarches^

Book of English Fairy Tales from the North-
ComUry. By Alfred C. Frvbr, Ph.D., M.A.

Dr. Fryer, whose clever treatise on " Cuth-
behrt of Lindisfarne," published in 1881, wa$
so favourably reviewed by critics, has, in the
work now before us, woven into a series of
attractive fairy tales, some of the curiou§
items of folk-lore appertaining to the northeo)
counties of England. Some of the tales are
very familiar, and are doubtless as universal
as those of Grimm and Andersen, while others
have a decidedly local colouring. The book
will be welcomed by all the good little people
to whom it is dedicated, and ought to have
a wide circulation. Moreover, it should stim-
ulate other students of folk-lore to seek out
and place upon record in an equally pleasant
manner the romantic stories of their resj>ective
districts. The counties of Cornwall and
Devon, with their stories of Pixies and Giants
and other wondrous beings, have been well
worked by Mr. Robert Hunt and others, but
there is doubtless room for still other writers,
to follow the example of Dr. Fryer in making
these tales acceptable to the ** little men"
and little women of the present generation.

The Stiff Family. (Reprinted from Gloucester-
shire Notes and Queries, July, 1884, Vol. ii.,
pp, 6x4-22.) By W. P. W. Phillimore,

In. A., 0.CL1.

A careful genealogical paper concerning a
very old family, whose surname appears in
Wiltshire as early as the thirteenth centurj'.
The Gloucestershire family can be traced from
about the year 1540. Our good ft-iend and
co-worker, the Rev. Beaver H. Blacker, is
doing good service by publishing in his N. & Q,
these valuable records of ancient and notable
families.

Notes on the Ralegh Family. By T. N. Brush-
field, M.D. (Reprinted from the Transactions
of the Devonshire Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, Literature, and Art,
1883, Vol. XV., pp. 163-179.) Read at Ex-
mouth, August, 1883.

Dr. Brushfield, whose valuable contributions
often appear in our pages, has with great care
and diligence collected a large mass of notes
relating to Sir Walter Ralegh and his family.
These notes, which gave great satisfaction^
when read to the members of the Devon
Association, are of much value to students ot
history ; ai;4 are also of particular interest to

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

t.

37

to all who are acquainted with the career
of the accomplished courtier with whom they
chiefly have to do. Dr. Brushfield, gince his
residence at Budleigh Salterton, has made it
his pleasing task to investigate all the associa-
tions of that interesting neighbourhood, and
in his pamphlet gives the result of those
researches as regards Hayes Barton, the
birthplace of Sir Walter, and East Bud-
leigh Church which contains several memorials
of his family. Illustrations are given of
** Panels of Pew Ends, East Budleigh Church,*'
bearing the arms of the Raleghs ; Sepulchral
Slab in the same church, of Joan Ralegh, first
wife of Sir Walter ; also copies ol Crest and
Seal and facsimiles of autographs of Walter
Ralegh the elder, Carew Ralegh and Sir
Walter.

The Antiquary for July contains, amongst a
mass of very valuable and interesting matter,
the following articles: — "The Rules of the
Carthusian Order, Illustrated by the Priory of
Mount Grace,** by Rev. Precentor Venables ;
•* Field-Name and Toponymical Collections,"
by Frederick E. Sawyer; "The Adelphi and
its Site," by Henry B. Wheatley ; "The Coins
of Venice," Part III, by W. Carew-Hazlitt ;
** Scarborough Corporation Insignia," by R.
C. Hope ; ** Forest Laws and Forest Animals
in England," Part I ; ** Notes on some rejected
Bills in Parliament;'' "Celebrated Birth-
places,— [oseph Addison, at Milston, Wilt-
shire,'* The numbers of this Magazine, which
is now in its Tenth Volume, lose nothing in
interest or freshness from month to month.

GloueesUrskire Notes and Queries ^ Part XXIII,

July, 1884, is before us. There is no deviation
rom the admirable method which the Editor
(Rev. B. H. Blacker) has adopted ; nor is
there any falling-off in the interest of the
matter produced.

The Palatine Note-Book for July, upholds the
p>osition it has so long retamed, of being in
the foremost rank of provincial antiquarian
journals. The articles in the current number
are: — "A Vade-Mecum to Hatton, Co.
Chester,'* by the late James Crossley ; ** The
Protestations of Salford, Kersal, Broughton,
and Tetlow, 28 Feb., 1641-2;" John Holker,
by J.. (3.. Alger. . Some of the Minor Notes
are very interesting.

Old Nottinghamshire : a colleciim of papers <m the
History, Antiquities, Topography , 6^., of Not-
tinghamshire, Edited by John Potter Briscoe,
F.R.H.S., &c., <&c. Second Series, Illus-
trated. London : Hamilton, Adams & Co.
Nottingham: J. Derry, 1884.

Three years ago Mr. Briscoe issued his first
volume of Old Nottinghamshire, It was so
well received that he has been tempted to
compile a second volume, and it must be
admitted that he has fully succeeded in his
endeavours to produce a most interesting
work. The series now to hand, comprises
thirty-six papers of varying length and merit,
but all on subjects relatmg to Nottingham and
its interesting neighbourhood, and all worthy
of being placed upon record. We notice some
well-known names amongst the contributors
to this volume, including our old friend Mr.
W. Smith, F.S.A., author of a series of similar
volumes of Old Yorkshire, Mr. Briscoe is a
recognized authority on Nottingham anti-
quities, and fully conversant with all the
interesting places and relics in and around the
historic town in which his lot is cast ; as we
found when some months ago we rambled
through Nottingham Old and New, under his
guidance. Some of the articles in the present
volume recall that visit ; notably, that on the
"Caverns in Nottingham Park** the traditional
retreat of Robin Hood, with whose memory
Nottingham is immediately connected as con-
tiguous to Sherwood Forest.

Mr. Edward Walford*s Antiquarian Maga-
zine and Bibliographer for July, is, as usual, replete
with interest. We note the following special
Articles:— "The Great Yarmouth Tolhouse;**
" Misericordes in Ludlow Church,** by R. C.
Hope ; " Characters of the Wars of the Roses,'*
Part II, by Rev. H. H. Moore; "The Legend
of King Arthur in Somerset,*' Part II. by
Mrs. C. G. Boger ; " Inquisition of the Honour
of Wallingford,'* by M. T- Pearman; "Port
and Port-Reeve,'* Part III, by J. H. Round;
"History of Gilds," Chap. :XXXII, by C.
Walford. The paper on" Port and Port- Reeve**
is the continuation of a discussion occasioned
by the publication of a treatise by Dr. J. H.
Pring, of Taunton, one of our contributors.

City News, Notes, and Queries, (Manchester)
Part 20, January to June, 1884. This quarterly
instalment of seventy closely printed pages
(reprinted from the Manchester City News,':) is
quite on ^ par with. previous issues. .

V 38

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Hntiquarian ant> SibUograpbical

4» looted. ^

We are authorized to state that the work entitled
Cornish Worthies^ on which Mr. Walter H. Tregellas has
for some time past been engaged, may be very soon ex-
pected. It will comprise twenty-two chapters, and will be in
two handsome volumes, each containing nearlv 400 pa^es.
We heartily commend this work to all Cornishmen and to
all who are interested in the *' Memoirs of some of the
most eminent Cornishmen." The book is published by
Mr. Elliot Stock, from whose prospectus we extract the
following : —

'* The Author's endeavour, in undertaking this Work,
has been to select from the examples before him as re-
presentative a list as possible of those Cornishmen who
have distinguished themselves in Science and Literature,
as well as " in Arms, in Arts, in Song"; and it has lieen
his aim so to write their histories, that, whilst Cornish
Worthies shall be found a storehouse of facts for the historian
and the scholar, it shall also be a fireside book of interest to
the general reader. The want of such a work has long been a
subject of remark ; and Mr. Tr^ellas has been engaged for
some years in collecting materials for supplying the deficiency.
During the performance of this task the three volumes of
the Bibliotheca Comubiensis^ by Messrs. Boase & Courtney,
appeared, a work than which probably none more laborious
and exhaustive has ever appeared in England ; and the vast
stores of facts and suggestions which it contains have much
facilitated the preparation of the present accounts of the
deceased Worthies of Cornwall, The materials for such a
book are full of interest ; they have been diligently gleaned
from varied and remote sources, and it is hoped tnat the
result will be deemed a work not altogether unworthy of
its subject, and of value not only to Cornishmen, but also
to all those who take an interest in the lives of worthy and
famous men."

Wb understand that within a very short time there will
l)e issued two works upon the rise, development, and
present condition of the former capital of Cornwall, one
bang The History cf the Ancient Borough of Dunheved^
otherwise Launceston^ and Newport-by-Launceston^^ by
Mr. Otho B. Peter, A.R.I.B.A., (to be published by Messrs.
William Brendon & Son, Plymouth), and the other,
Lautueston^ Past and Present ; a Historical and Descriptive
Sketchy by Mr. Alfred F. Robbins, (from the press of the
Cornish and Devon Printing Company, Launceston). These
works have been undertaken on independent lines and will
be found, we believe, to contain much new material regarding
one of the most interesting towns of the West. Mr. Peter
has had the valuable assistance of his father (the Town Clerk
of Launceston, who has given several practical proofs of
his interest in the borough's history), and of his brother,
Mr* C. H. Peter, who has delivered more than one lecture
on the subject, exhibiting very careful research) ; and, as
he has received the special sanction of the Town Council
to inspect and copy the various records now in existence
(tnany of which were discovered only two years since and
have never yet been published), it may fairly be expected
that a great deal of lieht will be thrown upon the darker
comers of the town's history by the efforts he has made.
Mr. Robbins, (who several years ago published in a local
paper a series of over fifty articles on tne subject) has had,
we understand, to pursue his investigations upon a some-
what different plan. Precluded by his residence in London
from personal study of the borough records, he has devoted

himself to gathering up the threads of his native town's
history as they can be gleaned from state papers, old
journals, parliamentary records, and the like. From
the collection of Civil War pamphlets now in the British
Museum, he has secured much information hitherto unknown
concerning Launceston in the period of the Great Rebellion;
from the parliamentary journals he has been able to trace
for the first time the political history of the town; and from
his fether, (a local Town Councillor, who nearly thirty
years since lectured upon "The Past, Present, and Future
of Launceston") he has received much help in the coUection
of the borough's traditions, and of many focts bearing upon
the political and social history of Launceston during the
present century. It may be anticipated, therefore, that
when both works are published, this Cornish town will
be in possession of more information regarding every phase
of its past than any other in the county, and the example
set by Mr. Peter and Mr. Robbins will, not improbably, act
as a stimulus to antiquarians in other western borougns to
"go and do likewise."

West Country Scenery.— On the cover of the
recently-published Official Guide to the Great Western
KctUway^ three pictures are given of places of interest in
connection with that company. Two of these (out of the
more than two thousand miles of line) are from the west
country, one l)eing of the Royal Albert Bridge, 5;alta^h^
and the other of the viaduct at Ivybric^e.

Mr. Stephen Tucker, Somerset Herald, has com-
municated to the July part of the Miscellanea Geneaiagica^
an account of the assignment of arms to the father of
Shakspeare. This account is illustrated by five fee-similes
of documents from the Heralds' College records.

Pen and Ink Sketches of Old Dartmouth continue to
appear firom time to time in the columns of the Dartmouth
Chronicle, We believe that it is the iiitention of Mr.
Cranford, the publisher, to reprint these sketches in a
little volume similar to one issued in 1873. Mr. Cranford
has also collected a large mass of material for a History of
the ancient Borough.

« •!• •»

* ®ur 3llu0tration0* ♦

Glynn Family.— Mr. J. H. Oglander Glynn, whose
armorial book-plate appears in the present number, has
furnished some items of interest concerning his family,
which we hope to publish in our next number. He adds
that full particulars respecting the Glynns may be found
in all the Cornish histories, and especially in Sir John
Maclean's History of Trigg Minor^ which is substantially
correct.

« ifi ifi

* CorrcsportDence* ^

A Correction.— (Fourth Series, p. 6.)— The first

number of The Angler*s Note-Booh (New Series) appeared

on the isth June, 1884,— «<;/ May as given in the W.A,

at the above reference in error. Ch* El. Ma.

2, Dix's Field, Exeter.

Heavitree— ( W,A.^ 4th S., i, p. 12.) The Domes-
day form of this name has been misprinted at the above
reference. It should be Heueotruua.

Gemos— (^.^., 4th S., I, p. 12.) The word Barn-
staple has been wrongly printed for Basingstoke, and the
O.F. form of gemos is genuaus, J. S. Attwood.

Exeter.

,. ■■ - •' - -C LIBRARY

irf^/fi.u. ' C^i^fn^^ij/uftin

THE

Wi^m^^il

OR,

2)evon anb Cornwall 1Flote:='Book-

N.o. 3.]

AUGUST, 1884.

[Vol. 4.

THE LEGEND OF THE LIONESSE.

BY ROBERT HUNT, F.R.S.

HERE are few countries washed by the
waters of the ocean, which do not
preserve some traditions of lands
having been engulphed by advances of sea.
Around the British Isles we find many legends,
derived evidently from very remote antiquity,
which tell of remarkable changes in the cha-
racter of the coast, and some of these are
supported by historical evidence of consider-
able value.

Around the coasts of Devonshire and Corn-
»vall there still lingers a ** Folk- Lore" which
tells us many tales — fragmentary it is true —
of changes which have taken place in the
relative positions of the land and the sea.
Evidences exist of submerged forest trees,
and there are records preserved of tithes
having been collected from lands which havje
disappeared. With these it is not intended,
at present, to deal. There is, however, a
poetry hanging around the Legend of the
Lionesse — or Lethowsow — which renders it
worthy of a close investigation in the pages
of the Western Antiquary,

This legend is supposed to record the exis-
tence of a large district, which, at one period,
united the Scilly Islands with the main land
about the Land's End, over which now flows
the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. The tra-
dition of the submergence of this piece of
country is variously told, but there is a
similarity in each of the narrations. Carew,
in his Survey of Cornwall, writes as follows : —

"The encroaching sea hath ravined from it, the whole
country of Lionnesse, together with divers other parcels of
no little circuit ; and that such a Lionnesse there was these
proofs are yet remaining. The space between the Land's

I

End and the isles of Scilly, being about thirty miles, to this
day retaineth that name Lethosmo, in Cornish, and carried
an equal depth of forty or sixty fathoms (a thing not
usual in the sea's proper dominion) save, that, about
midway, there lieth a rock which at low water discovereth
its head. They term it the *Gulf' (now known as the
'Wolf') suiting thereby the other name of Scilla. Fisher-
men also, castmg their hooks thereabouts, have drawn up
pieces of doors and windows."

Borlase, in his Letters on the Scilly Islands,
says : —

**That there existed formerly such a country as the
Lionnesse, stretching from the Land's End to the Scilly
Islands, is much talked of in our parts. Some fishermen
also have insisted, that in the channel between the Islands
of Scilly and the Land's End there are to be seen tops of
houses and other remains of habitations."

Drew and Hitchin's Cornwall records: —

*• There is a tradition that there formerly existed a large
tract of land, between the Scilly Islands and the Land's
End, called the Lioness, which was destroyed by an

inundation of the sea. One of the family of Trevilian

now residing in Somersetshire, but originally Cornish-
saved himself by the assistance of his horse, at the time of
this inundation, and it is reported that the arms of this
family were taken from his fortunate escape, to commemorate
his providential preservation."

Robert Heath, in his Account of the Islands of
Scilly, writes: —

** King ^thelstan, who conquered Scilly, reduced the
Bounds of Cornwall: before whose coming the Cornish
men bore equal sway in Exeter with the English : and the
encroachment of the sea has farther contracted those bounds
by the whole Tract of Lioruss (in Cornish Lethowsow),
with other parcels of land once contiguous, that now
disappear."

Heath continues, referring, however, the
Legend to St. Michael's Mount. He says
this Mount : —

** was antiently called Ca^aclowse in Corvse, signifying the
hoare or brown rock in the wood which is now at every
Flood encompased by the sea, and vast Roots of Trees
are sometimes drove a-shore upon the sands about it, and
the like overflowing has happened in Plymouth Haven and
other places Westward of London."

Heath quotes from a MS, penes GuHelmus
Jones, Esq, : —

40

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

"There is a Tradition in the family of the Trevillians
(whose Descendants married the Daughter and Heir
of Whalesborough* a name of good reputation in this
county) that they had a considerable parcel of land about
the said Mount, or Rock in the wood ; and that the owner
of these Lands finding a daily incursion of the sea upon
them, removed from there his Wife, Children, Servants,
and Cattle, leaving himself one Horse, by which he swam
to the shore of Perranuthno, when a breach was made by
the sea over his territory." He adds, "This family has
since removed into Somerset and make a considerable figure
in that county. Their Arms are Gules^ an Horse Argent^
issuing out of the Sea proper. "

Davies Gilbert, in The Parochial History of
Cornwall^ says : —

" A cove is pointed out in Perran, where the ancestor
of the Trevelyans is said to have been borne on shore by
the strength of his horse from the destruction of the
Lionesse country west of the Land*s End. "

The traditional story — still lingering in some
parts of the Old Bolerium — says, the inhabi-
tants of the Lionesse still live beneath the
ocean, and will at the proper time rise from
the waters.

Thomas Hogg, in his Historical Records of
Ancient Cornwall^ sings : —

" Between Land's End and Scilly rocks
Sunk, lies a town that ocean mocks;
To you the secret I bequeath ;
Nor e'er shall fade th' historic wreath ;
That, which, from ages long concealed
Has lain, shall, henceforth, rise revealed."

Of the lost town we are told : —

** A populous city spread her pride —
Siluria was her name renowned,
With glittering domes and temples crowned."

Davies Gilbert, in his Cornwall — already
quoted — confirms this portion of the legend : —

** The Editor remembers a female relation of a former
vicar of St. Erth, who, instructed by a dream, prepared a
decoction of various herbs, and repairing to the Land's
End, poured them into the sea, with certain incantations,
expecting to see the Lionesse country rise immediately out
of the water, having all its inhabitants alive, notwith-
standing their long submersion. But : —

* Perchance some form was unobserved.
Perchance in prayer or faith she swerved ' ; —

no country appeared. "

Florence of Worcester, who died on the 7th
July, 1 1 18, in his Chronicle states, that a.d. 1099,
•*on the third of the nones of November the
sea overflowed the shore, destroying towns,
and drowning many persons and innumerable
oxen and sheep."

• Tonkin says, in the 3rd of Henry IV. the heir, Mark
de Waiesbreuj held two parts of a fee here, for Venc there
is plainly a mistake for Uthno, since which time it has had
the same lords as Whalesborough.

Stow, who wrote his History of England,
about 1580, notices the great tide of 1099,
and supplements the Worcester Chronicle by
referring the loss of the lands in Kent, belonging
to Earl Godwyne, to this alluvial catastrophe,
and gives 140 as the number of churches
destroyed around this island by that flood,
including the churches of the Lionesse,

^ Mr. Richard Edmonds, in his Laftd's End
Distiict, calls attention to the fact that :

** the department of Finist^re (the most westerly part of
France and, like our own Land's End district, bounded on
three sides by the sea, comprises very nearly the same
portions of the province of Brittany, as had belonged to
the dioceses of St. Pol de Leon and Quimper, whidTagain
answered respectively to the ancient districts of Lconois
and Cornouaille. The juxtaposition of these names is
noteworthy, and almost leads one to suspect that the
strange tradition respecting the Cozm&h Lionesse mjny have
originated in some Breton legend."

The similarity existing between the position
of, and the district surrounding, Mont St.
Michel and St. Michael's Mount is remarkable,
and It IS curious, to find a legend of lost lands
on the French coast, analogous to the Cornish
myth, even to the escape of a Knight pro-
prietor from the flood of waters, by urging his
horse at the utmost speed over the sands.
The flood of 1099 was, there is every reason
to believe, the overflow of the sea which
destroyed the forests in the Mount's Bay in
Cornwall— which gave rise to the tradition of
a lost city m Cardigan Bay— and destroyed
the Yorkshire forest, the remains of which
are still occasionally found in the Humber.
There is scarcely a doubt but the lands which
have disappeared on the coast of Normandy
were lost at this period. But there is no
evidence to connect this flood with the
destruction of the land of the Liofiesse. It is
probable, that the detrital deposits, in which
for centuries the Cornish miners have worked
for tin may have been produced by the flood
mentioned in the Worcester Chronicle.

/The depth of the submerged forest in the
Mount's Bay nowhere exceeds ten fathoms.
At a short distance from the Land's End we
find a tolerably uniform depth of about 30
fathoms. But at a distance of 30 miles from
this, our most western promontory, we find a
line of 40 fathoms, which embraces the whole
of the ScUly Islands to the Bishop's Light,
where the depth of the sea is 49 fathoms. At
the Seven Stones,— which lie about ten or
twelve miles to the north of the Land's End
Channel,— we find the depth of the sea varying

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

41

from ten fathoms on the southern side to 40
fathoms on the northern, where these rocks
are exposed to the full sweep of the Atlantic.
At the Wolf Rock (formerly " Gulf " Rock) on
which stands a magnificent lighthouse tower,
the depth of the sea is about 19 fathoms. Such
are the conditions at the present time of the
channel between the Land's End and the
Scilly Islands. The problem, which is not of
easy solution, is, have we any evidence to
support the popular legend ?

We know that the Scilly Islands have under-
gone several changes. Strabo, in his Rerum
Geographicarum^ says : —

" The isles of the Cassiterides are ten in number, close
to one another ; one of them is deserted and unpeopled,
the rest are inhabited."

Borlase says : —

''The sea has multiplied these islands, they are now
reckoned more than one nundred and forty, into so many
fragments are they divided. "

Heath, in his Account of the Islands of Scilly,
says : —

** A person taking a cursory survey of the channel in
the year 1742, as far as Scilly, (as he told me) took one of
his stations at low water upon this rock (the Wolf) where
he observed a cavity like a Brewer's Copper, with Rubbish
at the bottom, without being able to assign a cause for its
coming there."

** This," says Borlase, ** could be no other than a rock
basin, and consequently this rock is greatly sunk, being
now entirely covered by the sea at least nine hours in
twelve."

The Wolf Rock is a geological formation
which occurs occasionally in the form of lava
flow, and is generally known as a "Phonolite."

Heath informs us that : —

" At Senen Church Town, near the extremity of Corn-
wall, there is the base of an old stone coiumn, about 18
inches in height^ and three feet in diameter, belonging to a
building, which was taken up by some fishermen, besides
some other pieces of building." ** From this," he argues
that ** it is not improbable that the city called Lions spoken
of by tradition stood there."

Such are the principal evidences which
appear to carr^^ conviction to the mind that
the "Legend of the Lionesse" is not all a
myth.

Geology teaches us chiefly, — but not en-
tirely, — by the evidence of "raised beaches"
around our coasts, that there have been at
different times local movements, raising land
which at one time existed at the level of the
ocean, considerably above it. We also learn
that many hard rocks have been, by the action
of the sea, worked into creeks and coves.

(The " Fogans " of the St. Just District —
evidently the same term as " Vughs " in our
Mines — and as ** Ogofan " in the Roman Gold
Mines of Carmarthenshine.) This grinding
action demands no ordinary lapse of time, —
no appreciable change having been observed
in these rocks — during the memory of man.
The conclusions, therefore, to which we are
driven, are, that the district called Lionesse
was not submerged by the flood of 1099, but,
that the legend is the faint out-shadowing
of the destructive action of Atlantic breakers
exerted during a long lapse of ages — prob-
ably from the very beginning of the Palaeo-
lithic Age — which lands us in an antiquity
which cannot but appear extravagant.

«

«

ST. NICHOLAS CHAPEL, EXETER.

•{• tfi lii

BY T. N. BRUSHFIELD, M.D-

mHE following copy of a MS. lent me by
the Rev. G. F. Hobson, of St. Nicholas
Priory, Exeter, is of especial interest
at the present time, as the Chapel of St.
Nicholas, the scene of Dr. Oliver's labours
for so many years, will probably in the course
of a very few months cease to be used for
religious purposes ; when the services will be
transferred to the new ecclesiastical edifice
now in course of erection in South Street, and
which will receive a dedication different from
that of the present Chapel. Another point of
interest connected with it is the circumstance
that, excepting the closing portion, the original
is in the handwriting of Dr. Oliver, and
although a great part of the information it
contains may be found to be included in the
published works of that eminent man, yet I
feel it will not be the less acceptable to Devon-
shire antiquaries, and to all the wide circle
of those who preserve his name in loving
remembrance : —

"St. Nicholas Chapel, Exeter.

"These premises began to be rented of Mr. Gibbs for the
use of the Catholic Incumbent at Christmas 1775. They
were finally purchased July 23, 1788. On May 6, 1790,
was laid the foundation stone of St. Nicholas Chapel. In
digging, several graves, lying in a direction from the front
wSl, along the East side of the Chapel, were discovered.
Mass was first celebrated on the Feast of the Epiphany,
1792. The Rev<i' William Poole was recorded as its fint
Priest.

42

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

"Catholicity in Exeter since the Reformation.

** During the long reign of persecution and terror from
the Coronation of Elizabeth, until the accession of K.
George HI., the Catholics of Exeter were reduced to an
insignificant number : we hardly meet with a Priest, but
in the state of a prisoner. We know that the Rev**- John
Reeve had been instituted on 15 July 1558 by Dr.
Turbeville, the last Catholic Bishop of Exeter to the
Vicarage of Alt emoi in Cornwall, but was deprived of his
benefice in the early part of Elizabeth's reign, was sub-
sequently apprehended and brought before Bp Woolton, a
bitter enemy of Catholics, in his palace here on 24 March
1 581, the said Bishop certified to the Queen's Bench on
the I9«h of the ensuing month, that this fugitive Priest had
refused *peremptorie et obstinate tunc et ibidem' to take
the oath of Supremacy. Perhaps the Priest managed to
escape, for we rind in Rishton's Diary that he was arrested
on 14 July and brought into the Tower of London. He
was tried and condemned on 31 March 1582, and two
days later was executed at Chelmsford.

* * 2. Rev«* • Thos. Laith waite after six months' captivity
1604 in our County Jail under Exeter Castle was banished.
Ob: 10 June 165$.

"3. Rev<J- John Sweet was apprehended in this city on
14 Nov. 162 1, and after suffering close imprisonment till
II Dec : was conducted to London by order of the Privy
Council. Ob; 26 Feb. 1632.

"4. Rev*' Thos. Bullaker was a prisoner here during
the winter of 1630, and finally received the Crown of
Martyrdom at London on 12 Oct : 1642.

«f

* 5. In page 83 of Walter Yonge's Diary, we read thai
a Priest (whose name is not given) was taken in Mr.
Gifford's house near Southgate, Exon, and was committed
to prison in June 1625. \Camden society^ vol. XLI. which
contains this additional paragraph **and very shortly after
(upon special command) delivered."]

"The only execution we meet with is that of James
Dowdall, a layman and merchant of Wexford, who for
his constant adherence to the Catholic faith was hanged,
bowelled, and quartered here 12 Aug: 1599. He had been
a prisoner for a twelvemonth before his martyrdom. In
the minute books of the Justices of P^ace for the County
of Devon preserved in the Record room of Exeter Castle,
in the Calendar of Prisoners for the Autumn Assizes of
1598 is : —

** * Jacobus Dowdall remanet in gaold per mandatum
Coiisilii Frivaii.'
'* A: the Lent Assises 1 599, he is thus noticed : —

*' * Jacobus Dowdal Irenianet, quia judicandus pro Pro-
ditione.'

"In the Autumn Assizes of 1599, he is marked as sentenced
to death : —

" * Jacobus Do>vdall suspcndatur &c. pro Proditione.'
"After a long period of cloud and darkness, a gleam of sun-
shine and toleration appeared during the short reign of
James II. Then a chapel, nicknamed by Calamy (Hist.
Puritan Ministers vol i, 391) *a Masshouse,* was opened,
but it was so completely demolished at the Revolutionary
Explosion that its local situation has not been discovered.
It was served by F. Richard Norris, S.I. who narrowly
escaped with his life. He survived till 21 June 1717.

"After this, nothing can be gleaned, but that a Priest
occasionally visited the Catholics of this City. An old
man John Flood, who was born in Exettr 16 Feb: 1724,
and died at the age of 91, said that the service was per-

formed in an upper room of Mr. Flackman's house,
commonly called King John's Entry in South Street ; that
he had known the Rev-d* John Beaumont O.S.F., the
Rev«*- Edward Hussey, O.S.B., (who died 25 Sept : 17&J)
and the secular Clergymen, Rev<«- Edward Williams (who
died at Bearscombe, 30 Jam 1776) Mess'*- Parry and Rigby,
and the Rev* W"*- Sutton, who closed bis life at Axminster
at a very advanced age on 23 Jan^- 1800.

"The Jesuits offer to Bishop Walmislcy to provide a
resident Pastor for the remnant of Catholicity in Exeter.
Their first Missionary was F. William Gillibrand, who
seems to have arrived late in 1762, or eariy in 1763, and
to have boarded with a Catholic of the name of Truscott,
in Exe Island, near the present Gas Works. F. Gillibrand
was instrumental in obtaining of a Mrs. Ann Brunstlon,
a shopkeeper here, but who died at Cranborne Park,
Essex 5 Aug. 1772, the sum of ;^300, which she placed in
the hands of Robert, Lord Petre for the benefit of the
Exeter Mission. This Rev^- Father left Exeter after about
5 years residence, to take possession of the family estate
at Chorley, and there died on 22 March 1779.

2. F. Anthony Carroll succeeded in 1769, and served
the Chapel for 2 years. He died from an accident in
London, 5 Sept. 1794.

3. F. Joseph Barrow was sent late in 1771 from Tus-
more to replace F. Carroll. After a twelvemonth he was
transferred to Ariington ; but on i July 1786 he reached
St. Helens, where he lal)oured till his death 1813.

4. F. John Edisford, was translated from Salisbury
on F. Barrow's retirement, and for 17 years carefully
cultivated this vineyard. He died of Jail fever in attend-
ing the prisoners in the Old County Jail on Saturday 20
Nov: 1789, and according to the Parochial Register of
St. Olave, was buried in that Church 24 Nov.

5. F. William Poole was the next resident Priest,
and for the same period as his predecessor. He was then
removed to Bedford, near Leigh, co. Lancaster, and there
ended his days 27 Feb: 1828.

6. F. Thos. Lewis was then called from Chidiock io
Jan.v 1807, and continued until Oct : that year when he
returned to his former Mission, and there died 5 Sept.
1809. He was carried to his grave in the Arundell Vault
of Chidiock Church by six brothers of his congregation of
the name of Tucker.

7. Rev-^i-Geo. Oliver succeeded F. Lewis in Oct. 1S07.
His Holiness Pope Gregory XVI was pleased to confer
upon him the degree of D.D. on 15 Sept : 1844 He died
23^^ March 1861, and is buried in the Catholic Chapel
Exeter.

8. Rev<«- James Eccles, S.I. succeeded 6 Oct 1851

was removed 22 Dec. 1861 — died .

9. Rev'* F. McCann, S.I. succeeded and was removed
Sept. 1863.

10. Rev«i- F. Johnson, S.I. succeeded Sept. 9. 1863
— removed Dec 16 '71.

11. Rev<»- G. F. Hobson succeeded."

This article may appropriately close with
a copy of the epitaph to the memory of the
Rev. Dr. George Oliver, inscribed on a me-

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

43

morial brass, situated at the East end of the
South Wall of the present St. Nicholas
Chapel : —

_l

Hie in santtapace Ecciesia requiescit cor-
pus Georgi'. Oliver S,7\ P. hujus eccUsia per
annos quaiuor et qtuuiraginta sacerdotis et
Capitoli Cathedralis Plymuihensis Prapositi
primi qui muUiplici eruditione et doctrina
refertus doctrina Christiana pra cateris da-
ruit Fidem Catholicam concionibus scripiis
assidua erga pauper es Christi benevolentia
denique ipsa marie testatus Diem supremum
obiit V'»- Idus Febr: anno Domini mdccclxi
annum agens unum et octogesimum Cujus
anima propitiator Altissimus.

* * *

NOTICE OF A BRETON MYSTERY.

* * *

BY JOHN J. A. BOASB.

IN the preface to Vol. III. of the Western
Antiquary you draw attention, Mr.
Editor, to the Introduction from the
pen of your zealous and learned fellow-
labourer, the Rev. W. S. Lach-Szyrma, which
cannot but be duly valued by all who sympa-
thize with the objects of your ably conducted
magazine, a storehouse of information for
future archaeologists. Mr. Lach-Szyrma's
remarks, about the remains of the extinct
Cornish being almost entirely confined to the
old dramatic mysteries, reminded me of a
similar most curious work, then just published,
which I met with at Quimperl6, whilst making a
tour round Brittany in 1865, and which, being
in a cognate language and relating to a country
— the ancient Armorica — with which Cornwall
was most intimately connected, a brief notice
of it, extracted from my journal, may not,
perhaps, be unacceptable to some of your
readers ; the more so as I believe the work is
but little known in England. It is entitled,
'^Santez Iryphina Hag Ar Roue Arrur — Sainte
Jryphine et le Rot A rthur, Mystlre Breton en deux
Jouniees et huit Actes, Traduit, publii et prhidS
(Tune introduction par F, M. LuzeL Texte revu
et corrige d'aprSs d'anciens manuscrits par M,
VA bbe Henry, QuimperU. Th. Clairet Impritneur-
Libraire 1863. pp. xliv. 453."

The piece begins like most of the old
Mysteries, which are all more or less of a

religious character, with an i.i vocation: — ''Au
Norn de la Trinite, Pere, Filsy et Saint Esprit. Je
vous prie ChrStiens de nous preter votrc attention.
La Vie de Sainte Tryphinc et celle de son frere
Kervoura, voila ce que pendant deux jours, twus voulons
representer,'' A prologue prefixed to each of the
eight acts gives a resume of what it contains.
The play, of which one of the principal
characters is Abacarus, King of England (?)
sets forth the endeavours of Kervoura to effect
the destruction of his sister Tryphine, an Irish
Princess, and ** une jcune fille dts plus bdhs, tt de
plus une Sainte,^* whom Arthur, ** uu /Wince-
vaillant et sage, Roi de Bretagne,'^ married in 508.
Arthur, deceived by the treacherous falsehoods
of Kervoura, ** homme mkhant s'il en jut jamais
sur la terre,'' is led to believe that Tryphine is
faithless to him, and she is condemned to
death; but whilst at the foot of the scaffold
her innocence is revealed "/ar un miracle grand
et 4clatant,'' and a reconciliation takes place.
Kervoura and his accomplices are hung, with
the exception of a perjured priest, who is
broken on the wheel, and the piece ends with
the appearance of the two evil Spirits, Astaroth
and Berith, who rush on the stage, the former
exclaiming ^^Hao I Ah ! Mon chtrami, cest main-
tenant que tu <n verras de belles. Si ton sang est
rifroidi, nous le r^chaufftrons bientdt. Nous vcn ons
te chercher, toi it Us faux timoins, pour vous pr^-
cipiter ensemble dans le puits de Venfer!'' and,
seizing their bodies, they carry them off.
Following the play, there is an Adieu of three
pages by the principal performer, on the part
of himself and his comrades, to the Honourable
Assistants, ^^ aux pretres sacris, aux gentilhommes,
aux epoux ChrStiens, aux jeunes gens, etjeunesfiUes,''
concluding with ^^ et maintenant je vous dis advu
du fond du coeur^jusqu'au jour oil nous nous rever-
rons dans la vallee de Josaphat !'' The Mystery
Plays, which ceased elsewhere in France and
England about the middle of the i6th century,
held their ground in Cornwall till at least the
first half of the last century, as Borlase, in
his Antiquities mentions having himself seen
them performed ; and in Brittany down to so
recent a period as 18 16, in which year the
piece I have described was acted in the arron-
dissement of Lannion. There is, however,
one notable difference in connexion with the
Mystery Plays between Brittany and Corn-
wall. In both they often lasted for several
days together, holding spell-bound for many
hours each day their simple-minded audiences
I drawn together in vast numbers ; but, in the

44

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

former there is no evidence, not even a tra-
dition, of any place having been ever especially
set apart for their performance; whilst Cornwall
can still show the remains of amphitheatres
used for this purpose at Perran-zabuloe, Gwen-
nap, and St. Just ; the last known under the
significant name of ** Plan-an-Gware *' — the
play-place.

Merlin may have predicted in vain the
return of Arthur from the enchanted Isle, but
the fiery dragon announced by him is already
in the shape of the railway-engine fast crush-
ing under its wheels every distinguishing trait,
every characteristic of the antique Breton
race inhabiting what one of its own children,
employing the accents of the all-dominant
Frank, calls: — **L^ Terre dc granit recouverte de

The Celtic language itself is inevitably
doomed to die out. All the inscriptions over
the shops are now in French, the only exception
was that of "Baton Mad*' (Bon Tabac) which is
still frequently to be seen, but will no doubt
gradually disappear. The -substantive, as in
this instance, appears to be usually placed
before the adjective. La Petite Bretagne
being Breiz-vian ; La Grande Bretagne, Briez-
vaur ; and here we have the equivalents of our
Cornish Vean and Vohr, little and great.

Following in the steps of M. Luzel, Le
Vicomte De La Villemarque, whose chateau,
Kerastier, adjoins Quimperle, and who has
done in a measure for Brittany, by his
collection of Breton Ballads and Songs, what
Sir Walter Scott, by his *' Minstrelsy," did for
Scotland, is about to publish **L^ Grand Mystere
de Jesus, Passion, et Resurrection, Drame Breton du
Moyen Age Avec une Etude sur le Theatre chez les
Nations Celtiques^ He supposes it to have been
written at St. Pol de Leon, in the middle of
the 14th century. The mention of St. Pol,
where I resided for a considerable time in
my early j'-outh, tempts me to extend this
paper by some additional remarks confirmatory
of what I have said about the intimate con-
nexion formerly existing between Brittany and
Cornwall. **La Sainte VilUy' as the natives
call the town, is said to derive its name from
St. Pol, a Cornishman, who founded a mon-
astery here in 530, and you are so often told
that a church was built by the English ; e.g,y
the Creizker here, an architectural chtf-d^ceuvre^
that it seems to give strength to the opinion
that "the desolation of Britain (by the Saxons)

was the civilization of Armorica." The F^te
of St. Pol is held on the loth of October, and
the remarkable coincidence that Paul Feast
is on the nearest Sunday to that day, renders
it all but certain, that our own countryman,
and not, as some assert, St. Paulinus the first
Archbishop of York, is the Patron Saint of the
parish, in which Mr. Lach-Szyrma is doing
such good work. A slab of black marble at
the foot of the steps leading to the high altar
in the Cathedral marks the burial place of the
Apostle of L6on, and is inscribed : —

'* Sepulckrum Sancti PauH Civitatis ILeonensuim
Pontificis et Patroni

Ohiit A.D. DLXX."

The Creizker has a most noticeable feature,
viz. : — the deflection from a straight line ob-
servable in the nave, intended to symbolize
the last action of our Blessed Saviour as
recorded by St. John, " He bowed his head and
gave up the ghost." St. Pol was formerly,
as its Cathedral still remmds one, the seat of
a Bishop, and the principal town of a district
called from it, the Leonais (curiously recalling
the legendary submerged Cornish district of
Lionesse) a name still used to designate all
the country comprised in the modern arron-
dissements of Morlaix and Brest, the northern
half, in fact, of Finisterre, the southern half
being called Comouaille.

A. striking resemblance between Brittany
and Cornwall is also to be found in the com-
munity of the names of both persons and
places. Whilst I was at Quimperl6, the Fete
des Courses at Morlaix was being held, and
the programme issued was signed for the
Prefet by "A. Tilly;" and amongst the officials
I observed " Millet, Tresorier.'^ As an example
of the names of places, I will instance in
addition to Lannion already mentioned,
Carhaix, near Guingamp, the Cornish Car-
hayes. The similarity indeed between the
names of places in Brittany and Cornwall,
as anyone may see by comparing two ^ood
maps, is so great that there cannot be a doubt
of the intimate connexion once existing be-
tween these two districts, which seem indeed
to have been occasionally under the rule of
the same sovereign.

The Cornish, the Bretons, and the Welsh are
the surviving representatives of the Cymric
branch of the Celts, who were once dominant
not only in this island, but, as the geographical
nomenclature of Germany, Switzerland, Italy.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

45

France, aad Spain abundantly testifies, pre-
vailed in pre-historic times over a great part
of the Continent. Driven forward by suc-
cessive immigrations from the East, they at
length found reftige, like their brethren, the
Gaelic branch, in the far Western extremities
of Europe ; the latter now occupying Ireland,
the Scottish Highlands, and the Isle of Man.

In bringing this long article, which I fear
betrays the prolixity of age, to a close, I
would- say, that no part of France ever had
more attraction for me than Brittany ; and no
part can, 1 think, have more for Cornish men
and Cornish women who take an interest in
the far past. Its attractions also are manifold ;
Carnac alone with its numerous Cromlechs,
Dolmen, and Menhirs would well repay a
visit.

* * *

JOHN PRINCE, AUTHOR OF " THE
WORTHIES OF DEVON."

BY EDWARD WINDEATT.

HERE is preserved among the Egerton
MSS. a letter written by Prince to
Sir Philip Sydenham, in which he
refers to a second part he had written of the
•* Worthies of Devon ;** this does not appear to
have ever been published, and it is now in
Sir Thomas Phillips's Library at Middle Hill,
Cheltenham.

The letter contains so many points of
interest relating especially to Devon that a
copy of it follows, as worthy of preservation
in the Western Antiquary ; —

"Egerton MS. 2035.

«' Most Hon«>- Sir,

'* I have y*" last ; and do profess it exceedingly pleases
me to find a person of your Quality to be not only
pJulotitodis — ^a Lover of Learning, but also polumathh so
very Learned ; especially in that kind of Learning so well
becoming the study of a Gentleman, I mean Antiquarism.
We had in this County, the last Century, a happy con-
stellation of worthy Gentle" who mightily delignted in
this sort of study ; as Hooker alias Vowel, S' W"* Pole
(ancestor to ye present Sir W"* Pole of Shute Bar"*)
Risdon, Westcott, Holland, Sir John Northcott Bar"- &c ;
but now I find not one whose genius enclines him this
way- The very best among them all, I am certain, is Sir
W"- Pole, whose MSS. do as far excell Lelands if those
fragments of his you are pleas'* to honor me with be all,
he wrote of Pollard, Pomeroy, and others sicut inter Stellas
luna minoreSy as the Moon y* lesser Stars.

*' I am sorry Sir I cant give you the satisfaction you
desire in adjusting the matches of your family. And I
must declare I am altogether as unsatisfied in your dis-
owning Sydenham of Somersett, his marr3ang the daughter
and Heir of Sydenham, of Devon, when the first of those
Matches in y*" most curiously engravd atcheivm^ (for
which I humbly thank you) gave the Coate belonging to
y*" name in this County, viz.. The Bend Fusil^e ; according
to the unanimous Testimony of all our Antiquarvs. Nor
do I anywhere find it ever did l)elong to Kitsford ; nor
indeed so much as the name in any Book of Heraldry I
have yet met with, as to the 2^^^ Coate w*^** you say belongs
to Dalvingrig tho' I meet with your name in Fuller yet I
cant find this Coat there as belonging to it. But this I do
in ye 49th page of his Worthy that it did belong to Green
of Drayton. The account I lately sent you agrees very
well with 5 of the Matches in y' atcheivm^ ; only my
Author puts Goldophin before Hurton. How he comes
to differ m that and the 3 later Coates I canot tell ; but 'tis
possible the Heralds may be able to adjust the matter.

** But then. Sir, I hope you will pardon me if I cant
give up Judge Sydenham to be a Native of your County
without some stronger Evidence thereof than I have yet
met with. For to be plain, a passage in your last seems
to confirm him ours rather than yours. I mean the Deed
signd at Bridgwaf in p*'sence of Richard Sydenham and
a Bro' of his named Will" whome you take to be the elder
because his name is first written dat. A. 20 of E<lw. Son of
K Edw. And that this Richard was y* Judge. Whereas
upon due examination this will be found an unlikely con-
jecture. For if y" take this Edw. son of Edw. to be K.
Edw. 2 (as he is generally understood) and will alow the
said Richard to be but 21 years of age at ye signing this
Deed, then he must be about 80 years of age when he
was constituted a Judge. This you will plainly see by
consulting Sir Wm- Dugal's Chronica Series if you have it.
But if you take this Edw. Son of Edw. To be K. Edw.
^^* then William Sydenham was living at North Sydenham
in this County at that time, whose Son (most probably)
was Judge Sydenham, which very well agrees with the
computation of the time. For supp)oseing ye said Judge
to be 21 years of age A** 20 K. Edw. 3, he was about 60
A«> 1388 when he and Sir John Wadham of this County
were advancd to y' Hon**"* Office. For Judges in those
days were not calld to the Bench generaly so young as of
late ^ears they are. Nor shall I conceal anything which
I thmk may give some light (tho* but little) in this matter.
One of your (He out of whome I presented you with the
Matches of your Family, in another folio MS. of his)
speaking of Mayry-stow neer Tavestock has these words.
In this parish Sydenham, which gave denomination to a
worshipful family yet flourishing ; tho* transplanted into
a richer soyl ; meaning that of your County, where he
plainly intimates y* your Family was transplanted from
Devon into Somerset, w*** if it should not be true as to ye
!•* original thereof, yet most likely it is so in relation to
the Judge and his Family, whome y« acknowledge to have
made several purchases therein. Nor do I find according
to ye account you are pleasd to give me that your name
was of Antienter standing in Somerset than it was in
Devon, for besides the Account I gave you in my i»* Let'
y« Mauritius de Sydenham held Northlydent (?) in 27 K.

Hen. 3, soe do I find de Syd {illegible) Kenford

in this County Ad 27 K. Hen. 3. and . . . de Sydenham
held one fee there 24 K. Edw. I. one moyety of Henry
Tirrel ; The other of Okhampton ; w*"* afterwards bec"«
jre lands of Crews of Crews-Morchard. And by y« last
possessor of y' name it was dispersd among the Tenants.

46

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

**As to him who told you that the true name of y
family is St. Denham, there might have l)een some ground
for his fancy if ever there had been such a Saint. The
name itselfe (as most ancient ones are) I find it variously
written ; sometimes Sydeham, sometimes Sydeman, which
may seem to relate to Sydeman, Bishop of Devon, who
lived near an hundred years before the Conquest ; that is
a Hundred years before Syrnames were in use in England.
Thus one tells me Sidman quarters Fitz and is impaled
with Bamffeild, sometimes Sidnam ; and now Sydennam,
which may be as much as Syde, or Syden*s home — for see
the old Saxon word Ham signifys, and this best answers
the account given thereof by Cambden in his Remains ;
who says Sydenham is a local name, but does not inform
us whether y« place from whence tis denominated lyes in
Devon, Somerset, or Oxford-shire. In which last the
Villare Anglicura teJls us [is] a Parish so calld ; altho' I
suppose it never went so far as that County for its
derivation.

"You arepleasd, Sir, to enquire something about Win-
slade, I meet with two Houses so calld in this County ; the
one in the parish of St. George Clist neer Exeter Exon ;
where lately lived Richard L^e Esquire ; who married a
sister of ye famous Colonel Sydenham of Dorsetsh, and y«
no less fauious Dr. Sydenham M.D. but this I find is not
the place of y' enquiry ; but the other in Buckland-Bruer,
Parish near Biddeford ; in the North-west part of this
County. That gave its name to a very ancient Tribe that
livd there in great repute for several generations. Until
William Winslade of Winslade, makeing title to y« Earl
of Devonshires land, sould his own very likely to Walter
Sydenham Esq : and so was reduced to great Poverty,
some say he was concernd in ye Cornish Rel)ellion and
forfeitted it by ... . unto K. Edw. 6. and that Q. Mary
restored that Farm to his eldest son ; and that he sold it, and
afterwards was reduced to so great misery that he turned
Fidler to find himselfe bread. You seem to intimate that
he was brother to M*"'* Fitz, mother of Sir John. Whereas
Sir John's mother was Mary daughter of Sir John Syden-
ham of Brimpton in Somersetsh, K*.

" I return you, Sir, my most humble thanks for the
account you have condescended to give of

By which [paper torn here] [it]

appears that he is an may be as Orthodox,

which question only from his Translation of Books, for the
assistance of that bare faced Heretick Whiston.

"As to the Printing of my Book I shall use what
endeav*^' therein I can. I highly approve -f advice of
Printing it at London. I am sure I am some scores of
pounds y*- worse for my not Printing my I't Volume there.
And I fear because the London Booksellers had not the
Printing of ye i« Part, they will hardly undertake the
Printing of the Second. I shall be glad to meet with
good encouragem* herein, w*^*" I dont despair of with good
management.

'* I have not had an oppoJtunity of goeing to Totnes
(tho' I (lont live much above a mile from) since I rec^ y*"
last. But the next week I shall have some occasion to be
there, viz, our Bishop's Visitation w^h I shall (God willing)
make an enquiry of M"^* Burscough, to send you an Ace'
thereof in my next. In the mean time I beg y*" pardon for
any undecency of expression ; as being desirious of
approveing my>eife whereinsoever I am able.

HonWe Sir,

Berry, Aug. 5*^ Your most obsequious humble Serv*

1712 JOHN PRINCE.

[Addressed on the bcuk\

SOMERSETT.

Speed There.

[and in another hand]

1712 Aug.

" M'' Princes letter concerning our Family."
This Sir Philip was the 3«« & last Bart, of the family, m.p

1789.
The foregoing letter forms of itself Egerton M.S., 2035;
according to an entry on a fly leaf it was purchased of
M«- Sydenham, 8«h Oct., 1867.

WAS KING ARTHUR A REAL

PERSON ?

«

^

BY REV. W. S. LACH-SZYRMA, M.A.

mHE interesting communication of Mr.
Monday on Queen Guinever, re-opens
the question: — Was King Arthur — the
most prominent person in Cornish and West
of England legendary lore — a real person, or,
as some pretend, a mere solar myth ? The
sceptics about King Arthur being an historical
personage, and mythologists generally, have
just suffered a rather severe blow by the
clever and witty article in the July number of

Melusine, the folk-lore magazine of Paris, on :

** Coninu quoi M. Max MulUr n^a jamais existe"

showing that Mr. Max Mullerhas never existed.
The foundation of the argument is a very smart
article published in Dublin, and, I am told,
the work of the learned Rev. Dr. Littledale!
But the able editor of Mdusine, M. Henri
Gaidoz, has added to the weighty arguments
of the witty Irish clergyman on this topic,
and has proved, by what mythologists must
regard as overwhelming evidence, that the
learned Oxford professor (whose mythological
and linguistic works are so famous) himself is
merely a ''myth of the Sun," and never had
any real historic existence. The case against
Max Miiller is really much stronger than
against King Arthur, and if one had not
known the learned Oxford professor personally
and heard his clever lectures, as well as read
his books, one might almost be inclined to
have doubts upon the matter. Argument is
piled upon argument, proof upon proof, to

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

47

demonstrate that Max Mullcr like Arthur, or
Ulysses, or jEneas, or Hercules, is a mere
solar myth, a poetic phantom of a primitive
age. Supposing Oxford to have passed away
and Max Mtiller's works to be lost in a far
futurity, really, the evidence against his having
ever lived would be very strong. His name is
most unfortunate. Max, as the mythologists
show in this delicious reductio ad ahsurdum, is
an abridgment of the Latin maximus^ f'.^.,
the greatest — what is greater than the sun?
Muller is awkwardly like Miolnir, the famed
hammer of the Norse god, Thor, (after whom
our Thursday is called). Miss Grenfell, the
Cornish lady whom Max Muller married, may
be the green meadows of the earth — the
wedding of Osiris and Isis — of Sun and Earth
revivifying nature. Oxford may represent the
solar worship of bulls offered to the sun.
And so on, in a learned, ingenious reductio ad
absurdum.

Now all this may seem folly. So it is. But
it is folly to meet worse folly by ridicule. Had
we no overwhelming evidence of Max Miiller's
existence, just as we have none of King
Arthur's, in the lapse of ages, we might well
doubt if such a man existed as the learned
author of ** Chips from a German Workshop."
Now we can see the absurdity in this case, as
we do in the witty proof of Archbishop
Whately, that Napoleon I. was a mere myth
of Apollo, overcome by winter at Moscow,
sinking into the Western Sea in St. Helena.
But may we not fairly apply it also to the
great Cornishman of Camelot — perhaps the
greatest warrior Cornwall ever produced ? I
know that Prof. Max Mtiller does exist, that
I have seen him and often heard him ^ speak,
and yet ingenious writers bring very strong
evidence (such as might make a sceptical
mind doubt anything) against his existence.
Why may I not then believe in King Arthur's
existence — not indeed as a mediaeval king
surrounded with the chivalry of the age of
Froissart or Chaucer — but a brave Cornu-
British chief, in Romano-British dress, who
fought the pagan Saxons, and raised menhirs
on the scene of his victories — battles after-
wards mixed up with old-world legends till it
is hard to sever the true from the false ?

x"xxy.xv.>^'x

DEER PARKS OF DEVON AND

CORNWALL.

V n^ fff

BY J, P. B.
PART II. CORNWALL.

aORNWALL, like Devonshire, was at
one time '* full of parks," several of
which belonged to the Duchy. But a Royal
example, set long before the general decay of
the deer parks commenced, robbed Cornwall
of her fame as a deer preserving county, and
she has now not more than half a dozen parks.
There were originally five parks in this county
belonging to the Duchy of Cornwall — Cary-
bollock, Liskeard, Restormel, Lanteglos, and
Launceston. Henry VHI., as Duke of
Cornwall, appears to have been somewhat
embarrassed to know what to do with these
distant hunting grounds. They were too
remote from the metropolis to be of any
service to him, and so long as they remained
parks they had to be kept up at a considerable
expenditure. Sir Richard Pollard advised the
King to dispark them and to lease the sites as
agricultural land at an improved rent. The
advice was taken, and all the parks, save that
at Launceston, were converted into arable and
pasture. Henry seems to have been entirely
actuated by a desire to increase the revenues
of the Duchy, but his expectations were not
realised, and the disparking added little to his
income. All the Duchy parks were of con-
siderable size. Carybollock was two miles in
compass, Launceston one mile, Liskeard three
miles, Lanteglos one mile, and Restormel the
same. Launceston .Park was described in
1 338 as containing only fifteen deer, although
it was capable of bearing forty. Restormel
was the most thickly populated of the Duchy
parks. It contained 300 deer ; Liskeard held
200 ; and Carybollock 150. Many of the
Cornish squires ** preferring gain to delight,"
as an old writer puts it, followed Henry VIH.'s
example, sold or ate their deer, and put
bullocks in their place. From that day to
this there has never been more than a com-
paratively insignificant number of deer parks
m Cornwall. Certainly, however, the number
was never smaller than now. Long after
many of the large parks had been devoted to
grazing, or given over to the plough, a con-
siderable number of small parks, varying from

48

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

25 to lOo acres, survived ; but within the last
hundred years they have one by one dis-
appeared. It is very probable that many new
parks were enclosed in Cornwall about the
time of Elizabeth, and in their palmy days
there is little reason to doubt that there were
nearly as many parks in the county of Tre,
Pol. and Pen, as in Devon.

Most of the smaller Cornish parks were
undistinguished, and in many cases not even
the name survives. Among the larger ones
was Poole Park, which, in Queen Elizabeth's
time, belonged to Sir Jonathan Trelawney.
It was disparked early in the last century, for
it had ceased to exist in 1730. Near by was
the park of the Newton, which Saxton, who
made his survey in 1575, describes as being
then ** almost decayed." Better times were
apparently in store it, for it still existed in
1730. The parks which are mentioned at St.
Melan and Mynhennet as containing deer in
1583 have both disappeared. The Lords
Radnor had a park at Pinchley until 1780,
when it was disparked. Caerhayes and St.
Michael have shared a similar fate. One of
the stateliest of the olden Cornish parks,
Lansladron, in Powder Hundred, the property
of the Arundels, has been under the plough
for three centuries. It was a large park, two
miles in compass, and in its day was one of
the most important in the land of the Tamar.
Godolphin, the seat of the Lords Godolphin,
has now long ceased to carry deer, while
Trelawanen and Merther were both disparked
prior to 1730. The park of the Bishops of
Exeter at Pawton must be added to the same
melancholy list of the " have beens."

Among existing Cornishparks, that of Bocon-
nock, in West Hundred, is especially interest-
ing, for Boconnock was the residence of
Robert Pitt, father of WilHam Pitt, Earl of
Chatham. The present extent of Boconnock
Park is 230 acres, and the herd of fallow deer
numbers about 200. In 1583, when it belonged
to Sir William Mohun, it was described as
being about a mile in compass. Lord Fal-
mouth's park at Tregothnan is much smaller —
116 acres — and contains about 100 fallow deer.
Tregothnan Park is famous for its grand old
chestnuts. Penrice, near St. Austell, is even
smaller, for it does not extend beyond 60 acres.
It was enclosed during the reign of Charles i.,
and now usually contains from 90 to 100 fallow-
deer. There is nothing to show the exact date

when Carclew Park was enclosed, but it is
believed to have contained deer for about a
century and a quarter. It is a large park for
Cornwall, being about the same size as Bocon-
nock — 230 acres. The herd of fallow-deer
numbers about 150. I believe the smallest
park in the county — in the old days, when
venery was a science, it would have been
called a ** paddock " — is that at Prideaux
Place, eleven acres in extent, with about a
score of deer. Thus we may sum up the
principal existing parks in Cornwall, as —
Boconnock, Carclew, Penrice, Prideaux Place,
Tregothnan.

(Reprinted, by peimission, from the Western MotytingNews,)

* flDiitor Botes. *

Plymouth Tramways and Steam Locomotios.—
It may be interesting to note in connection with the
proposed introduction of steam-engines on the new
Plymouth Tramways, that in 1836, a public meeting was
held in the town for considering the establishing of a
locomotive steam -carriage on the public road from Ply-
mouth to Devonport. Truly, there is nothing new under
the sun. Doubtless the builders of the Pyramids had
tramways and knew the uses of steam. M.Y.Y.T.

^ ^ ^

Prices of Tea and Coffee Fifty Years Ago.—
From the handbill of "F. Wyatt, Tea-Dealer and Coffee
Roaster, No. 36, Market -Street, (Corner of Nut-Street,)
Plymouth," we extract the following items as illustrative
of the prices of these household necessaries in the year
1832 : — Teas, varied from Congou, 5/- per lb, to Super
Gunpowder, 16/- per tb. Coffee (Jamaica) was 2/- per lb.,
Bourbon Coffee, 3/4 and 4/- per lb., and Turkey Coffee,
5/- per lb. Cocoa was 2/8, 3/-, 4/- ; Chocolate, 4/-, 5/-,
6/- ; Loaf Sugars, 9d. to i/* per lb. ; Moist ditto, 5d. to
9d. per lb. To compare : — Good Tea may now be
procured at less than 2/- per lb. ; Coffee at i/- ; Lump
Sugar at 3^, and Moist at i^ per tb. Comment is
needless. Kearlby.

« ■!> «

Wf5t Country Superstition. — Many years ago,
when a boy, I was staying at a farm-house not many miles
from Plymstock, and boy like, I took great interest at that
time in the various matters connected with a farmer's life.
One evening I witnessed a very curious custom, and had I
not been inquisitive, I should not have been enlightened
in the matter. Some wheat was being prepared for
sowing, and it was cast intQ a heap on the floor of the
bam, and a preparation of lime water was thrown on itp

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

49

the grun being thoroughly saturated; this, I believe, is
usually done with grain before sowing, but my host, a man
about 50 years of age, who was present during the
operation seemed to linger, as if some important item had
been n^lected. A labourer, however, the same who had
done the liming, made a cross on the top of the heap of
corn and stuck a prong in it. I naturally asked the man
(after the master had gone indoors to sit and reflect before
the blazing fire, which I remember burnt merrily on the
hearth) the meaning of this strange proceeding. He
informed me with grave emphasis that if it were not done,
the Devil would come in the night and spoil the seed, and
it would be scattered all over the barn.

Possibly some of the contributors to the Western

Antiquary may be able to give account of similar customs.

Plymouth. John T. Four acre.

^ ^ ^

The Church Bells of Tresmeer, Cornwall. —
There are points in connection with the curious inscriptions
on two of the bells in Tresmeer Church which do not
appear to have yet suggested themselves to those who have
endeavoured to unravel the meaning of the entire legend
which they comprise. The two inscriptions may be
repeated here for the benefit of such as may not have
followed the subject in Notes and Queries, They are : —

(X.) + WE : BEVT : IMAKID : BOpS : TO WAKIE :

elianorb : FOR : TO : KACHE : GAME. (We are both
made to wake Eleanor for to catch game.

(2). + HAC. DO BI MINE REDE. EpNK. ON. HVVS

SOVLE. anq. so was. HIS NAME. (But do, by my counsel,
think on Hws soul, and so was his name.)

It is pretty clear that the Eleanor mentioned in the
fines was a widow at the time of the founding of the bells.
Again, it has recently struck me as possible, that after all,
nothing more may have been intended by any portion of
the wording except what appears plainly on the face of it.
In that case the reference to a Hugh, as the deceased
husband of this Eleanor, would appear to be, of necessity,
to some person bearing that Christian name, of such
importance, and so well known, at least locally, as to
have rendered it a matter of impossibility for any one
at the time to have been at all doubtful as to his identity.
It behoves us, therefore, to inquire whether there was,
at the period to which the peculiar shape of these letters
on these bells, and the grammatical construction of the
legends tend to refer the making of them, any great
local personage named Hugh, whose wife Eleanor sur-
vived him, and to whom these legends might be reasonably
taken to apply.

Hugh, as a Christian name, has been peculiar to the
feunily of Courtenay, as it has been also to the family of
Despenser; audit transpires that Hugh Courtenay (father
of the Earl of Devon), married Eleanor Despenser in the
reign of Edward I., and that she long survived him, and
died in the reign of Edward III. This lady, as the

widowed mother of the Earl of Devon, was doubtless of.
widespread notoriety in the south-western parts of England.
The using of the bells under consideration for a church
would appear to have been altogether an after-thought
We cannot, on the face of the above inscriptions, look
upon them as other than makeshift devotion bells. They
were clearly originally bells used in connection with the
chase, and rang in the dame*s hunting-tower. Possibly
some of the readers of the Western Antiquary may be
able to throw further light on the private history of
Eleanor Courtenay nk Despenser, and of her long widow-
hood; or may be in a position to inform us where her
hunting-tower was situated. Wyvern Vert.

* * *

The Deer Park at Werrington.— In "J.P.B.'s"
article on the Deer Parks of Devon it is mentioned that
one of the finest existing in the county is that of Werring-
ton. It may be of interest to note that this park has of
late years been threatened with the total loss of its deer,
but that the new owner (Mr. J. C. Williams) is restoring
the most picturesque feature it has borne during the two
centuries and a half of its existence, and that when the
park is re-opened to public view, as it soon is likely to be,
large herds of deer will once more be seen roaming within
its borders. ** J. P. B." notes that it was on February 28,
163 1, that Sir Francis Drake (surely, not **the van-
quisher of the Armada" but his nephew) petitioned
Charles the First for a licence to enclose this park ; he might
have added that the licence was granted on April 10, 1631,
" to impark lands in the parishes of Warrington (sic) and
St. Stephens, near Launceston, with grant of free warren
therein, &c" Sir Francis *'here built himself a faire
house *' (according to Sir William Pole), and a stone was
some years since to be seen on the estate inscribed *'a.d.
1 64 1, Francis Drake ;*' but, about nine years after the date
last-given, the Knight disposed of the estate to William
Morice, in whose family it remained for over a century,
and in the hands of whom Werrington attained its greatest
renown. A. F. R.

Mr. Francis Drake Pearce (Kingsbridge), writes —
** In Western Antiquary ^ July, 1884, it is stated that the
vanquisher of the Armada on Feb. 28th, 163 1, petitioned
Charles I. for a license to enclose Werrington Park. Thb
could not have been the great Sir Francis Drake, as he died
in 1596, but must have been his nephew. Sir Francis Drake,
the first Baronet, who died in 1637. I have an original
oil painting, life size (1636) of this Bart., at, 48.**

[It will readily be seen that the writer of the article on

*'Deer Parks *' made a slip in respect to the particular Sir

Francis Drake who applied to the King for the licence.

Clearly it was not the ** vanquisher of the Armada."

Editor W,A.'\

^ i|i 4

Sir Gawen Carew. — Two points mentioned in the
*' Facts not generally known about Francis Drake and
Francis Russell " may serve to throw light upon a comer of

50

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

of Launceston history which has hitherto been dark. The
fact that Sir Gawen Carew married a sister of the Duke
of Suffolk, brother-in-law of Henry the Eighth, not im«
probably explains why, in 154O} upon the dissolution of
the greater monasteries, he received from the King the
priory of Launceston, both building and possessions, as
his portion of the spoil ; and the manner in which he clung
to the cause of Elizabeth in that princess's darker days,
doubtless earned for him " the manor of Launceston land
and Newporte Borough," which were "granted by the
Queen's letters patents to Sir Gawen Carewe, Knight, for
a term of years." The only actual visit of the worthy
Knight to the town from which he drew much of his
wealth is recorded in the despatch of Lord Russell to the
Privy Council, after the complete defeat of the Cornwall
insurgents, on August 17th, 1549, at Sampford Courtenay ;
hearing that Sir Humphry Arundel, the leader of the
rebellion, " was fled to Launceston," Lord Russell states,
that he "sent incontinently both Mr. Care ws with a good
band to keep the town in a stay." The "both Mr.
Carews" thus mentioned were Sir Peter and Sir Gawen
Carew. A. F. R.

* * *

May-Day Customs in Cornwall.— This year, 1884,
the May-horns were as noisy as ever in Newl3m, West,
and the west of Penzance. The custom of feasting on
bread and clotted cream was also kept up. I do not think
the horns have anjrthing to do with Diana or with Flora,
of whom probably the Cornu- Britons never heard, but of
the summer god of the ancient Celts who was honored by
horn blowing in spring.

While on the subject of old customs, I may mention
that the Midsummer fires of St. John's Eve, at Penzance,
this year (1884^ were not so numerous as usual, but at
Portleven, Peter-tide was kept up and the usual fire
festival were observed at Newlyn, on July 7th, to which it
was postponed for local reasons. Helston Furry Day was
well observed in spite of adverse circumstances, thirty-two
couples danced through the streets in the procession of the
gentry, and about a dozen couples in the tradesmen's
procession; So Cornishmen still keep up fairly their
ancient customs. W. S. L. S.

« ^ ^

Drake's Ship. — May I draw the attention of those
interested in the literature about the far-famed "Pelican"
to the correspondence in Nbies and Queries^ (Series vi..
Vol. VI. ) Archdeacon Wrangham, Coryat, in his
"Crudities," Lord Brook, and others have written on the
subject. There are also poems in English and Latin
about the " Pelican." W. S. L. S.

* * *

Mylks Coverdale's Bible.— There is a tradition
prevalent that Bishop Myles Coverdale translated the
Bible into English, at Paignton, during the time he was
Bishop of Exeter ; also, that he was the last occupant
of the tower, a part of which is still standing, of the

Coverdale's has again been discussed, and I thought it
would be as well to clear up this tradition and set the
matter at rest.

In the Bibliotkeea Sussexiana^ Vol. 2, p. 291, Mr.
Pettigrew says, "In 1537, Coverdale writing to Thomas
Cromwell, or as he styled him 'the singular good lorde the
lorde Cromwell,' informs him that the Bible is accordinge
to y*' lordship*s most godlye request, for we follow not only
a standynge text of the Hebrewe w**> the interpretation of
the Caldee and the Greke," etc. The letter, of which this
is an extract, was written at Paris, 23rd June, 1537. It
win be seen by this, that the Bible was at this time fairly
on the way of translation, and in a letter which appeared
in the Athenaum^ July 1 2th, 1884, p. 48, by Henry
Stevens of Vermont, it is therein stated that as early at
1535, Jacob van Meteren engaged Myles Coverdale to
translate the Bible into English at Antwerp; "that this
translation was printed by Jacob van Meteren and Edward
Whjrtchurch, both in Paris and London." There has been
always a difficulty in fixing upon the printer, as well as the
place where it was printed, but both these have now
apparently been removed by the investigations of Mr.
Stevens and another. From the above dates ascribed to
the translation of this Biblr, it will be observed that this
could not have been performed at Paignton, during Cover-
dale's holding of the See of Exeter, for he only succeeded
to this on August X4th, 1551, just 16 years after the work
was done and printed. So much for tradition.

In a short memoir on Myles Coverdale by the late
Rev. Treasurer Hawker, in the Devon Assoc. Trans., 1878,
at the meeting at Paignton, the writer states, "that nothing
is known about Coverdale until 1535, in which year he
published his translation of the whole Bible. It was
printed at Zurich," but, as before stated, it would appear
that it was really printed at Antwerp.

Dr. Oliver does Coverdale full and impartial justice,
considering that he separated himself from his vows and from
the Roman Catholic Church. The doctor says "he l)ecame
a zealous instrument of the Reformation. In Thomas,
Lord Cromwell, he found a powerful abettor. Hb labours
in translating and editing the Bible in 1535 must place him
among the leading scholars of the times : as a preacher he
was celebrated at home and abroad."

Kelly's Directory, of Devonshire y i88j, has perpetuated
this tradition in the following, which I quote. "Paignton
was held at an early period by the Bishops of Exeter, who
had a palace there, the remains of which are now standing
near the Church ; they consist of the lower portion of the
Chapel, part of the great hall, and the foundation of
extensive buildings, the whole surrounded by a crenelated
wall with anciefnt gateway which is a prominent object on
approaching the town from the south. The chief building
of the palace, however, now perfect, is the south end tower
of the fourteenth century which was restored and made
habitable a few years ago by the owner of the property,-
Col. Ridgway, of Shipleigh Court, and is commonly knows

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

51

Bishop's palace at Paignton. The subject of the trans-
lation and printing of that edition of the Bible called
as the * Bible Tower,* from a tradition that Bishop Myles
CoTerdale, the first translator of the whole Bible into
English, was the last person to occupy the tower as a
residence previous to its being dismantled."

Exeter. E. Parfitt.

P.S. — Since the above was in type, it seems from other
letters which have appeared in the Athenaum^ that there
is still wanting actual proof as to the place of the printing
of this first edition of the Bible in English, and from the
varieties of type used, in the printing of the different parts
of the book, as stated: — "The Memorials of the Rt. Rev.
Father in God, Myles Coverdale. London, 1838." But this
does not affect the ' tradition ;* the truth, or otherwise,
of which I have desired to establish. E.P.

* * *

Helston in the Olden Time. — In a recent num-
ber of the Echo there appeared an interesting article on
"Our Old Nobility." The Osbomes were the fiimily
sketched ; and, as they have been intimately connected with
the West of England, we append some extracts, more par-
ticulalry relating to the Dukes of Leeds. It appears that the
present Duke owns about 6,000 acres of land in Cornwall,
principally in the town and ne^hbourhood of Helston. The
fourth Duke of Leeds married the heiress of the Godolphin
estates, and the writer remarks: "Contiguous to the
Godolphin estate is the borough of Helston, which now
only returns one member, but formerly returned two.
From the days of Queen Elizal>eth down to the b^inning
of the present century the Godolphins and their successors
were recognised as the patrons of Helston. They reg-
ularly paid the rates of the whole parish, in consideration
of which they nominated the borough members. This
beautifully simple arrangement, which had lasted for two
hundred years, was broken through in 1804, when the
Helstonians sold themselves to another patron, whose
riginu^ however, did not last very long. In 1 81 3, the
Duke of Leeds once more entered into a corrupt bargain
to pay the town rates in return for the right of nomination ;
in other words, he purchased two seats in the House of
Commons for a sum of about ;f 1,700 per annum. The
agents in this iniquitous bargain were the local clergy, who,
however, only followed in the footsteps of their prede-
cessors, for in former times it had been part of the
arrangement that the patron of the borough should find
livings for such of the sons of the local clergy as chose to
go into the Church. The exposure that took place was of
such a flagrant character that a motion made in the House
of Commons directing the Attorney- General to prosecute
the ducal briber was lost by only three votes." In reference
to this in a debate in the House of Commons in 1827,
on Parliamentary Reform, introduced by the late Earl
Russell, Sir Charles Forbes is reported to have said, "he
bad served on a Helston election committee. In this
case the clearest case of corruption had been made out
that any gentleman m that House could possibly desire to

" have. This was a case in which it appeared that the
Duke of Leeds had interfered, wlio was clearly proved to
have paid the Corporation of Helston a sum of jf 1,500
for paving and lighting the streets of that borough, which,
of course, was so much saved to the Corporation. He
was then told that it was a very serious thing to hold up a
nobleman as a person guilty of bribery and corruption;
but if these matters were to be thus narrowly looked into,
he maintained, that generally speaking, to catch one rogue
in ruffles was of much more importance than to catch ten
in rags. Yet no serious notice was taken of this business
of Helston, and why should not Helston be disfranchised
for corruption as well as the boroughs of Penryn and
Retford? What was sauce for the goose was sauce for
the gander." We believe that the Osbomes lost all
control over the Parliamentary destinies of Helston after
1837, when a severe battle was fought between Lord
Cantilupe and the late Sir Arthur Bulier. Although his
lordship was returned, the patronage was not saleable or
transferable afterwards.

^ Queries. "^

* * *

Heraldic Blazons in Ashton Church.— In a little
work by Mr. Roscoe Gibbs, entitled "A Pilgrimage to Ash-
ton," in describing the 3rd shield (on page 4) he says in the
"note": — "on the Ashton shield the eagle is painted Or,
on a field Argent (?)." The (?) is Mr. Gibbs's. Above,
Mr. Gibbs had said, the shield bore "quarterly, i and 4
Argent (?) an eagle displayed, (? Monthermer) " without
specifying the tincture of the eagle. May I ask Mr. Gibbs
whether by his description of the field as "Argent (?)," he
simply means that he could not clearly decide what the
colour was, or whether he means to draw attention to the
superposition of metal on metal, as an instance of ignorance
or disregard on the part of the local designer or maker of
the glass of the heraldic rule on the subject, which does
not, I believe, allow colour to be placed on colour, or
metal on metal ?

Perhaps it might also be interesting if Mr. Gibbs would
tell us in what fashion the church has been served, in the
restoration which has, I believe, recently taken place.

H. Sharrock.
* * *

Seal of the Plymouth Institution. — " The
Pljrmouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural
History Society, Founded 18 12, Incorporated 1884," have
recently adopted a new seal with various devices, heraldic
and symbolic upon it. Perhaps one of your correspondents,
who is acquainted with heraldry and its significations, will
furnish the readers of the Western Antiquary with an
explanation of this elaborate piece of blazonry.

Kkarlbt.
[Mr. Arthur J. Jewers, F.S.A., has kindly promised to
furnish the desired description. Editor.]

52

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Henry Bromley, M.P. for Plymouth, 15S4-86. —
At p. 26, ser. IV., IVesterti Antiquary, this worthy is said
to have been *' closely connected with Hawkins and
Drake." May I ask if Dr. Drake can give the precise
connection? To what particular family of Bromley did
he belong? Was he the Henry Bromley afterwards
knighted — son of Sir Thomas Bromley, Lord Chancellor?
Leigh, Lancashire. W. D. PiNK.

* * *

»«»>

Mr. W. S. Spry, of Devon port. — "An Associate's
query about the Assyrian tablets at the Plymouth Athenxum,
opens the question — "What became of Mr. W. S. Spry's
curious library ?" He possessed some rare books especially
on astrology ; were they sold or kept by his heirs ? Mr.
Spry was a remarkable man in many ways. Pen WITH.

* * *

Sedgemoor and Monmouth. — Are there any tradi-
tions not yet published of the Duke of Monmouth's
revolts, of Sedgemoor and Judge Jeffries? On Sedgemoor
was fought the last regular battle on West of England
soil. There are, I believe, traditions still lingering around
Glastonbury. In Cornwall the rebellion excited much
anxiety, to judge from contemporary records. W.S.L.S.

* * *

"The Cornish *One and All.*"— I remember
hearing in Launceston a score of years since, a song which
had as its refrain, "The Cornish 'One and All,"' the tune
of which (if my memory does not play me false) somewhat
resembled "The British Grenadiers. Could any oi jovlx
readers assist me to the words ? Dunheved.

[A copy of the words of this Cornish song is in our hands,
which, with some notes thereon, we hope to publish
shortly. Editor.]

* * *

Runic Stone in Lustleigh Church. — Can any
reader of the Western Antiquary furnish information
respecting an ancient inscribed stone now to be seen in
the position of a door-sill at the main entrance of Lust-
leigh Church. It appears to bear Runic characters with
other ornamental carvings. I do not remember seeing it
described in any work. M. Y. Y. T.

* * *

Devonshire Bibliographical Query. — Wanted, a
copy of the following : — Rovuo and Juliet^ a Travesty, in
Three Acts. London, 181 2. Printed by fenkins, 7 Old
Town Street^ Plymouth, I have seen a copy of this little
work, and am anxious to procure one ; also some
information respecting the author. A reply per favour of
the Editor of the Western Antiquary will oblige.

Kearlby.
« »{i ^

Plymouth Haven. — Can any of your readers inform
me where I can see a copy of the following; — "8th of
Anne, Act for preservation of Plymouth Haven."

W. S. B. H.

Cad River.— Will W.F.C. kindly explain his state-
ment, that "the river is the Plym and not the Cad, a stupid
nickname copied from Carrington. " Surely I have heard
on the spot of the river Cad, and also of Cadover bridge.
The word cad is Celtic and may have two or three
meanings, e,g.^ caid, a captive. But perhaps W.F.C. has
some information on the subject not generally known.

Penwith.
•{i ifi i{t

BiLLARS — OR Billers? — Can your botanical readers
tell me what is the precise plant (of the hemlock tribe, I
believe) to which this name is applied in Devonshire?
The old sexton of a Mid-Devon churchyard said to me
recently, "If I was'nt allays looking after it, the place
would be overrun with docks and billers."

H. Sharrock.

[The Rev. Hilderic Friend in A Glossary of Devonshire
Plant Names (1882), has the following : —

"Billers, (i) Heracleum Sphondylium, L., and other
la^e umbells. A farmer will often give such an order as
this : * Clear them billers out o' the vill, an* put 'em in a
hape to bum.' {cf. Pig's Cole.)

(2) HeloscicLdium nodijlorum, Koch. (Britten, pp. 40,
41, who is my only authority for this latter, but see the
former note. ) The name is' loosely applied, as many other
names are, to any plant resembling the Cow-parsnip or
Hog-weed. In a vocabulary of the tenth or eleventh cen-
tury (Earle, Plant Names, p. 24), billere glosses Bilntlta,**
Editor WM.'l

•{• ifi 4i

Miss Warner, of Bath. — I recently met with one
volume of a novel by this authoress, entitled, Herbert
Lttdge, a New Foreit Story, Printed by Richd, Couttwell,
Bath, and sold by Longman, Hurst, Rees 6^ Ornu, 1808,
Did this lady write anything further than the above.

Curious.

•!• •!• *

Allen. — Can anyone remember Admiral John Allen,
who died at Torpoint on 4th June, 1853, aged 80, or his
wife, Jane Hester Allen ? He seems to have been a near
relative of the notorious Charles Edward Stuart, Count of
Albany, who professed to be a lineal descendant of the
Pretender and James II. Can anyone throw a light on
this curious episode of the Stuart history ? Penwith.

*ii 4 «

Sir Walter Raleigh's Daughter.— I wish to
ask, as Mr. Gardiner does in his History of England, Vol.
I., p. 122, in a note : — "Who is the daughter mentioned
in the letter published in the appendix by Mr. Brewer to
Goodman's Court of King Jatnes, I., ii, 93, and what
became of her ? " Perhaps some reader of N, 6r* Q, can
give iniormation on the subject. Edward R. Vyvyan,

(Notes and Queries, July 19th, 1884.)

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

53

Saltbsteu, Cocx-broot. — In the King's Library,
British Museum, a Dutch atlas is displayed, which is said
to be the earliest ever published. The map exposed to
view extends from the "Sorlinges" = Scilly Isles, to
Pl3anouth Sound. Can any of your readers throw any
light on the names at the head of this query ? The first is
marked on the map a little below Saltash, which is there
written "Salteske," and the second is the name of some
rocks, which on the map occupy just the position of the
Shagg, but from the vicinity of the estuary of the Yealm,
are more probably intended to represent the Mew Stone.

W. S. B. H.

* * *

Exeter and the Serge Manufactures. — Can
any of your readers supply any information relating to the
manufactory of serge in Exeter? for which, during several
centuries, that city was celebrated.

And were there not Italians amongst the many
foreigners from the Continent, who were engaged in its
manufacture ? No doubt, many will be glad to learn a few
particulars respecting what once formed a most important
and interesting portion of the history of the city of the
West. W.

Exeter,

* * *

Wards in the Town of Plymouth. — ^What were
the divisions of the town prior to the present arrangement?
In an old deed dated 1803, I find mention made of an
Old Town Ward and Outward Ward. Were there any
others? W. S. B. H.

[The earliest mention of Wards is by Leiand, viz. : —
Old Towne Warde, Venar Warde, Lower Warde, and
Vintre Warde. A later list gives Old Town, High Vintre,
Lower Vintre, and Looe Street. The town is now divided
into six Wards, viz. : — Vintry, St. Andrew, Frankfort,
Drake's, Charles, and Sutton. We find no record of
Outward Ward. Editor IV.A.\

« « «

The Landing of the Queen of Portugal at
FalMouth. — I have been told by an eye-witness that the
landing of the Queen of Portugal after the revolution, in
which Don Miguel took a leading part, created much
sensation at Falmouth ; and also, that this Portuguese
revolution was a cause of some excitement in Plymouth,
which was visited by several actors in the great drama.
Are there any of your elder readers who can give an
account of the landing?

Also, I believe there was a division of Poles, who

landed at Falmouth after the revolution of 1830.

Penwith.
lii « ^

Ska Fight with Turkish Men-of-War, 1642. —
Can any reader of the Western Antiquary furnish me with
information relative to a sea fight between six Turkish
men-of-war with two large London ships and three brigs
of Scilly, on or about 3rd of July, 1642 ? The Turkish
vessels afterwards made for our western coasts.
Kilmarth, Par Station. E. W. Rashleigh.

The Doonbs. — ^Were the Doones of Badgeworthy,
mentioned by Mr. Blackmore in his charming tale Loma
Doone^ a real family ? If so, what historic records exist
of them ? The Exmoor story, if historically correct, would
be worthy almost to take a place after Kingsley*s Westward
ffo!^ as an epic of Devon. W. S. L. S.

[Has our correspondent overlooked the article on " Loma
Doone," by J. R. Chanter, which appeared in Western
Antiquary, .Series 3, Part XI., as a supplement? Editor.]

•ii lii lii

^ "Replies. ^

* * ^«

Robert Burscough, (iv. 9). — An extract from my
MS. collections for Devon Bibliography will supply Mr.
C. W. Sutton with the information he seeks.

Burscough, Robert. Born at Cartmel, Lancashire,
165 1. Entered Queen's Coll. Oxon. 1668 aet. 17. A.B.
14 May 1672. Vicar of Totnes, Devon, 2 Mar. 168 1.
M.A. 6 July 1682. Prebendary of Exeter Cath. 15 Nov.
1 701. Archdeacon of Barum 24 Sept. 1703. He was
buried at Bath 29 July 1709. [Wood's Ath. Oxon. iv. 533,
413, 582. Fasti i\. 331, 383. Hardy's JU Neve i. 408,
426. Prince, p. 777 of his Worthies, commends R.
Burscough 's liberality in allowing him the free use of his
"very good library." (0\vfex'& Mopuuticon. Sup, 21,),]
He published : —

1. A Treatise of Church-Government: Occasion'd
by some Letters Lately Printed concerning the same
Subject.

By Robert Burscough, M.A.

London; Printed for Samuel Smith, at the Princess
Arms in St. PauPs Church- Yard. 1692,

8vo. Ininriroatnr dated Pel>. 4. Ifl0|, 1 leaf : Title. 1 leaf. pp.
zx xvij. Lvij.] 270. Agnjnst Dr. Rich. BnrthogKe of Totnea.

2. A Discourse of Schism: Address'd to those Dis-
senters, who Conformed before the Toleration, and
have since withdrawn themselves from the Commu-
nion of the Church of England.

By Robert Burscough, M.A.

London. Printed for Tho, Bennet, at the Half-moon
in St. PauPs Church-yard : And Charles Veo,
Bookseller in Exeter. 1699.

Svo. pp. S8I.

3. A Vindication of a Discourse of Schism, which
was Address'd to the Dissenters, who Conformed
before the Toleration, and have since withdrawn
themselves from the Communion of the Church of
England: in Answer to a Letter lately Published
against it.

By Robert Burscough, M.A., Vicar of Totness,
in Devon.
EXETER : Printed by S, Farley, for Thomas Bennet
at the Half-Moon in S. PauPs Church-yard London,
and Charles Yeo in Exon, 170T.
8T0. pp. xvj. la.

54

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

4. A Discourse. I. Of the Unity of the Church.
II. Of the Separation of the Dissenters from the
Church of England. III. Of their setting up
Churches again^ the Conforming Churches ; and
of the Ordination of their Teachers. Being an
Answer to a Book Entituled Dissenters no Schis-
maticks, &c.

By Robert Burscough, M. A., Vicar of Totness,
and Arch-Deacon of Barnstaple.

Exeter, Printed by Sam. Farley, for Tho. Bennet at
the Half-Moon in St. Paul's Churchyard, London,
and Charles Yeo, Bookseller in Exon. M.DCC.IV.

8vo. Tltlp * Ded. to Thp Right Reverend Father in God,
Jonntban L<ird-Bigtaop of Kxetcr, 9 leaves. Contents, I leaf.
VIK 195.

5. The writer of the Life of Bp. Burnet in the
Biographia Britannica 1748, vol. ii. 1042, note
N.N. enumerates various publications called forth
by the Bp's Exposition of the J9 Articles^ for and
against. He states **at the same time [1702], Mr.
Robert Barscough, published A Vindication of the
twenty-third Article of Religion^ from a late Expo-
sition^ ascribed to my Lord Bishop of Sarum," I
cannot find thb piece. I have the answer to it
printed in 1703.

6. Burscough wrote the preface to Sanctificaiion by
Faith vindicated. By Zachary Mayne. London^
1693, 4to. This book I wish to see. Mayne was
master of the free-school, Exeter.

Kos. 1, S and S are described from copies in my library. No. 4,
.Mr. I*nrfltt has kindly described from a copy in tbe Devon
and Uxeter Institution Library.

J. I.NGLB DR£DGK.
* * *

Pynk, John, A.M., Rector of Beer Ferrers,
1629-1644.— Walker {Sufferings of the Clergy^ ii, 329)
states: — **I believe he died under the Usurpation, That
he was sequestred, I have been informed by a very Ancient
Clergyman^ who lived through the whole time of the
Rebellion: Although the Minister of this Place hath told
me, there was nothing remarkable in his Parish relating to
Sequestrations : But I cannot depend upon the Exactness
of his Inquiries; and therefore leave I it as a Quaere."
To W. C. Hazlitl's Handbook, pp. 86 and 488, I am
indebted for the titles, etc., of his books.

I. Anagrammata Regia. In Honorem Maximi et
roansuetissimi Regis Caruli conscripta. Quibus
Heroica quaedam subnectuntur. Opusculum Regiis
Nuptiis destinatum. Nunc ver6 Auctoris operft
auctum et emendatum. Extant ista in GE^ibus
Gulielmi Stansbie. [1626] 4to. 60 leaves. Bt,
Museum.

A collection of verses in IjStiii and f^nglish, some of wbich
were composed at an earlier date (aa the title implies) than
the publication of the book.

Mr. Oolliur iBibl. Cat. i. Mi over states the Hcarcity of thia
volume, ef wbirh several copies exist.

2. Epigrammata Religiosa, officiosa. locosa, Anglo-
latina Latina Anglica, Quibus miscentur Anagram-
mata eiusdem varietatis. In castam Seuerioris Musse
Recreationem. Propriorum Amicorum iussu Publid
luris &cta.

Cicero.
Otii fructQi, non rontentio Animi, scd Relaxatio.

MariialiB.
Abaft malignos Interpret.

Sine ulld nota [1626-8] 4to. 42 leaves. Bodleian
(Malone). Br, Museum,

3. Musarum Deliciae. Contayning more than a select
Century of royall Latine Anagrams, besides diverse
written in English, upon the sacred name and titles of
our dread Soveraigne and of his dearest Consert, and
their most princelye progeny. Together with apposite
Anagrams upon all the English Monarchs that have
lived and died since the union of the royall roses and
houses of Yorke and Lancaster. Some few of these
extracted from his Imperiall Maiesties Name, have
been heretofore presented to his royall hands with
gracious acceptance. The Latine Anogrammes are
expressed in English verses in the opposite columne.
Penned anew, and now published altogether (with
the Author's assent), by Arthur Pyne, Esquire, to
whom the Anagrams made in honour of the Prince
his Highnesse were in special manner directed.

drero.
Mon contentio animi, sed relaxatio.

London, printed by Anne Griffin. 1635. 410. 9 leaves.
This seems to be an enlarged impression of AnagrammtUa

J. Ingle Dredge.
»ii ii* •{•

Vineyards. — The climate of Cornwall is, I believe,
favorable to the vine, though the summers are not too hot.
Mrs. Geard, of Newlyn, about 1879, made, I am told, some
Cornish wine, but the excise laws were so severe that it
could not be sold. It is a pity that our excise law should
be prohibitive against English wine. I believe it, would
command a sale, if only for curiosity. I have drunk
English wine in Canterbury. Certainly in the middle ages
there were many English vineyards, and a good deal of
English claret made. Penwith.

* •!• *

Parsley and Babies — Part 2, JV,A, — In my early
recollection upon this subject, it used to be said that the
boy babies came out of the leek- bed, and the girls from
the parsley-bed. Mr. Salads explanation in the Illustrated
London News recently, only refers to the females — but what
of the boys out of the leek-bed ? G.T.

Exeter.

* * *

A

SORLINGEUS (Les Iles). — ^According to Lamartini^
(Grand Diet, Geog,, &*cj, two of the ancient names of
the Scilly Isles were Silures and Sillines.

(Notes and Queries, July 26ih, 1884.) R« S. Charnock.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

55

The Rooker Family. — The ancestor of the late Mr.
Alfred Rooker and myself, was one of two young officers
who came to England with William, Prince of Orange in
1688. If the Martin Diederich Rucker ( IVesteiyi Aniiquary^
July, 1884, p. 33), was related to our family, it must have
been through a prior ancestor, of whom we have no know-
ledge. Jas. Rooker.

Bideford.

•i< « >{i

Robert Burscough, m.a.. Vicar of Totnes. —
Burscough died in 1709. His successor was Arthur
D*Anvers, who was admitted to the Vicarage of Totnes,
Nov. 7, 1709. His widow lived in Totnes for some years;
Prince, author of the Worthies of Devon^ refers in a letter
dated Aug. 5, 1 7 12, to her, as living in Totnes. Burscough
possessed a very valuable library and collection of manu-
scripts, and they are in the Harleian Collection. On
searching the registers of Totnes Church, I cannot find
entry of his burial. He was while Vicar of Totnes, Arch-
deacon of Barnstaple. Edward Windeatt.
Totnes,

* * *

Lye, Edward, m.a. — Edward Lye, the celebrated
Anglo-Saxon scholar, was bom at Totnes in 1694, not
1704, as appears from the entry of his baptism in the ^
register of Totnes Church.

" 1694
September the 6 Edward Son of

Mr. Thomas Ly Minister."

He was ordained deacon in 171 7, and Priest in 17 19,
which would hardly be consistent with his birth in 1704.

He died 19 August, 1767, 1765 was a misprint.

I have in my possession a portrait of Lye, at the foot ,
of which it is stated, that he died 19 August, 1767, aged
73, which would make the year of his birth 1694.

Totnes. Edward Windeatt.

* * *

St. Columb Custom. — The custom refers to hurling,
the old Cornish national game. It was once practised on
a grand scale between parishes, etc., but has now been
discountenanced on account of accidents which occurred
in the rough struggles for the hurling ball. The ball of
Paul parish had the inscription on a silver plate inlaid: —

" Guare wheag __ Fair play

Yu guare Uag»^^ "" Is good play.

Hurling is now rare except at St. Columb. W.S.L.S.

« lii «

Admiral Brooking. — If the correspondent who
formerly asked for the date of the death of this local worthy
has not met with an answer, perhaps you will allow me
to say, that the tombstone to his memory in Newton Ferrers
Churchyard records, that he died on *'2ist April, 1834,
aged 82." An Excursionist.

May Poles in Cornwall.-— Dr. Stephen Clogg
(Looe), referring to Mr. Couch's interesting notes on
•*Comish Fasts and Festivals," says, that Maypoles are
still to be seen on May Day at Pelynt, Dulver, and East
and West Looe.

«

^ ^ ^

A Uriel; or, a Voyage to other Worlds. A Tale.
By Rev. W. S. Lach-Szyrma, m.a., Vicar
of Newlyn, St. Peter. London: Wyman,
1883.

In the course of an interesting narrative, our
valued contributor, W. S. L. S., has boldly
introduced some amazing astronomical specu-
lations. The object of the work is to interest
children in the wonders of the heavens, and
to answer the oft- repeated query, ** Are the
planets inhabited?" Endeavouring to solve
the latter point, the writer has succeeded
in adding much to the interest of astronomy,
and the perusal of this little work will doubt-
less have the effect of turning many eyes to
the heavens in order to scan the wonders of
the planetary and stellar systems. ** Aleriel," a
fictitious character, and a native of the planet
Venus, has undertaken a journey through
space, visiting successively the Earth, the
Moon, the planets Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter,
with their respective satellites. We heartily
commend this little book as a delightful and
appropriate gift-book for children, and as a
valuable addition to the literature on the
*• Plurality of Worlds."

John Alcock, LL.D., Bishop of Ely, with a few
Notes on the Alcock Family. By Geo. J. Gray,
Reprinted from Hull Quarterly and East
Riding Portfolio, July 15th, 1884. Hull, 1884.

A very interesting little contribution on the
career of a notable ecclesiastic, in which the
writer has, by careful study, been able to
correct " many errors of former biographers,
which certainly (he says) ought not to have
been accepted without a little trouble to verify
them."

1

56

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Humorous and other Poetic Pictures, Legends, and
Stories of Devon, By Frederick Thomas.
London : W. Kent & Co., Plymouth ; W.
Brendon & Son. Exeter: Henry S. Eland.

In this highly humorous and interesting
work, our old friend Fredk. Thomas, of
Practical fame, has given us a whimsical de-
scription of Devonshire, h .la " Poly-olbion."
The district covered by these sketches extends
from Exeter to Totnes, and the writer intro-
duces many of the quaint stories and legends
which abound in this region. The seeker for
fim will find here a fund of humour, the lover
of the picturesque will find descriptive pictures,
many of which will charm, while the hunter
for folk-lore will be enabled to renew his
acquaintanceship with some old friends, and
find others equally entertaining. In addition
to these sketches which run in a consecutive
narrative through half the book will be found
other miscellaneous pieces of which, amongst
the most poetical are " Devonia,'' ** Lines on
the Death of Sir John Bowring," "Freddy's
Birthday," and "The Poet's First Baby."
•• Exmouthesia " and " Britanniarum " are
satirical extravaganzas in the writer's best
style.

A Guide to Saint Ives, its surroundings, scenery,
curiosities, antiquities, history, and traditions,
specially prepared for Visitors, By John Hob-
son Matthews, of Porthminster. James
Wearne, Printer and Publisher, Saint Ives,
1884.

A very handy little hand-book, in which
the useful is happily combined with the
interesting, for the writer, having made a
careful study of the history of the little Cornish
borough, has cunningly interwoven scraps of
local lore with the ordinary subject-matter of
a guide-book.

Nan Neva, a Cornish Story with Domestic Poems.

By John Harris, Falmouth, 1884.

We have the mournful satisfaction of making
a brief comment upon this little work, the
" Last Lays " of the late John Harris, the
Cornish Miner-Poet. The work is published

by the Author's sons, who say, in a note, that
this last literary work of their much loved
father was completed (including the preface)
shortly before his decease, which took place
on January 7th, 1884. Like many of his
other works, the volume contains a number
of poetical pieces of varying degrees of merit,
and although few if any, may be said to bear
the imprint of the "divine afflatus," they a re for
the most part sweet and pretty, they abound
in religious sentiments and genuine manly
feelings, and they contain much that will be
read with pleasure by those who admire the
works of a self-educated man. Those who
knew John Harris, or are acquainted with his
history, and they are not few, will be glad to
procure this little *• In Memoriam " volume,
and to preserve it for the sake of a man
who in spite of many difficulties made for
himself an honored name.

Vigil Vision, and other Poems, By Ernest L.

T. Harris-Bickford, Camborne, N.D.

This little work does not commend itself to
us for its superior typography, and as it does
not bear a printer's name, we presume that it
is ** privately printed." We should not think
it within our province to do more than notice
the book, but for its local colouring, several of
the poems being descriptive of scenes in
Cornwall. The ** Vigil Vision" is a parody
on Poe's ** Raven," and as such may com-
mend itself to our friend, Mr. Hamilton, to
whom we shall send the little effusion.

In the latest publication of the Clarendon
Historical Society is given, amongst other
reprints, ^* Considerations upon a Printed Sheet,
entituled the Speech of the Late Lord Russel to the
Sheriffs : together with the Paper delivered by him
to them, at the Place of Execution, on July 2 1 , 1683."
This Society is doing good work in the pub-
lication of these interesting documents, and the
Editor, Mr. Edmund Goldsmid, is most
assiduous in the production of Bibliotheca
Curiosa, which he styles "a collection of curious
and out-of-the-way books, intended for the
Historian, Antiquarian, and Litt6rateur."

jiiriii NEW York"
'PUBLIC LIBRArI

Tif nT^' «-^NOX AND

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

57

The Rhode Island Historical Magazine (formerly
the Newport Historical Magazine), No. i,
Vol. V, July 1884, is to hand, and is devoted
exclusively to the investigation of matters
relating to the history and genealogy of the
Island. It contains ** the makings of history."

Also to hand, current numbers of Antiquary,
Bibliographer, Antiquarian Magazine, Palatine
Note- Book, Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian
Notes, Library Journal, Northamptonshire Notes
and Queries, etc., etc,

* * *

Entiquarian anb Bibltodrapbical

* flotes. <»

In our last number we noticed Mr. J. H. Ingram's
HaMfUed Homes and Family Legends of Great Britain,
We are pleased to be able to report that a Second Series
is in course of preparation, and will be issued about the
end of October next. This will contain some interesting
West of England traditions, and several accounts of family
ghosts derived from private and unpublished sources. It
is also expected that a New Edition of the First Series will
very soon be published.

The Rev. Edmund Farrer, of Bressingham, Diss,
Norfolk, announces a work to be published by subscription,
on the Church Heraldry of Norfolk,'^'' This work will
contain a . description of all coats of arms on brasses,
monuments, slabs, hatchments, etc., now to be found in
the county; with references to Blomfield's History of
Norfolk and Burke's Armory, together with notes from
the inscriptions attached. The work will be issued in eight
parts of about 150 pages in each, together with three or
more illustrations, at the rate (to subscribers) of five
shillings each part.

Mr. Walter Hamilton's serial publication. Parodies
of the Works of English aftd American Authors^ has now
reached the ninth part. Its popularity has very much
increased, and the compiler has been emboldened to enlarge
his editions, as well as to extend considerably the original
scope of the work. The last part (August, 18S4) contains
Burlesques, Paraphrases, Imitations, and Travesties of
Bret Harte's Poems. Parodies of many other well-known
writers will follow in due course.

The Rev. S. Rundle, Godolphin Vicarage, Helstone,
Cornwall, announces a work as shortly to be published by
the Penzance Antiquarian Society, entitled Comubiana,
The same writer has in preparation a short biography of
Dr. Rundle, Bishop of Derry, 1735- 1743.

The new volume (No. 16) of The English Scholof^s
Library, edited by Ed.vard Arber, F.S.A., is just issued,
containing the "Works of Capt. John Smith, of Willough-
by by Alford, Lincolnshire; President of Virginia, and
Admiral of New England" (1608- 1631). This volume
contains most valuable information relating to the first
English settlements in Virginia, Bermuda, New England,
Guiana, St. Christopher, Barbadoes, Nevis, Newfoundland,
up to 1630. The work extends to 1 120 pages, and has six
maps. It may be reckoned as one of the most important
reprints yet issued by Mr. Arber.

^ ^ ^

* "Wotes to 3Uu9tration0. *

Mr. Arthur Shuts (Liverpool) has kindly sent us
a photograph of a curious old chair which has belonged to
his family for many generations. In the belief that this
relic of domestic furniture of a byegone time may interest
our readers, we have had the photograph copied by the
engraver, and present the illustration herewith. The Shute
Chair came from an old country house called ** Bourne,"
near Ashreigney (or King^s Ash), North Devon; a
property which has long been in the possession of the
Shute family. Some years ago the chair was given to Mr.
Shute's uncle (Mr. Robert Shute), 2, Baring Crescent,
Exeter ; and at his death it passed to our correspondent.
The inscription reads — John Shut the younger, Marie
Shut : — God save the good man of this howse, 161^, Mr.
Shute says that he thinks the chair is older than the date
inscribed, on account of the character of the carving on
the legs and arms.

Notes on the Family and Arms of Glynn.
(See plate in last number.

The Manor of Glynn, in the parish of Cardingham, is
mentioned in Domesday-book and gave its name to the
family, which Polwhele*^ includes amongst the few that
existed before the Norman conquest. The first member of
the family, however, of whom any mention has been found
in the public records, was Richard de Glin — living at the
end of the twelfth century. + About ic» years later, Joane,
the daughter and heir of Sir John Glyn, married Sir John
Carminow, and Glynn passed, through her descendants to
the Courtenays, % but the younger branch continued to
reside there, and before the year 1487, had re-purchased
the estate, which passed from father to son to the late
Exlmund John Glynn, of Glynn, who sold it to the first
Lord Vivian, before 1840.

* Polwhele's Hist, of Cornwall, Vol. IV., p. 103.
Note. — See also amusing anecdote in South Wales
Athenaumy May, 1846.

tRot. Pip. fo 1 198. See Maclean's Hist, also.

X Davies Gilbert's Hist, of Cornwall, Vol. I., 171.

58

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

On the death of E. J. Glynn, the representation of the
family in the male line passed to his nephew, the late
William Anthony Glynn, of Fairy Hill, in the Isle of
Wight, who died in 1866, leaving two sons — William
Anthony Gljrnn, of Seagrove, in the Isle of Wight, and
John Henry Oglander, of Fairy Hill, to whom Sir Hy.
Oglander, last Bart., of Nunwell, left his estates in the
Isle of Wight (subject to the present Lady Oglander*s life
interest) on condition that he assumed the name of
Oglander only.

Sergeant Glynn, § M.p. for Middlesex, and Recorder
of London, the eminent constitutional lawyer and ad-
vocate of John Wilkes, in the "North Briton" prosecution
was a member of this family. So also in a younger branch
was Dr. Glynn, || who attained a remarkable influence at
Cambridge in the last century. The Glynns have married
co-heiresses of the families of Trecarren and Denys, of
Cornwall, Dennis, of Orleigh, Foote, of Tiverton, and
Prideaux, of Padstow.

The quarterings on the shield of arms which appeared
in our last numl)er are as follows : —

Glynn, of Glynn,
Trecarren, of Trecarren.
Richd. Denys.
Dennis, of Orleigh.
Foote, of Wemworthy.

And the impalement

is Somerset for

Florence, co-h** of

Arthur Somerset,

and Hon. Frances

Boscawen.

§ Woolrych*s Lives of Emitieni Sergeants at Law^ Vol. II.,
p. 573.
I! Maclean's Hist, of Trigg Minor,

«

^ Corrcsponfecnce, *g-

Mr. Tregellas's forthcoming ''Cornish Worthies.''

Wf. are asked by Mr. Walter H. Tregellas to state that
he is in no way responsible for a circular issued by his
publisher, Mr. Elliot Stock, dated 25 July, 1884, solicit-
ing an increased subscription for the Work. Th e circula r
was issued without Mr.. TrcgfiUas*s privily^ is not in
accordance with the facts, and violates Mr. Stock*s arrange-
ment with the AutTior. We may further add that a
correspondence on this matter has been running for several
weeks in the Athenauniy in which both Author and Pub-
lisher have stated their respective sides of the case.
Without re-producing the whole of this correspondence
(which the pressure on our space forbids) it is difficult for
our readers to judge of the merits of the difference, but we
sincerely trust that the matter may be amicably settled, as
it is exceedingly unfortunate that so valuable a work should
be burdened at its birth with a misunderstanding, the effects
of which, must to some extent mar its success.

W. H. H. R. makes some adverse comments on the
wisdom of the compilation and publication of Mr. Chan-
ter's article on Blackmore's *' Loma Doone." We do not
See that any advantage can be gained by inserting the
communication, which may possibly lead to a controversy
for which our pages were not designed, and we therefore
content ourselves with thus acknowledging the note of
W. H. H. R., whose valuable help we shall always cordially
welcome.

E. W. Rashleigh, Kilmarth, Par Station. Your
proposal is a very valuable one, and we shall have much
pleasure in publishing your ** Cornish Notes. ^

»»

F. W. Hack WOOD, Wednesbury. Your notes respect-
ing Joanna Southcott are welcome and shall appear at an
early date. ** Wednesbury Papers " received too late for
review this month.

A. H. A. Hamilton, Exeter. Many thanks for
" Extracts from the Minute Book of St. John's Hospital,
in the City of Exeter. " They are well suited to our pur-
pose, and will be of much interest to our readers.

Ernest E. Bakbr (Weston-Super-Mare). Reprint of
** Floods in England, 1607," to hand. Shall have notice
next month.

John Taylor, City Librarian, Bristol. We shall be
glad to receive contributions from your pen, knowing the
good work you have done in the cause of history and
and archseolc^ in conjunction with our late friend and your
lamented predecessor, J. Fawkner Nicholls.

Howard Harris (Porthleven). Yes ! Any notes
similar to those sent will be acceptable.

John F. Parr (Ledbury). Notes on the Parr Family
are unavoidably held over, owing to the demand upon oar
space for articles of more general interest.

Edward Windeatt (Totnes). One article on John
Prince, published herewith, the other to follow shortly.
Can you tell us where to find a portrait of the author of
the "Worthies of Devon?"

ERRATA.
Western Antiquary^ 4th Series, Part II., July, 1884.
P. 21. col. I. line 9 from bottom, dele '* has.'

»)

22.

M I.

„ 26

„ „ for "Testock," read

"Tawstock."

23.

,» I.

» 12

insert "was" after "it."

27.

M 2.

>» 14

from bottom dele "to."

Also on p. 23, col. I, note error relative to Sir Francis
Drake " the vanquisher of Armada," for explanation of
which, see p. 49 of present number. Editor.

THE

OR,

5)evon anb Cornwall 1Flote*Booh.

No. 4.]

SEPTEMBER, 1884.

[Vol. 4.

ST.

JOHN'S HOSPITAL IN THE
CITY OF EXETER.

THE FIRST MINUTE BOOK.

BY A. H. A. HAMILTON.

•-rj' PARCHMENT-BOUND volume in
Itb ^ the possession of Mr. R. R. M. Daw,
Clerk to the Governing Body of
St. John's Hospital, contains the early records
of that foundation. At one ei\d of the book
is a copy of the Letters Patent granted by
Charles the First, in the year 1637, for the
incorporation of the Hospital. The founder
was Hugh Crossinge, one of the Aldermen of
the city of Exeter. He died, leaving the work
incomplete, and his "charitable intendments'*
were carried out by his widow Johan Crossinge
and their son Francis. They were soon
assisted by other liberal donors, among whom
the first appear to have been Thomas Walker,
Elizabeth Dowrich, Alice Hele, Elizabeth
Jurdaine, Walter Borough, Nicholas Martyn,
and Dame Marie Prideaux. They purchased
the old Hospital of St. John, which existed
before the dissolution of the Monasteries, and
established in it a free Grammar school, a
free English school, in which poor children
were to be maintained as well as educated,
and a Hospital for the relief and maintenance
of aged or impotent poor people. The body
of the church of the ancient hospital was
used for the grammar school, and the chancel
was ** re-edified and prepared for a Chappie,"
in which " one learned and godlye Preacher "

was to officiate. The Mayor, Recorder, Alder-
men, and Common Council of the city were
incorporated as the Governors of St. John's
Hospital, with a common seal, powers to hold
lands and hereditaments free from the statute
of mortmain, and other privileges.

At the other end of the book commence the
minutes of the proceedings of the governors,
the first of which is dated Sept. 21, 1638.
Mr. Thomas Crossinge, Mayor of Exeter, was
the first president of the society, and it seems
to have been the general practice to elect the
Mayor for the time being to that office, though,
as the year of his mayoralty expired shortly
after, he was not mayor during the greater
part of his presidency.

On the fly leaf is a copy of a prayer, with
which the governors no doubt prefaced their
deliberations. It is as follows : —

*'0 Lord God, without whom noe councell can stand,
nor any thing prosper, wee beseech thee to bee mercifull
unto us, and to bee present among us at this our meeting,
assisting us by thy grace that every one of us may use free
liberty of speech, without any private affection or partial!
respect, soe that all our consultations may tend to thy
glory, the benefitt of this Commonwealth, and the dis-
charge of our severall dutyes and consciences, through
Jesus Christ our only Lord and Saviour. Amen.**

The first twelve boys were admitted on
Oct. 9. The minutes invariably record the
names of the governors present, and of the
boys admitted to the school. For the most
part they are of a very common-place de-
scription, but a few of the entries appear to
be worth notice. A fine of twelve pence was
imposed upon any governor who missed a
meeting. This was afterwards raised to 2/-,

6o

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

and 6/8 in the case of the President. Con-
siderable donations were from time to time
added to the foundation, and anyone might
nominate a boy to the Hospital on securing a
pa)rment of £8 a year, which appears to have
been the actual cost per head for many years.
The Hospital provided caps and gowns, but
other "convenient apparel" was to be pro-
vided by the parents of the boys, unless they
were too poor to do so.

In 1640, a sum of ;^28o was spent upon the
chapel. The funds of the Hospital were
generally lent at 8 per cent. In March, 1648,
we may notice a somewhat irregular transac-
tion. The President had borrowed ;f300 at
£6 13s. 4d. per cent., and owed three years
arrears of interest, amounting to ;^6o. The
governors consented to let him off for a pay-
ment of ;^30.

In 1649, the master of the grammar school
received ;^30 a year and a house rent free. In
the same year the Hospital received from
Serjeant Maynard and — Stert, executors, as
I believe, of Elize Hele, a conveyance of the
considerable property at Clist St. Lawrence,
which still belongs to the foundation.

In the same year we find some curious
records of the revolution which had taken
place in Church and State. The Chamber of
Exeter sold the Bishop's Palace and gardens
to the Governors of St. John's for the sum of
;f 400. Part of the garden was converted into
a bowling green, and, with the gate-house,
was let for £10 sl year. Part was let on a
building lease. One side of the palace was
let to one John Blackmore, and the rest seems
to have been occupied by the alms people. In
1653, the Palace was let to Mr. Thomas Ford
for a term of 31 years at /60 a year, " and to
bestowe and laye out ;^50o within three yeres
in repairing and re-edifying of the premises
devised.*'

In the same year, the Manor of St. Sidv/ell's
was bought for ;^5oo, and in 1655, the
governors gave ;f 460 for the house of the
Archdeacon of Totnes.

In 1658, we find that £t$o was to be paid to
the Chamber for the ** seven nseles chnrrhc*s,
viz.: — Pancras, All hallows on the Walls,
John's, George's, Martyn's, Mary Stepps, and
Trinity." There is no record of this property
having been re-conveyed to the Church at the
time of the Restoration. We may presume
it was resumed by the simple process of
ignoring the Commonwealth. It may be that
the Governors of St. John's purchased it for
the express purpose of preserving it for its
former uses.

In 1653, we get a glimpse of some of the
school-books of the period. It was ordered
that three books should be bought for the
Grammar School, " a Scapula's Lexicon,
Rider's Dictionary, and Stephanus his Poeti-
cal Dictionary."

In 1655, the chapel, "which hath long^e
layen useles," was to be converted into a
library. In the same year, a gift was made
by Dr. Vilvaine for perfecting the quadrangle
and building a dormitory.

In 1658, eight pounds a year were given
by Peter Blundell for a feast on St. Peter's
Day. The usher of the ** Lat>'ne firee schoole*'
was to have /lo a year.

In 1663, the English school was limited to
50 boys, and Thomas Farej' was allowed to
keep a writing school in the chapel.

From this time there is a considerable
monotony in the records. The volume ends
in 1733, in which year we are sorry to find an
order, that Peter Mountstephen should be dis-
charged, " he being a disorderly incorrigeable
Boy."

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

6i

MUNICIPAL REGALIA: BARN-
STAPLE.

BY ;• R. CHANTER.

IN some earlier numbers of the Western
Antiquary I described the Heraldry and
Insignia of the Borough of Barnstaple.
There is another subject — Regalia— closely
relating to Insignia, as well as to records
generally, especially as regards municipalities, '
which, besides their emblematic parapher-
nalia, more properly termed insignia, are
frequently endowed, with plate and other
articles, often reckerchS specimens of the gold-
smith's art, which may well be included under
the general names of Regalia and Insignia.

The word "insignia," however, is more
commonly used to indicate badges or dis-
tinguishing marks of office or authority.

I will first notice those belonging to the
Municipality of Barnstaple, with their plate
and some miscellaneous matters which have a
local antiquarian interest.

There are, as we know, continual references
in all ages and countries to emblems and
insignia of office, from the fasces borne before
Roman magistrates, to the maces of the age
of chivalry.

This last-named implement, which was
originally a mere club, or weapon of war,
carried before a knight or baron by his mace-
bearer, forh is protection, has survived as an
emblem of office merely, and is one of the
most usual forms of symbolizing dignity, and,
indeed, appears to be an universal appendage
of municipal and other corporations, who all
possess one or more maces, and generally an
officer called a mace-bearer. There is no
record as to the period when this emblem
was first borne before the Mayor of Barn-
staple. A serjeant-at-mace is referred to in
the ordinances of 1425 ; and in 1435, there is
an entry of p3)rment of us. 8d. for Serjeants'
robes. In 1499, there appear charges for new
making the Serjeant's mace; and in 1555, an

entry of payment for two and a half ounces
of silver to mend the town mace. In 1653,
two maces are described, and ;^22 were laid
out in *'new making the 2 maces belonging
to the Corporation." These were undoubted-
ly the same at present in use. They are of
silver gilt, 27 inches long, the upper or mace-
head surrounded with a tracery coronet, and
around it five divisions, fvith the initials C.R.
in each, and emblems in the centre of each
division — Fleur de lis, harp, rose and eagle,
the Royal Arms on the upper surface, and the
Barnstaple Arms at the base of the handle,
the general form being very elegant.

These maces, when not in actual use, were
in the custody of the Mayor, and kept hung
up in his house. It was formerly customary
that every Mayor on his election, should have
specially manufactured in decorated iron work,
a trophy or model of the armorial bearings of
the borough — the triple castle— surrounded
with wreaths of bay and laurel, and occasion-
ally supplemented with the Mayor's private
armorial bearings, or his initials, or other em-
blems; the whole painted and gilt, so as to
form a trophy or mural decoration, which had
a prominent place in the hall or principal room
of the Mayor's private residence, and the
maces were kept hung upon it.

Some of these constructions were very fine
specimens of iron work. The custom ceased
after the Municipal Reform Act, half a century
since, but had been dying out previously, A
few of these heraldic trophies still exist in old
houses, but are now very rare.

The article of regalia most intrinsically val-
uable is the Mayor's chain and badge, which,
however, are of comparatively recent date.
The chaiikconsists of 24 solid gold links artis-
tically shaped and chased, contributed by
gentlemen who had successively served the
office of Mayor, and a few borough officials.
The badge was added by the daughters of
one of the contributing Mayors after his de-
cease; the name of each contributor being
engraved on his link thus forms a permanent
record.

62

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

The only other emblem is a silver oar, i8
inches long, the warrant of the Admiralty
jurisdiction of the Mayor, as Water-Bailiff.
It has engraved on one side of the handle,
"John Moule, Esq., Mayor, 1780," and on
the other, " Barnstaple, Water-Bailiff," with
the borough arms on the blade.

This is a comparatively rare insignia, being
confined to sea ports, and was the authority
displayed by the Water-Bailiff when engaged
in his official duties, arresting or serving pro-
cesses on ships.

As regards the other part of our subject, the
town plate, as it is called, consists entirely of
gifts made at different periods and is as fol-
lows: —

I. — A large silver punch bowl, curiously
indented at the rim to hang glasses round,
stands loj inches high, and 16J diameter.
Inscription (outside), "The gift of Thomas
Benson, Esq., to the Corporation of Barnsta-
ple, Anno 1745." Arms of the town engraved
below.

2. — Punch ladle, silver, rosewood handle.
Inscription, " He that gave the bowl gave
the ladle."

3 and 4. — Two silver tankards, with hinged
covers, stand loj inches high. Inscription on
each, "The gift of Thomas Horwood, to the
Corporation of Barnstaple, 1676." The do-
nor's arms engraved.

5. — Silver-gilt flagon or goblet, with cover,
stands 21 inches high. Inscription on label
outside, " Ex dono Johannis Penrose, Merc."
Inside label, "Ann. Dom. mdcxx."

6. — A similarly shaped silver-gilt goblet
and cover, stands 20 inches high. Inscription,
"Ex dono Georgii Pearde, Gen." Ann. Dom.

MDCVI.

7. — A similarly shaped goblet and cover,
stands 21 inches high. Inscription, "Ex dono
Richardi Doddridge." An. Dom. mdlxxxix.

They resemble in form ecclesiastical cha-
lices, but the name, " Hanaps," has of late
been applied to similar cups. They are all of

exquisite design, but slightly vary in details,
especially in the figures surmounting the .
covers. Without the covers they stand 12^,
12, and 12^ inches respectively.

These articles are still in use on all occasions
of public festivities and receptions or gala
days, when it has been, from time immemorial,
the custom for the Mayor to fill them with
spiced ale, and dispense the same freely,
accompanied by sugared and spiced toast —
designated "toast and ale." In the olden
time of dinners and feasts, which used to be
frequently given in the Banqueting Hall, these
articles of silver were supplemented with all
the necessary paraphernalia of the dining
room and kitchen, and in one o the Borough
Record books are entered lists of the pewter
plates and dishes, china and glass, embossed
with the Borough Arms, and necessaries for
cooking, even down to spits, all of which used
to be in charge of the Mayor for the time
being, and handed to his successor. This is
still the case as regards the plate, all other
articles having long disappeared. The entries
in the Record book also show, that previous
to the Civil War the town possessed many
other fine specimens of silver plate, among
them the following : —

"One great bode, with its covering, the gift of ICr.
Richard Doddridge, 30 oc

Item, one ditto, the gift of G. Penrose, 31 oz.

Item, one great boale, weighing 36 oz.

Item, another boale, weighing ii oz., &c., &c.*'

These have disappeared, probably to supply
the necessities of the Civil War.

One specially local custom has died out
within the present generation. On royal
birthdays, and some other anniversaries, and
days of public rejoicings, it was the regular
custom for the Mayor and Corporation, with
the public officials, and any distinguished
visitors, . to march in procession firom the
Guildhall to Queen Anne's Walk, and there
partake pretty copiously of wine and a peculiar
cake, for which Barnstaple was then celebra-
ted, called the crisp cake, the true recipe for
which is now lost. Toasts were given, and

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

63

the noisy pieces of ordnance called chamber-
lains fired after the principal toasts. The
procession then returned to the Guildhall,
where **God save the King" was sung, and
the party separated.

The days of "much feasting" are passed in
Barnstaple, as elsewhere. The numerous
banquets and ** drynkings," which were ordi-
narily given at the receptions and visits of
persons of quality, and on many other occa-
sions, in season and out of season, are fully
set out in the Borough Records, and also the
frequent gifts of " hansells," wine, sweetmeats,
especially marmalade, and " dainties,", to our
noble neighbours and distinguished visitors.
We have frequent entries of burnt sack and
spiced clary. Malmsey, Gascony wine, Canary
and sherris sack. No less than 29 bottles of
sack and five bottles of Canary were drank
by the Corporation at the rejoicing day on
Prince of Orange's marriage. Among those
who were treated to wine and banquets, the
Lord Bishop is most frequent and conspicuous,
and many special, such as the entertainment
given to Philip Desoso, Ambassador of the
King of Castile. At a later period the festivi-
ties gradually settled down to inauguration
and Sessions dinners, but hospitalities by the
Mayor were always considered an especial
part of his duty, for which he had a small
allowance. As early as the reign of Richard
III., we find payments charged for expenses
of his office, at all gatherings or processions
the charity boys and girls formed part, and
on being marshalled, a cup of mulled cider,
and a twopenny bun, was given to each. A
singular form of hospitality was shown in the
custom which subsisted up to 1830, of the Cor-
poration assembling at the Mayor's private
house regularly on Sundays, after the mid -day
dinner, to partake of wine and dessert, and
then marching to church in procession. It
used to be slyly suggested as a problem,
whether the potency of the wine or the heavi-
ness of the sermon conduced to the drowsiness
which was apparent in the Mayor's aisle on
Sunday afternoons.

One other instance of insignia may be
noticed: — Barnstaple, in common with some
other towns, retains the old custom of hanging
out a large glove during the annual fair,
denoting an open hand and free trade. There
is an entry as early as 1569, " Paid for a glove,
for the fair, 8d.," and sever5il subsequently.
The origin of this custom has been often
debated elsewhere, and need not here be
further pursued. The glove, which is of gi-
gantic size — stuffed out — ^fixed to the end of
a pole and decorated with a bunch of ribbons,
was from time immemorial protruded from a
high window of St. Nicholas Chapel, at 12
o'clock the first day of the fair, but since the
removal of the chapel, has been exhibited at
the Guildhall window.

« « iii

GREAT FLOOD IN SOMERSETSHIRE,

A.D., 1607.

mHE following graphic accoimt of a
great flood which devastated a large
portion of the county of Somerset in
the year 1607, is extracted from the reprint of
a rare black-letter tract, recently edited by
Mr. Ernest E. Baker, of Weston-super-Mare.
The tract is entitled, — A true report of certaim
wonderful overflowings of waters^ now lately in
Summerset-shire y Norfolke, and other places of Eng'
land: destroying many thousands of men^ women j
and children, overflowing and bearing downe whole
townes and villages, and drowning infinite numbers
of sheepe and other cattle. London 4to, 1607."
The Editor in his preface says: — ** There can
be little doubt that the account of these floods,
and of the great loss both of life and property
caused thereby, contained in this tract is
truthful, and is not in anywise exaggerated,
for there is no lack of corroborative evidence,
and evidence too of the best sort — records
made when the events occured — we set out
two intances : Firstly, in the village of King-
ston Seymour [formerly Kingston Seamoor,
and referred to in this tract as Kingson] , in
Somersetshire, there is a tablet fixed against

64

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

the wall of the Parish Church on which there
is chronicled as follows : —

' January 20 1607 8c 4ti> of Jas. I. An inundation of
of the sea-water by overflowing & breaking down the tea
banks ; happened in this Parish of Klngstone-Seamore,
and many others adjoining; by reason whereof many
Persons were drown'd and much cattle 8c goods were lost ;
the water in the Church was five feet high & the greatest
part lay on the ground about ten dajrs.

William Bower.*"

Mr. Baker refers in the second place to
another black-letter tract describing floods in
South Wales and other places. The tract,
which we notice further elsewhere, is exceed-
ingly interesting.

" In January last (towards the end of the
moneth), the sea at a flowing water meeting
with Land-floudes, strove so violently together,
that bearing down all thinges yt were builded
to withstand and hinder the force of them,
the bankes were eaten through and a rupture
made into Somersetshire, No sooner was this
furious invader entred, but he got up hie into
the Land, and encountring with the river
Severn, they both boild in such pride that many
Miles (to the quantity of XX. in length, and 4
or 5 at least in bredth) were in a short time
swalowd up in this torrent. This inundation
began in the morning and within few houres
after covered the face of ye earth thereabout
(that lay within the distance before named)
to the deapth of XL or XI L foot in some
places, in others more. The daunger yt this
terrible tempest brought w'it wrought much
fear in the harts of all that stood within
the reach of it, but j'^e soden and strange
cruelty of it, bred the greater terror and
amazement. Men that were going to their
labours were compelled (seeing so dreadfull
an enemy approching) to flye backe to their
houses, yet before they could enter, death
stood at the dores ready to receive them. In
a short tyme did whole villages stand like
Islands (compassed round with Waters) and
in a more short time were those Islands un-
discoverable, and no where to be found. The
tops of trees and houses onely appeared
(especially there where the Country lay lowe)

as if at the beginning of the world townes had
been builte in the bottome of the Sea, and that
people had plaide the husbandmen under the
Waters.

*• Who would not have thought this had bin
a second Deluge I for (at one time these in-
habited places were sunke cleane out of sight).
*^Hunsfielde (a Market Towne in the sayde
Shire) was quite drowned. Grantham a village
utterly over-flowne. Kenhouse another village
covered all over. Kingson a thyrd village like-
wise lies buried in Salt Water. So (besides
other small cottages standing in valies) is
Brian Downe a village quite consumed. Adde
unto these peopled places, the losse of Marshes,
Come-fieldes, Pastures, Meddowes, and so
forth, more than can bee numbred: the
misery of it no man can Expresse.

" In this civill Warres betweene the Land
and the Sea, many Men, Women, and Children
lost their lives : to save which, some climbed
uppe to the tops of the houses, but the rage
of the merciles tide grew so strong, yt. in
many, yea most of the Villages aforenamed,
the Foundations of the buildings being washed
away, the whole frame fell down, and they
dyed in the waters. Others got up into trees,
but the trees had their rootes unfastened by
the selfe-same destroyer, that disjoynted bames
and houses, and their last refuge was patiently
to die.

" A lamentable sp>ectacle was it, to beholde
whole heards of Cattle, struggling for life with
the flouds. Oxen in great numbers were caryed
away with the streame, and looked like so
many Whales in ye Sea : their bellowing made
a noise in the water as if it had bin a tempest,
and that ye Sea had roared. The flocks of
Sheep that are utterly destroied by this Land-
wracke are innumerable, none knowes the losse
for the present but the owners of them. But
the whole land wil I feare feele the smart.

''A number of most strange shapes of
daunger did this monstrous byrth of waters
bring forth : of which (for the rarenes) I will
set downe some, and none but those that are

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

65

true. There was a poore Man (a Householder)
dwelling in one of the Villages aforenamed,
keaing seaven Children : who (in this generall
perill) not knowing howe to bestirre hinif^elfe,
was desirous to save so much of his goods as
possibly hee could : But the violence of the
streame multiplying more and more upon him :
It came into his minde to provide rather for
his Children : his goodes therefore hee left to
the mercy of that which hath no mercy, and
loving one of his Children above all the rest,
hys feare drave him to run about for the
safety of that onely. At last the danger that
had rounde about (and within doores) set upon
him and his family, was so great, that hee could
neither defend that his deerest Childe, nor the
rest, but having much ado to get life for him-
selfe, hee left them and hys whole household
perishing in the torrent, he getting up to the
top of the house and so escaping. An infant
likewise was found swimming in a Cradle
some mile or two fro' ye place where it was
knowen to be kept and so was preserved, for
the Cradle was not of wicker as ours are here,
but of strong thicke hordes, closely joynted
together, and that saved the infants life. The
ricks of pease in divers places being under-
mined at the bottomes, were lifted up mainely
from the ground, and swum up and downe in
the whole bulke, amongst which a co'panv of
Hogs, and Pigs, being feeding upon one of
the ricks, and perceiving it to go away more
and more fro' the', they got up to ye top, and
there maintained the' in eating. Nay which
is more strange, conies in great numbers being
driven out ot their borroughes by the tyde,
were seene to sit for safety on the backs of
sheepe, as they swom up & down and at last
w**re drowned with them.

** A poore shepheard likewise being in the
fielde, some of his sheepe were strayed from
the rest, when the waters began to come in
upon the Countrey, which he perceiving, ran
with all speede to fetche them m, hoping to
save al : but before he had done, having much
ado to save himselfe, he was fa3aie to leave
them, and with his bag and bolte, to climb up

into a tree: there hee saw the confusion of
hys whole flock: they swom too and fro
bleatinc: for helpe. he satte tearing his Havre
and beating his brests ; crying mainly out but
could not save the* : when they were all slain
before his eies, he wept then more bitterly to
thinke upon his owne tragedy which he saw
was now to be acted: he feared drowning,
yet hee feared starving more than drowning:
he had some victuals with him in the tree;
but he knew not how long this siege of waters
woulde keepe him in that rotten bulwarke.
At length (when he was almost pincht to
Death with cold) he espyed a boat which the
Country had sent out to save others, to that
he called, and in that recovered life.

" BRISTOW.

** Now bend your eies upon the Citty of
Bristowe, and there behold, as much cause of
lamentation as in any place of this realme,
that hath tasted of the like misery. In the
selfe same Moneth of January^ and much about
ye very day, did an arm of the North seas
break in (at a spring tide) which overflowed
not onely the banckes, but almost all the whole
Country round about.

" All Bvent Marsh is covered over : between
Bar stable and Bristow the Sea swelled up as hye
as BridgewaUr. All the low grounds are not
onely hidden in this strange deluge, but in
danger (by the opinion of men) to be utterly
lost. Whole houses were removed from the
grounde where they stood, and float up and
downe like shippes (halfe sunke,)

** Their Com-mowes and hay-mowes are
caryed away with the streame and can never
be recovered. All theyr fat Oxen that could
not swim are drowned : with such a forcible
assault did the Waters set upon the inhabi-
tants, thit they who were in theyr houses,
and thought themselves safest, could hardly
make way for theyr owne lives: by which
meanes a number both of men, women, and
children perished: theyr dead bodies floate
hourely above-water, and are continually taken
uppe : It cannot yet be knowne, howe manye

66

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

have fell in this Tempest of Gods fearful
judgement.

^ Most of the goodes bothe of Cittizens here
in London that were sent thither, and of the
inhabitants dwelling there, as also the Rugs
& such other commodity which came from
Irelande, to the fayre of Saint Paule, which
was now to bee kepte there, are (to an infinite
value, and to the daunger of many a mans
undoing) utterly spoiled and cast away.
Goods in dry-fats, and whole packes of Wares
are daily taken up, but past ail recovery ever
to bee good again. This deluge hath covered
this part of the country by the space of ten
miles over in length, at least uppe towards
Bfidgewatcr, Many thousands of pounds can-
not make goode the losse which the Countrey
onely hath heereby received. God graunt
there ensue no second misery upon this, worse
to our Kingdome, than this Plague of Waters."

'* The miraculous delivery of a Genthman from
death when U had round beset him in the midst of
the waters.

"A Gentleman dwelling within foure miles of
the sea (betwixt Barstable and Bristow) walking
foorth one morning to view his groundes, cast
uppe his eyes toward the Sea-coast, and on
the sudden was struck into a strange amaze-
m6t, for he beheld an extraordinary swallow-
ing uppe of all the earth, that had wont to
lye visible and level to his sight: he coulde
scarce tell certainely whether he stood upon
the ground which he was sure the day before
was his owne : Hils and valies, Woods, and
Meddowes seemed al to be either removed, or
to be buried in the Sea: for the Waters a
farre off stood to his judgement many yards
above the earth: he took them at first for
Mountaines and heapes of clouds, but feare
being driven backe (with a courage and desire
in him to save himselfe from this iminent
daunger) home comes hee with all speede that
he coulde to his owne dwelling : relates to his
wife what hee had seene, and the assured peril!
that was preparing to set uppon them, and
(withall) Counsels her and his whole Family
to bestirre themselves, and to gette (with such

provision and Goodes as they coulde eas9y
convay away) higher up into the Country to
some one of his friendes. All hands presently
layd about them, (as if that enymies had bin
marching to beseidge the Towne) to tnisse up
what they could and be gone.

*• And beholde, how swift is mischiefe when
God drives it before him to the punishment of
the World. All were laboring to beare away
some of the goods, but before their burdens
could bee taken up, they were compeld to leave
them, and to look about for their lives. The
fardels which they had bound up to save from
drowning, some of them were glad to leap
uppon to escape drowning themselves.

" The Gentleman with his Wife and Child-
ren got up to the highest building of the house:
there sat hee and they upon the two raflers,
comforting one another in this misery, wh^
their hearts within them were even dead to
themselves from all comfort : they now cared
not for their wealth, so they might but go
away with their lives : and yet even that very
desire of life, put him in mynde to preserve
something, by which afterward they might
live, and that was a Boxe of Writinges,
wherein were certaine bonds, and all the
evidences of his Lands: this Boxe he got,
with the hard adventure of much daunger: he
tyed it with cordes fast to a rafter, hoping
what wracke soever should overthrowe the
rest of his substance, his mayne estate should
bee found safe, and come to shore in that
haven.

"But alas in the midst of this sorrofull
gladnesse, the Sea fell with such violence upon
the house, that it bore away the whole build-
ing, rent it in the middle from top to bottom,
they that could not get up to the highest
roomes, were put to a double death, drowning
and brayning. In this storme the Husband
and Wife lost one another : the Children and
Parents were parted : the Gentleman in this
whirlewind of Waves, being forced from his
hold, got to a beame, sat upon that, and
against his will rode post some three or foure
Miles, till at length encountring with the side

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

67

of a hill (of which lighting place he was joy-
full) there he crept up, and holding notwith-
standing his safety still in his hand : there sat
he invirond with death, miserably powring
out teares to increase ye waters, which were
already too aboundant: and to make him
disperate in his sorrowes, the tirranous streaiiie
presented unto him the Tragedy of his deere
Wife, and deerest children, She, they, and his
Servants were whorried to their deaths by the
torrent before his face, & drowned doubly, in
his teares, and in the waves. Yet because he
should not be altogether the onely slave of
misfortune in this Sea-fight, nor be more try-
umphed over then others that fell in the
battaile. At length (a little to fetch life into
him which was upon departing) he spyed his
Boxe of wri tinges (bound as they were to the
rafter) come floating towardes him : that he
ventured once again to save, and did so, and
in the end most myraculously came off likewise
with his owne life.

** Of another GentUnian, that having a voyage to
make on horse-hacke^ ending it in riding after a strange
fnanner.

*' There was another Gentlemanne in the
same Countrey likewise, who being newlie
married, determined one morning to take his
Gelding, and to ride forth to a Towne not
many miles dista't from his owne dwelling,
there to bee merrie : his horsse for that purpose
stood readie sadled and brideled, he himselfe
had drawne on one of his Boots, but before
he could fit his Legge to the other, the vvinde
came about, the point of his compasse was
changed, his voyage by Lande was to bee
made by Water, or else not at al. For the
Sea had so beegyrt the house, broken in, lifted
of the doores from the hynges, ran uppe into
all the Chambers, and with so dreadful a noyse
tooke possession of everie Roome, that he yt.
was al this while but half a horseman, trusted
more to his owne legges than to the swiftnes
of his Gelding.

*• Uppe therefore he mounts to the very top
of all the house, the waters pursued him
thither, which he perceiving, got astride over

the Ridge and there resolved to save his life,
but Neptune belike purposing to try how wel
he could ride, cut of the maine building by
the middle, leaving the upper part swimming
like a Flemmish Hoy in fowle weather

"The Gentleman beeing driven to goe what
pace that would carry him which hee sate
uppon, helde fast by the Tiles, and such things
as he could best lay hold on, and in this foule
weather, came he at length (neither on Horse-
backe, nor on foote, nor in a Vessel fit for the
Water) to the very Towne, where in the
morning hee meant to take up his Inne.

** A number of these strange Tragi-comicall
Sccenes have been acted upon this large Stage
of waters: It would swell into a Massie
Volume to Chronicle them all : let these
therefore which I have delivered unto you,
bee sufficient, as a tast of Gods Judgements:
these are ynough to make you know hee is
angry, let them likewise be inough to make
us studie how to allay his anger.

** Adde unto these, the overflowings in
Herefordshire, Glocester Shire, and in divers
Shires in Wales, bordering uppon the Sea,
where many lives have beene lost, both of Man
and Beast : of all which when the particulars
are truely knowne, they shall bee truely pub-
lished to our Countrey : till then make use of
these.*'

THE MODERN PRETENDERS.

BY C. F S. WARREN, M.A.

IN answer to the inquiry of * * Pen with ' ' which
appeared in the number of the Western
Antiquary for July, 1884, ^ forward a few
notes thrown together on this subject some
years ago, founded chiefly, though not entirely,
on the article in the Quarterly Review of July,
1847. This has been ascribed to J. G. Lock-
hart, then the editor. Lord Stanhope, Croker,
and others, but the Editor of Notes and Queries
states "on authority beyond all question"
(5th S. viii, 406), that its author was Mr.
Dennistoun of Dennistoun.

68

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

On the 15th of September, 1818, there died
Charles Gardiner, Esq., only son of General
William Gardiner, brother to the first Viscount
Mountjoy and uncle to the Earl of Blessington.
His widow, Anna, daughter of the Right Hon.
John Beresford, M.P. for the county of Water-
ford, and brother to the first Marquis of
Waterford, was left with a good jointure and
with no children. Much to the displeasure of
her own family, and that of her husband, she
made acquaintance with and married a gentle-
man, of unknown family and no fortune, named
Charles Edward Hay-Allan. Their marriage
is thus recorded in Blackwood's Magazine for
November, 1822, "At London Oct. 9, Charles
Stuart, youngest son of Thomas Hay Allan,
Esq., of Hay, to Ann, dau. of the late Rt.
Hon. John Beresford." Shortly after the
marriage he changed his name to Allan-Hay,
and insinuated a claim of his family to the
earldom of Errol, though I do not find that
proceedings were ever taken in support of the
same. In course of time this name also was
laid aside, and he assumed that of Stuart,
(which, judging from the record of his marriage,
he appears to have used before as a Christian
name), and began to make pretensions to a
descent from the young Pretender : he adopted
the full Highland dress of the Stewart tartan,
and wore his hair in long curls over his
shoulders, after the fashion of the Prince. At
one time in Edinburgh he even dressed his
servants in the royal livery. During this time,
he and his family (which consisted of one son,
Charles, and two daughters, Mary and Louisa
Sbbieska), were reconciled to and received by
the Gardiners.

As yet no publication of these royal ctaims
had been made ; for although in a small volume
of poetry (called "The Bridal of Caolchaim,
and other poems") published in the year 1822
by Mr. John Hay- Allan, elder brother of this
gentleman, there were mysterious hints that
the writer claimed a descent in some way
from the Stewarts, still these hints were very
vague, and no particulars of the supposed
pedigree were mentioned. Of a piece with
them may perhaps be considered the assump-

tion of Stuart as a Christian name by the
younger brother in the same year, and also
the name Sobieska given by him to his daugh-
ter probably not long after.

The story was thus still chiefly confined to
the society of Edinburgh, where they then
resided, (and where a small but by no means
unimportant observation was made of them,
that they never would speak directly, but
only insinuated matters), and even there it
hardly obtained any credemce, though, as
might be expected, the claimants were much
f6ted and lionized on the strength of their
pretensions. It was once said that proofs of
their story had been shown to Lord Lovat,
who had expressed his belief in the same; but
this was afterwards denied by Lord Lovat
himself. He was, however, in habits of inti-
macy with them, Eile-an-Aigais, their principal
abode, being on his lordship's estates, and
near his seat of Beaufort Castle. It was, I
believe, about this time that, as is said, the
elder brother abdicated in the younger's favour
his claims to royalty. But in 1847, a book was
put out at Edinburgh by the two brothers in
concert, called ** Tales of the Century, or
Sketches of the Romance of History between
1746 and 1846, by J. S. and C. E. Stuart,"
which was, as I have said, contemptuously
reviewed by Mr. Dennistoun in the Quarterly
Review, An answer was published by Mr.
John Sobieski Stuart, to which a very severe
retort was made; but these two writings I
have unluckily not been able to see: they
would perhaps not have added much to this
paper.

This book of the two brothers contains
three romances or tales, called "The Picture,"
"The Red Eagle,'' and "The Wolfs Den,"
and though these are in form unconnected,
still it is clear from the coincidence of names,
the identity of the narrator, and other circum-
stances, that they are in fact but one history,
and regard the life of the same man, who is
generally called by the Gaelic name of the
" lolair Dh6arg,» or Red Eagle, by which I
also shall distinguish him.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

69

The stories are in somewhat of an auto-
biographical form, the narrator being a certain
MacdonellofGlendulochan. In "The Picture,"
this gentleman pays a visit at Westminster in
the year 1832 to an old physician named
Beaton, who must then have been nearly
ninety. ;This ancient man reveals to Mac-
donell how that fifty-eight years before, in the
year 1773, he, being then at Florence, was
summoned by a Chevalier Graeme to officiate
under circumstances of great mystery at the
confinement of a lady of high rank, and the
birth of a son ; how that to his own satisfaction
he identifies this lady with Prince Charles
Edward's wife, on no better evidence, as it
seems, than a miniature of the Prince which
he sees in the room ; how that he is solemnly
sworn to secrecy unless in the service of " King
Charles," which fortunate exception saves him
from committing perjury in his revelation to
Macdonell ; how that being required to leave
Tuscany the same night he proceeds to a
neighbouring seaport, and three days after
arriving there sees an infant carried off by the
same persons who had been present at the
confinement, in an English frigate, which, as
he is told, is the A Ibinaj Commodore O'Haleran.

In *'The Red Eagle,'* Macdonell hears from
a hoary Highland herdsman stories of an
unknown stranger called the lolair Dhearg,
who has arrived in Scotland; how that he
wears the Highland dress, the red tartan, and
the appearance of a Stewart; and how that
he is addressed in royal style by his servant
(according to the Highlandman as Halts Rile,
meaning, it seems, Altesse Royale) ; we further
hear how that this stranger is commonly said
to be named Captain O'Haleran, and to be son
to ** ane great Admiral," and that on Mac-
donell's objecting that O'Haleran is not a
Highland name, his interlocutor answers that
Admiral O'Haleran (who is presumed to be
the same as the Commodore of the preceding
tale) has taken his wife's name, and should
himself be Earl of Strathgowrie.

In "The Wolfs Den" the lolair is married
to an Englishwoman named Catherine Bruce.

i

This marriage is opposed by all his fidends,
the Admiral, and the Chevalier Graeme, who
expressly and distinctly mention his royal
birth as among their reasons. The only clue
to the date of this marriage is that it was
after 1790.

Now for the identification of the Admiral
and of the lolair. In the GentlemafCs Magazine,
for October, 1800, is this notice, "Died Oct.
2, at his house in Devonshire Place, John
Carter Allen, Esq., Admiral of the White."
In the next number is a letter concerning
him, wherein the only particular essential to
my present purpose is, that he was thought
to be rightly Earl of Errol. Now as Errol is
in the district of Gowrie, it seems clear that
Admiral O'Haleran who should have been
Earl of Strathgowrie, is Admiral Allen who
should have been Earl of Errol.

And for the lolair : the tales call him a
sailor, and Thomas, second son of Admiral
Allen, as appears from his father's will, was a
lieutenant in the navy; he married contrary
to his friends' wishes, and from the fact that
Admiral Allen left his elder son (Captain John
Allen, who will be mentioned again) ;^22oo,
and Thomas only ;^ioo, it seems very possible
that the latter had excited his father's anger
by some such proceeding as an imprudent
marriage. This marriage took place at God-
aiming, and is thus recorded in the parish
register: "Thomas Allen of the parish of
Egham, bachelor, and Katharine Matilda
Manning, spinster, of this parish, were mar-
ried in this church by licence this 2nd day of
October, in the year 1792, by me Owen
Manning, Vicar.'** The date also agrees with
what we find in "The Wolfs Den," that the
marriage was after 1790. Of this marriage
were two sons John and Charles, who as I
have shown, called themselves in 1822 Hay-
Allan. The introduction of the name Hay

• This Rev. Owen Manning was the author of the
History of Surrey ; he died 9 Sept. 1801, aged 79; see
Annual Register for that year. He was also Rector of
Pepperharrow and Prebendary of Lincoln ; Fellow of Qu.
Coll. Cam., B.A., 1740, M.A., 1744, B.D., 1753.

70

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

is explained by Admiral Allen's claims to the
earldom of Enrol (which were, as we have
seen, continued by his grandson, who seems
to have been the moving spring of the whole
affair), while the spelling of the latter name
seems to have been altered to Allan because
such was the Scotch use. But in 1847, they
openly published on the title-page of "Tales
of the Century" their names as John Sobieski
and Charles Edward Stuart*; and doubtless
this assumption is to be understood as a (
declaration that the history of the so-called
lolair is in fact that of their own father, and
as a direct claim to the representation of the
Stewarts.

It does not appear whether Mr. Thomas
Allen (who did not die till March, 1851), knew
of or joined in these claims ; but this is not of
much importance to the main point.

It is expressly stated in the tales that Prince
Charles Edward's motive for hiding his son
was a fear lest he should be assassinated by
the Hanoverian government; and another
story at one time told, that the mother was
bribed by the Hanoverian government to give
her son up to them, and that he was hidden
by them, need not be weighed against the
brothers' own declaration, even putting aside
the intrinsic improbability of such a proceed-
ing on the part of George III or his ministers.
This latter story goes on to say that the
Prince's son married Admiral Hay's daughter
(for this name is given him), and that their
son married a Miss Allan, a lady with a large
fortune, and became father to John Sobieski
and Charles Edward Stuart ; but besides that
this also contradicts the tales, the impossibility
of it is sufficiently shown by the fact that
between 1773, before which year, since he
was married in 1772, the Prince's son cannot
have been bom, and 1822, when one brother
is publishing a book and the other is married,
there is no room for so many generations.

* This was not the first assumption of the kind: in
1845 the same names had been placed on the title of their
"Costume and History of th*; Clans.** Another work
published by them was "Lays of the Deer Forest,** 1848.

But besides the identification of the whole
family and the contradictory rep)orts which I
have given, it may easily be shown that there
are other improbabilities in the story which
can hardly be accounted for.

Nothing is said of the attendants on the
Princess, of the other inmates of the the villa
where she was confined, of the officers or crew
of the Albina, except Commodore O'Haleran.
How could their silence on such mysterious
proceedings have been secured ? Then those
in the secret — the Doctor, the Chevalier
Graeme, Macdonell of Glendulochan, the lo-
lair's servant, and so forth (for there seems to
have been more) ; it is hardly p>ossible that
such a secret should not escape through some
of them.

Furthermore, in the letter concerning Ad-
miral Allen which I have quoted from the
Gentleman's Magazine^ not the slightest hint is
given of his connection in any way with the
Jacobites; he seems to have been not even a
Tory, but a Whig; while we must of course
consider that none but one of the Prince's ad-
herents would have been intrusted by him with
the care of his son. It seems not unlikely that
this fact of the Admiral's political opinions
may have given rise to the other story which
I mentioned before ; but as I there said, we are
bound to take the express declaration of the
claimants themselves. Also in Admiral Allen's
will he distinctly calls Thomas Allen his son ;
and is it conceivable that if he had been the
Prince's son his guardian would have left
such a flat denial of his parentage ? This
fact alone seems to me almost enough to
upset these claims.

Having shown, as I hope satisfactorily, that
these gentlemen were not descendants of the
Prince, I will now attempt to show the im-
possibility, or at least the extreme improba-
bility, that such descendants should have
existed at all.

It is well-known that a constant and most
severe watch was kept on Prince Charles by
the British government through their envoys

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

71

abroad*; they seem to have been in commu-
nication with those even of his household:
and yet in the face of such a watch as this
the birth of a son is supposed. Again, the
Prince legitimated his natural daughter and
left her his title of Albany and his property ;
she left it to the Cardinal of York ; he (besides
that he assumed royal state as his brother's
heir) left it in trust for missionary purposes:
the mother, also, of this alleged son, left hers
to her last lover, Francis Xavier Fabre (who
bequeathed it to the city of Montpelier). If
such a son had ever existed, how could this
his persistent omission from the wills of all
his relations be accounted for ?

The only circumstances which might appear,
even in the slightest degree, to favour the
claims of the two brothers, are these: first,
that the pregnancy of Prince Charles Edward's
wife was publicly announced in all the English
periodicals (among others, the GeiUleman's Mag-
axine, and in the Annual Register ^ Vol. XV, p.
119); but this was expressly denied by Sir
Horace Mann, envoy at Florence, in a letter
to Horace Walpole: secondly, the likeness
which they bore to the Stewart family, the
elder, as was said, to King Charles L, and the
younger to Prince Charles Edward ; these
likenesses were said to be very striking, and
might have been so without improving the
claim, for such singular resemblances are
not uncommon; when Queen Victoria came
to the throne many young ladies were said to
resemble her strikingly, and they did what
they could to increase the likeness by adopting
a similar style of dress and hair, just as Mr.
Charles Edward Stuart did at Edinburgh ;
not improbably this likeness was one reason
for the first advancing of the claim : thirdly,
their alleged possession of certain relics of
the Stewarts, which was said to be unaccount-
able, except on the supposition of their descent
from them ; but the fact itself was but assumed ;
no account of the relics was published so far

* AJso as is said by George III. privately; witness the
Jitoiy told by Sir Walter Scott in one of the notes to
"Redgauntlet**

as I know, except a slight mention by Viscount
D' Arlincourt in his Scotch travels (here, by the
way, is another contradiction, for he calls the
Scotch physician Cameron instead of Beaton) ;
and in any case their genuineness would have
had to be proved.

I will finish this essay with a few words on
the subsequent history of these gentlemen.
Mr. John Sobieski Stuart had married before
the publication of the tales ; the marriage is
thus recorded in the Edinburgh Weekly journal
of 29 Oct., 1845: "At the chapel of the Bava-
rian Embassy, London, the Chevalier John
Sobieski Stuart to Georgiana, eldest daughter
of Edward Kendall, Esq., of Cheltenham."
She had a fortune of ;^io,ooo. They had no
children, and he died 13th Feb., 1872. About
the same time Mr. Charles Edward Stuart
and his elder daughter Mary left the Church
of England for that of Rome; whether this
was done to preserve the faith of his so-called
ancestors, I cannot, of course, say; it caused
much displeasure to his wife's family.

The two brothers lived together for many
years at Edinburgh and Glasgow, and at last
settled at Eile-an-Aigais, near Inverness. Here
they remained till shortly after the publishing
of the tales, when, Mr. Charles Stuart, junior,
being in the military service of the Emperor,
they took up their abode in Austria, where
Mrs. Charles Edward Stuart died. Mr. John
Sobieski Stuart, however, returned to England
and lived at Leamington till his death; his
brother afterwards returned also with his elder
daughter ; the younger is married to an Aust-
rian officer.

This junior of the two brothers died the
25th Dec, 1880; his only son Charles had
married 15th May, 1874 (*^^ marriage may be
seen recorded in the Standard of the time),*
Alice Hay, daughter of the 17th Earl of Errol.
She died without children 7th June, 1881, and
her husband in May, 1882, thus closing this
dynasty (if the name be not too grand) of
modern pretenders.

* For Note see end of article.

72

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

The Quarterly article on which this paper is
founded was the first to demolish their preten-
sions; but much correspondence ensued in
Notes aud Queries and elsewhere, which was
closed for a time by letters in the Guardian in
1868, (pp. 893, 1049) from their first cousin
Major Rodney Allen, R.M., son of the admiral
with whom " Penwith*s" inquiry began. About
the time of the extinction of their line, letters
concerning them flowed again into the papers;
from some of the last of which {N, &> Q, 5th
S., viii, 92 ; 6th S., vi, lo) added to the autho-
rities already given, the annexed pedigree of
full dates is compiled.

The seal of a letter which I once received
from Mr. J. S. Stuart bears the Scotch royal
achievement as given in Burke^s Peerage^ with
the following exceptions: the crest (the lion
sejant) is omitted, and in its place, between
the shield and the royal crown, is a coronet
which I cannot identify, probably intended
for that of a foreign count, perhaps Austrian ;
the motto, given by Burke as **In Defence,"
is expanded into "In My Defence God Me
Defend,*' and from its scroll depend three
badges, which are so indistinct that I cannot
make out whether or not they are the rose,
shamrock, and thistle.

Adm. John Carter Allen, d. 2nd Oct., 1800.

I

I I

Thomas Gatehouse, A Dau., Adm. John Allen, b. 1774.

m. d. 4th June, 1853. His wife

Allen, m. Catherine Robinson. Jane Hester d. 20 Dec,
Manning, d. 1851, banker of 1859.

Arundel. | | |

I Major Rodney Allen, from

I I I whom the letters in the

John Charles Catherine Guardiafi; another son,

m. Gcorglnna b 4Jiii)r.i799 m. Count an(J ^ daughter.

Keudall;d.«.p. ni. Annn I'Vrdinand "*

IS Feb., 1872. TiiT'elurd; Laiirnstro
d. 25 D^'C. nndbadinBtio,
IStfO, Oil. K>. b-arinsr the

naiiH* of Laiicastro-
Stuart.

1

Charles

Marie

m. Aiic« Uv, d. » Aug.

Wbo d. 7 June, 1881 : 1873.
bed. 8. p. May, 1882.

Sobieska

JD. Mouard

do riiiit.

Clementina
a nun of the

rassitinisie.

[N. 6* Q,, 5th S. viii, 92; 6th S. vi, 10.)

• D'ALBANIE— HAY.— 15th, at the Spanish Chapd,
Spanish-place, Manchester-square, by the Rev. Father
Clare, S.J., rector of St. Marie's, Farm Street, Colond
the Count Charles -Edward d*Albanic, only son of
Charles Edward Stuart, Count d'Albanie, and Anna
Beresford, daughter of the Hon. and Right Hon. John
de la Poer Beresford, brother of the first Marquis of
Waterford, to the Lady Alice Marie Hay, daughter of
the late, and sister of the present and i8th. Earl of
Errol. The bride was given away by her brother-in-
law, the Earl of Gainsborough.

* * *

♦ nDinor flotes. ^

The Deer Park at Launceston. — The menticm
by "J. P. B." in his article on " The Deer Parks of Corn-
wall " that, of the five parks belonging to the Duchy, the
one at Launceston was the solitary survivor when Heniy
the Eighth was wishing to turn the duchy property into
money, may justify a few further words on the history of
this particular park. The Roll of the Sebin, taken in
1337, gives the first mention of it, stating that it was a
league in circuit, containing fifteen deer, though capable
of maintaining forty, and that without deer it would be
worth twenty shillings a year for agistment. In the
Ministers' Accounts of the Duchy for 1338-39 is an entry
relating to " Custus Parci de Hellesbury el Launceton,"
and in those of 1378 is to be found a record of " Expensx
operum Castri et Parci de Launceston incipient." Leland,
in the account of his visit to Launceston about 1540, refers
to the "gate to go owt of the castel ynto the old parke,"
and it was to this portal that Carew referred when he
described the exploit of " one Kilior, committed to Laun-
ceston Gayle for the last Cornish commotion [1548], laying
there in the castle-greene upon his back, threw a stone of
some pounds weight over that Towres top which leadeth
into the parke." In 1581, as appears from a transcript of
leases in the Augmentation Office, this " park, parcel of
the Boro'," was leased to William Killigrew, and three
years later, Norden, on his visit to the town, referred to
the " auntient castle nere Launceston, aduaunced vpon a
verie steepe mounte, with a parke of fallowe Deare ; but
time and ncglecte of reparation hath much decayde the
firstc, and profitable providence clene ouerthrowne the
second." In 1650, the Parliament sold Launceston Castle
and "The Park" to Colonel Robert Bennett, who held the
property until the Restoration. To Thomas Rosse, who
succeeded Bennett as Constable of Launceston Castle, was
demised, in April, 1661, Launceston Park, for thirty-one
years, at an annual rent of ten pounds. This is the last
historical mention of the park, but, although all trace of
deer seems by this time to have vanished, the pro^^rty
continued to bear the name it had held for several centuries.
In a contemporary manuscript account of the beating of
the Launceston borough bounds in 1806, it is stated that
the party ** took the circuit of the Deer Park," and by the
same title is it still locally described. A. F. R.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

73

»)»

Dbvonskire Local Rhymbs and Provekbs.— In
reading Risdon's Survey of Devon^ 1810 edition, I have
made notes of the various local sayings common in the
coanty 250 yeacs ago, and thinking they may be interest-
ing in a collected form, I send them for publication in the
WuUm Antiquary.

^^UaldoH Hilly whereof the borderers, when they per-
ceived its tops covered with a cloud, had this adage : —

' When Haldon hath a hat.
Let Kentowne beware a squat.'"

" Perwderham, Clos6 to the confluence of the Ex and
Ken rivers stands Powderham, as these verses import : —

* Where Ex meets curled Kenne with kind embrace,
In chrystal arms they clip fiiir Powderham's face.*"

West Teignmouth, Here the Danes are said to have
landed bent on a predatory excursion, in the year 970, and
much blood was shed, " that " says Risdon, ** the very
dift here red, seems yet to memorize the bloodshed and
calamities of their times, according to these verses:—

* In memory whereof, the dift exceeding red
Doth seem thereat again full fresh to bleed.'

** Staverton, a place passing fruitful, insomuch that
(report givcth out), there are more hogsheads of cyder
made (comfnunibm omnis) than there are men, women, and
children living there."

" Dartmouth, In this town lived one Hawly, some-
time a man of great wealth, and worthy, whose house was
called the Hawe, of whom they have this saying rife :—
* Blow the wind high, or blow the wind low,
It bloweth good to Hawly's Mawe."

Is this Sir John Hawley, whose brass, with those of his
two wives, is still to be seen in the chancel of St. Saviour's,
Dartmouth ?

"South Milton. Where the river Avon, contractly
Aun^ sheddeth itself into the sea, mounteth up a rock

called St. Michaels^ wher^f one writes thus : —

' Where Avon's waters with the sea are mix'd,
St. Michaels firmly on a rock is fix'd.*"

" Afodbury, This borough hath a Thursday's market,
which is well frequented, and somewhat the more for that
the town is noted for nappy ale, of which liquor Henry of
Auranches, an arch poet in King Henry the Third's time,
wrote thus : —

* Of this strong drink, much like to Stygian lake,
Most term it ale, I know not what to make ;

Folk drink it thick, and it out full thin.

Much dregs therefore must needs remain within.*"

** Plymouth. Plym hath now pre-eminence here for
baptizing this bay so far renowned, whose commendation
Drayton setteth forth in these verses : —
•Plym christcneth that town which bears her noble name;
Upon the British coast what ship yet ever came •

That not of Plymouth hears, where those brave Navies lie.
From cannon's thund'ring throte, that all the world defy;
Which to invasive spoil when th' Ei^lish list to draw.
Have check'd Hiberia's pride, and kept her still in awe.
Oft furnishing our dames with India's rare devices.
And lent us gold as pearl, with silk and dainty spices.' "

" ClawtoHj a place full of day, and very cumbersome at
some times of the year, insomuch that a proverbial speech
passeth thereon :—

•The Devil was dogged at Clawmore.* "

" The Tamer, One bank being in several shires, as
one partly includeth in these verses : Ifinc Anglos ilU
cemit Tamara Britannos : —

' On this side Tamer the English sees.
And thence theDritons eke it eyes.**'

" Lundy Island is plentifully served with fresh water
springs, whereof one versifieth thus : —

• That from their natural mother scarce have got relief.
When presently they tumble over clilt'*'

"Bishop's Tawton, In this parish is an high hill
called CoddoHy which aflbrdeth a fair prospect, both to sea
and land, whereof one versifieth thus : —

' Here, Coddon, King of hills doth crystal Taw o'erlook
How he attended comes with many a pretty brook :
And how the fertile fields about the Taw do lie,
It seeth with its top, e'en with an am'rous eye.
And to such height his head this hill ariseth, that
Itself but barren ground, doth make the vallies fat
And ev'ry day the hills about it, that do stand
To do him homage, be all at his command ;
Whose sides are stor'd with many a hurtle tree,
That boys and girls in former times make glee.'"

"Barnstaple, A riveret, called North- Yeaw, sheddeth
itself into the Taw on the one side of this town, by whose
confluence it is in some sort incircled, whereof one wrote
thus : —

' To a town for situation delightsome to the eye.
Thro' pleasant meads and marshes Taw merrily doth hye,
Which furnished with traBick is, and merchandize so good,
For that her stream is intermix'd with Severn's swelling

flood ;
Yet Barnstaple grac'd, tho* thou be by the brackish Taw,
In all thy glory see thou not forget the little Kraw.'"

Are the authors of any of these verses known ?
Exeter. J. S. Attwood.

■ii « til

Cardinal Wolsey in the Stocks. — Mr. W.
Andrews, F.R.H.S., of Hull, a well-known writer upon
antiquarian subjects, in an article upon "Stocks," in the
Sheffield Independent^ for August 23rd, 1884, says : —

"Cardinal Wolsey, was, perhaps, the most notable
person ever placed in the stocks. He was, about the year
A.D., 1500, the incumbent at Lymington, near Yeovil, and,.

74

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

i^t the village feast, partook of the glass too freely. His
concUtion being made known to Sir Amias Powlett, J.P.,
a stpct moralist, he was by the justice's instructions placed
in the stocks."

I remember doing much restoration work at this church

some years ago, and am under the impression that Wolsey

when there was only in deacon's orders? Certainly,

Lymington was his first church ! Harry Hems.

Fair Park, Exeter.

* * *

Ancient Deer Park at Paignton. — In an article
on Ancient and Modern Deer Parks copied from the
IVestern Morning News into the IVesiem Antiquary, no
mem ion is made of one of the most notable in the West of
England, namely, the park attached lo the Bishop's Palace,
at Paignton, and in which Sir H. de Pomeroy distinguished
himself by shooting and stealing the deer therefrom. Dr.
Oliver, in his EccUsiastical Antiquities, has given a some-
what graphic sketch of Sir. H. de Pomeroy having V)een
caught stealing the Bishop's deer. He says, *'The Manor
of Paignton belonged to the See of Exeter, before the Con-
quest. The Taxation of Pope Nicholas IV., completed in
1 29 1, shows, that with the exception of Bishop's Tawton, it
was the most valuable Manor attached to the Bishops.
Adjoining the Church-yard are still some mouldering ruins
of their once favourite palace ; here was also an extensive
park. In fol. 71. of Bronscombe's Reg. is the amende
honorable of Sir Henry de Pomeroy, for trespassing in it.
On 22 July, 1262, he acknowledged himself most guilty;
he had formerly incurred excommunication, he says, pro
variis et manifestes injuriis, and conscious of his misconduct,
had bound himself by oath never to repeat it. Nevertheless
he had illegally scaled the fences of his Lordship's park,
with a numerous company from Berry Pomeroy, fossata
Parci de Feynton illicite transgrediens cum meis familiari-
bus et aliis multis de domo nua de Byry, '*and had dared
to hunt down the Bishop's deer, and had actually taken
and killed some. For this flagrant offence against his
venerable father and '*liegelord,"</<7wx;7M/// meum ligium^\ht
Bishop of Exeter, he now personally appeared, promising
amendment and solemnly engaging to make compensation
and restitution by the feast of All Saints (ist Nov.), also
to pay down the sum of one hundred n.arks, if ever con>
victed of a similar offence." E. Parfitt.

Exeter.

* * *

Story of a Plymouth Freemason. — Your
Masonic readers may be interested in the following story
of a Plymt)uth Freemason in the time of George II. Lieu-
tenant William Somerville (many of whose descendants
still reside in and near Plymouth), was engaged as a
lieutenant in the Royal Navy in the war against the
Spaniards (somewhere about Anson's time). In a "cutting
out expedition," on the South American coast, he was taken
prisoixer by the Spaniards. As he was landed under a
military guard, he made the sign of a Mason in dbtress so

as to be noticed by the crowd and soldiers. No one
seemed to reply or regard him. He was put bound in the
Spanish prison. In the night he was suddenly awakened
and saw an old Spaniard, with a knife and a rope, in his
prison cell. This man made Masonic signs, unbound him,
removed the bar from the window, gave him the knife, and
let him down. The Spaniard could not speak a word of
English, and only gestures were used. Mr. Somerville
made his way to the shore and got off to his ship in safety.
No signal was given of his escape being discovered.
Possibly one of the Spanish officers was a Mason. At any
rate Mr. Somerville escaped safely. W. S. L. S.

*

•i-

Exeter Ghost Story.— Of especial interest to loven
of local folk-lore will be found the following rhyming
description of an Exeter Ghost ** founded on fact," and
which I have unearthed from a volume, one of a series of
almost forgotten annuals, entitled — The Remembrance, ed.
by Thos. Roscoe, and published circ, 1840 (pp. 146-148).
It was written by Sir John (then Dr.) Bowring, and is not
included in any of the numerous works of that eminent
Devon author. I have been unable to find any reference
to the matter in any of the local histories, and probably
this is the only record of note respecting it. The date nf
the quoftdam apparition appears to have been about the
year 1810. Penned before the name of "folk-lore" was
invented, and long previous to the active interest now taken
in that subject, it will no doubt for this, as well as for the
sake of its writer, be read with pleasure in the pages of
the Western Antiquary i —

"THE GHOST."
A True Story, by Dr. Bowring.

When I was a boy, in an old church-yard

A terrible ghost appear'd,
And oft look'd over the church-yard gate,

With a grisly, grisly beard.

*

He had eyes as bright and as round as suns,

And a pale and haggard cheek.
And you saw he was thinking, thinking much,

But never a word did he speak, —

Save once, when a drunken old man declared

The ghost his thin arm did stretch,
And smote him hard, and the old man heard

The ghost call out, * You wretch !'

And he staggered away, and from that same day

Did the drunken man repent ;
But never again down Southemhay Lane

The frightened sinner went.

The ghost had his home behind an old tomb

'Neath nettles and brambles hid,
And there I was told he slept in the mould,

And his cover vras a coffin lid.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

75

A hospital close by the church-yard stood.

And the nurses were known to declare
That, whenever the dying in tortures were crying,

He put out his ear to hear.

And once I remember, in dreary December,

At night, as a tenant pass'd by.
He saw the old ghost, looking white as a post.

And flashing out frowns from his eye.

Such at last was the fright, that at evening and night,
Not a soul pass'd through Southernhay Lane ;

For no one could doubt that the ghost was about —
Denial was almost profane.

When I was a boy, *twas my tremulous joy,
At noon through the church-yard to pass.

And there I saw nought but a hairy old goat
That quietly browsed on the grass.

A stranger at last walk'd through Southernhay Lane,

And the ghost as accustom'd appeared ;
So he stared the old grisly one full in the face.

And valiantly grappled his beard.

And ' what makes you here, my old fellow,* he said,
' With a beard that's so haggard and gray ?'

And the ghost with solemnity shook his grave head,
And opened his lips and cried — ' Ba !*

Sinceithen all my fears and my fancies grew cool,

And I learnt from the story I quote.
Had the old man been sober, — ^the young boy at school, —

They had seen — not a ghost — but a goat.

This ballad is founded on fact. In front of the Devon
and Exeter hospital is a burial-ground, having an entrance
from Southernhay Lane. Some thirty years ago, a vener*
able ghost, clad in white, and with a long hoary beard,
was reported to walk every night, from a tomb to the gate,
and there to stand glaring at the passengers. Terror filled
the neighbourhood, until, after some time, it was dis-
covered that an old goat had been trained to stand on his
hind legs, and to look over the paling, wagging his beard
at the people as they came down the lane."

In the year 1867, Sir John read a paper at the Barn-
staple Meeting of the Devon Association, entitled: —
" Devonian Folk-lore, illustrated," in which {Trans, , vol.
2, p. 73.) after a brief description of the occurrence, he
concludes thus : —

** Passengers avoided the spot; and it was only after
a drunken man had seized the ghost by the beard — it was
an old goat, that had been trained by some mischievous
wag to stand on his hind legs and put his head over the
gate — that the way became frequented again."
Budleigh-Salterton. T. N. Brushfibld, m.d.

^ ^ ^

♦ ©ucrfc«* ♦

Plymouth and Steamships.-- What was the name
of the first steamship which entered the Port of Plymouth,
and the date ? Nauticus.

V V V

KiTTO, AS Editor op Sunday Readtng.-^l have just
seen three numbers of a magazine entitled, Sunday Read-
»»ifi Ifo^ Christian Families^ / conducted by / John Kitto^
D.D,y F.S.A, Part L is for March, 1853, and the others
I have seen are Parts IL and IIL Were any more pub-
Ibhed ? The contents seem to be highly interesting and
instructive. A Young Plymouthian.

lii ifi ifi

Ashburton Church.— Having just visited this fine
old building and noticed particularly the ne7(/ screen across
the chancel, I am led to ask whether it is considered to be
a restoration of an old feature in this church ? I did not
observe any structural provision for obtaining access to the
rood-loft, supposing one to have formerly existed, nor was
any aperture apparent in either arcade (as at Chagford),
to allow of anyone passing on to the central screen ; if a
staircase formerly existed in the wall of the aisle. Perhaps
those who knew the church before its restoration may be
able to say in what way the top of the former screen (if
any) was reached ? Devs. Junr.

•i> 4> fi

Heydon Family.— I should be obliged if 'W. &* q:*
could inform me whether Sir Thomas Heydon, of Wickham
Court, Kent, and Sir Thomas Heydon, of Caddy, Devon,
are one and the same ; and also in what part of Devon
Caddy is situated. Pincke.

{Notes and Qutries, Aug. 30, '84. )

^ ^ ^

Acre Stone ; or Whitaker Stone What is the

meaning and derivation of this term ? Was it applied to
a peculiar kind of stone, or to a stone used for a special
purpose, as for marking the boundaries of land ?

Kearley.

* * *

Story of Kent's Cavern.— A humorous story is
told by Mr. Pengelly, of Kent's cavern renown, as to the
origin of the name of that remarkable place. May I ask
that the story be inserted in the fVestem Antiquary with
if possible, the origin of it ? E. P.

* * *

Aggravii Venetiani. — Amongst many curious tracts
in my possession, I have one entitled Aggravii Venetiani^
<5r*f., or the Venetian and other grievances ^ together with a
proposal for raising tJu price of Tin in the Counties of
Devon and Cornwall^ dfc, <5r*<:., idpy. Part /. The
last owner, as I gather from a marginal note, supposed it
to have been the only one ever printed. Is this a correct
supposition, or can any of your correspondents tell me
where there are other copies ? Perhaps some information
concerning the author may also be forthcomii^.
Burnley. W. Waddikgton.

76

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

BoTUS Fleming Church. — I am informed that in a
field, not far from this church, is a solitary grave, with a
headstone or monument, to the memory of William Martin,
date 1762. Is this so, and if so, why was the interment
made in such a peculiar position? Further, is anything
known about the eccentric occupier of that strange and
solitary resting-place ? W.

* * *

Worshipful or Right Worshipful.— The title
Right Worshipful is usually applied to the Mayor of
Plymouth in common with many other cities and towns.
Is this strictly correct, or only a title by courtesy ? And
can anyone tell me wherein the distinction lies, or the
difference between Worshipful and Right Worshipful,
Also by what authority, whether by charter or otherwise,
these titles are so given. Plymouthian.

^

«•

Paignton Pudding. — Can any reader of the Western
Antiquary explain the origin of the Paignton padding?
About seventy years ago, there was a custom in that town
of making a monster pudding and taking it about the town
in a wagon drawn by oxen, after which it was distributed
to the people. My husband remembers his father going
from Brixham to the holiday at Paignton, and bringing
him a piece of the pudding, but he is unaware of the
origin of the custom. S. Hbad.

Ivybridge.

^ ^ ^

Healing Medals op Charles II. — In the Athenctum
for August 23rd, 1884, is an article on the " Healing Medals
of Charles II. and James II," by Hubert Hall, in which
are several extracts from the Privy Seal Disbursements of
the period (1668 to 1684) for the provision of what are
called healing'tnedals. The following quotation is interest*
ing, as containing local references : —

'* To the above charges must be added a supplementary
or provincial list of healing medals provided on special
occasions; an interesting circumstance, as proving the
systematic organization of this service with a political
centre. Between 1667/8 and 1669/70, 61 medals were
specially provided at a cost of 10/- each. Betv\feen Feb-
ruary and August of the latter year 8 more were obtained
at the same rate. There were also used 55 at 9/- each,
and 'lix. peeces for his mat*^ healing at Dartmouth at X>;
and for the use of an house there X».* On the 26th of
April, 1676, 94 pieces at 10/- were used *for his mzx^
healing at Portsmouth.' On the 12th of September, 1677,
92 angels were required for the same purpose at Plymouth ;
and on the 30th of September, 1678, 13 pieces at Windsor
were procured, like the remainder of the above, from local
goldsmiths."

Mr. Llewellynn Jewitt, \xi\iS& History of Ply ntcuthy page
232, under date 1676, has the following entry : —

"August, 1676. His Majesty and the Duke of York

came by water to this town, staid two days, His Majesty
touch't for the evil in our Great Church, dined at Mr.
Edgcumbe's, and returned by sea. While here, the King,
under a canopy of state in Saint Andrew's Church attended
divine service and touched several persons for the King's
evil. He dined at Mount Edgcumhe, and paid many visits
in the neighbourhood."

I presume that these two statements are closely con-
nected, and that the medals mentioned in the accounts
quoted by Mr. Hall were used on the occasion of the
King's visit to Plymouth, as chronicled in local history.
The discrepancy in date may perhaps be easily accounted
for. I wish now to ask if any of these medals are extant
in the neighbourhood, and if a tradition exists in any family
in Plymouth or elsewhere, as to such a medal being handed
down from generation to generation, connected with the
remarkable superstition which is here illustrated? Ii
would appear that by means of these medals and the
credulity of the people, a large sum passed into the Royal
Exchequer between the years 1668 and 1684. Can any
local antiquary or historian throw further light on this
matter ? Historicus.

Samuel Sweeting, of Exeter.— Can any con«-
pondent tell me in what parish of Exeter the above-named
Samuel Sweeting was resident ? I have seen a drawing of
his book-plate, having the arms *' gules, a chevron or
between three violins proper, on a chief ai^gent, three
Tudor roses." The crest is an arm holding a rose, and
below the shield is the inscription *' Samuel Sweeting,
Exon." These arms are very similar to those uswT
by the Somerset family of Kilve, Stapl^rove, etc., but
the tinctures are different, and the arm in the Somerset
crest bears a clarionet. The motto used by the Exeter
family was "Dulce et suaviter," by the Kilve family "Curas
cithara toUit." Samuel's son, Henry, bom 1755, niigrated
to Huntingdon in 178:?, and I have complete lists of bis
descendants. Samuel's mother was Mary Steare, from
Bridgwater, born 1700. I should be much obliged for any
inform^ion about the Exeter settlement. Do any inscrip*
tions remain on tombstones to any member of the family ?
Maxey Vicarage, Market Deeping. W. D. Sweeting.

Inscribed Stone at Pencliff Castle, Cornwall.
Can any of your readers give me any further information
about the following ? In the wall of an enclosure, called
Pencliff Castle, at Hayle, in Cornwall, is a stone with the
following inscription, **Hic cenui requievit. cv nat Do.
hie tumulo jacit. Vixit annos xxxiii." Beside it is a
slate slab, with a translation. "Here Cenui fell asleep,
who was born in soa Here in this tomb he lies. He
lived 33 years." Is not cv. one hundred and five ?
Salcombe Regis, Sidmonth. B. H. Soulsby.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

77

French Prisoners op War in Devon and
Cornwall — Has any work been published giving an
account of the detention on paroU of French prisoners of
war during the early part of this century in various towns
of (among other counties) Devon and Cornwall ? There
were some detained at Tavistock and some at LAunceston,
and regarding the latter, I myself remember an old lady,
now deceased, who in her girlhood was taught French by
some officers quartered at her house, while, I have been
informed, that an officer's servant was so satisfied with his
treatment that he settled in Launceston after the conclusion
of peace, and ultimately became caretaker of the local
Weslejran chapel. But I should be glad, if possible, to
have extended information on the subject, bearing upon the
numbers detained, the regulations laid down for their guid-
ance, and the bounds they had to keep ; in Launceston, for
instance, one of these latter was Polston Bridge. A.F.R.

"^ ^ ^

♦ 'Replies* ♦

Sir Thomas Phillipps.— ff^x/^m Antiquary^ p. 45,
col. I. The library of the late Sir Thomas PhilUpps was
at Middli Hiil^ Worcatershire^ but has been for years past
at ThirUstaim Hohu^ Cheltenham. B. H. B.

^ 41 >ii

Exeter and the Serge Manufactures.— "W."
may find a pretty full account of the above in ''Ancient
Exeter and its Trade,'* by Sir John Bowring, in the Trans-
actions cf the Devonshire Association for 1872.
Exeter. A. H. A. H.

^ ^ ^

Vineyards. — Of the culture of vineyards and pro-
duction of vines in England during the early and mediaeval
periods, your correspondent will find very full information
and references in " The Archaeology of Horticulture," an
article by C. Roach Smith, in his Collectanea Antiqua,
vol. 6, pp. 76-109, 269-274, and which afifords some idea
of the great extent to which this branch of English industry
was prosecuted. He, however, gives no details of it as
carried out in Devonshire or Cornwall, his examples being
mainly confined to Kent and the Isle of Wight. There
is, however, a quotation relating to an Abbey vineyard in
this County, named by your correspondent, and which I
cannot forbear to quote at length : —

"Gloucestershire. In the yearly accounts of the
Kitchener of Tewkesbury Abbey, A.D., 1385-6, occur :
under the head of * Servants Wages,' Gardiano de Wine-
yard^ iiijs ; to the watchman of the vineyard, 4s. ; under
' Fishmesses,' to the watchman of the vineyard, 3s. 9d. ;
under 'Gratuities,' to the watchman of the vineyard, 4d.
From the MS, Roll^ in the possession of T, Wahentan^ Esq, "

He also quotes (from Rudge's Gloucester , ij., 215) a
striking instance of the amount of wine produced from
one vineyard at Cromhale, 7 miles from Berkeley.
B«Mild|^«SaltertoQ. T. N. Brushfield, 11. d.

Devonshire Sayings.— (^.W., 4th S., 31.) The
first three of these sayings are certainly not confined to
Devonshire ; I am familiar with them all in Hampshire.
Exeter. J. S. Attwood.

4> lii 4

Deer Parks of Devon and Cornwall. — {W.A,,
4th S., 21-47.) I <lo liot s^ mentioned in J. P. B.*8
interesting articles on this subject, the old Park of Oke-
hampton, part of the manor of the old Earls of Devon.
Risdon {Survey, 1810, p. 258) says, "the park, which
containeth a large circuit of land, King Henry the Eighth,
by the persuasion of Sir Richard Pollard, disparked and
alienated the same.*' I have no doubt that other old parks
which have now disappeared would be found mentioned,
if the works of Risdon, Pole, Polwhele, and Westcote
were consulted. J. S. Attwood.

Exeter.

4> lii 4>

Punch's Cross, Fowby.--I have been much amused
at the amount of nonsense talked of with reference to this
place. Some solemnly hold it to be connected with
Pontius Pilate, although I do not know why. Others, as
your correspondent, W. S. L. S., think it has to do with
Punch. I have seen the old play of Punch and Judy.
The play I have seen is one of the time of miracle plays ot
even much later, as the style is after that of Bunyan
Pilgrim's Progress. Punch being supposed, in the pUy I
have seen, to have been emblematic of a good man.

Although the origin of Punch's Cross has never been
proved yet, I do not think we need cross over the water
for it. In early days, iioo, the monks of Tywardreath
were given the power of acting as Bailiffs to the Fishery of
Fowey river, in fact they farmed it. As Tywardreath is 3
or 4 miles off they could not possibly watch it, so they
made the monk who did duty to Pont's Mill look after (he
Fishery. The consequence was, that the salary of the
monk at I'ont's Mill cell was dependent to a great extent
on his share of the fishery, which he probably solely
farmed from the parent Priory. Hence the origin of
Paunche crosse or as Leland otherwise expresses it, Pontius
crosse. E. W, R.

* * *

Billars, or Billers, or 61LDERS. — Regarding the
question of "H. Sharrock," in the Westerti Antiquary for
August, will you allow me to note, that in Launceston and
the immediate neighbourhood, what he calls a *'biller"
is a *' bilder." I never heard the former pronunciation in
this district. Launceston.

^ ^ ^

Landing of the Queen of Portugal at Fal-
mouth. — '* Pen with " will find copious particulars of this
event in The Exeter Flying Post and other newspapers
published at the time in Devon and Cornwall. The Queen
was the guest of the well-known Fox Family at Bank
House, Falmouth, R,D'

Exeter.

78

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Glynn Family.— "Glynn was lost by its rightful
heir through a lunacy verdict obtained by John Glynn,
Serjeant -at-Law, the son of a younger brother. The real
heir is said to have been a young man of great learning
and ability, who obstinately persisted in substituting writing
for speech, and remained for years without uttering a word.
The verdict gave great dissatisfaction to all who knew the
dispossessed heir, and his mother, a wealthy heiress of
the NichoU family, consequently impoverished the family
estate by bequeathing her large possessions away from it.''
—CasselPs Official Guide to Great IVestem Railway, p. 152.
Salcombe Regis, Sidmouth. Basil. H. Soulsby.

«

^

BucKFAST Abbey. — ^Some time since I observed in
the IVestem Antiquary (I cannot now find the number)
that the name of this Abbey was said to be taken from the
deer, and that his branching horns were on the Abbey
shield. This must again be a modem mistake. The buck
in ancient days was the roe-buck, and had very short horns.
The Red Deer, with his grand head, ytras never called a
buck. He was a Stag at five years old, and a Hart at six
years. The present favorite fallow deer of the gentleman's
park, which is called a buck and has a fine head, is not
indigenous and would not have been hunted by the Abbot.
His game was the red-deer, with now and then a roe-buck
as a delicious morsel What a pity it is that the pretty
little roe-buck is no longer common, and native to the
land ! The true origin of the names Buckland, and Buck-
fast, is not far to seek. When land was for the first time
assigned to particular individuals, and taken from the
common land or folk land, it was granted to the Church
for strictly church and charitable uses, in the good old days
when the Church took care of the poor, the sick, and the
unfortunate. It was then called bo'k land, meaning
booked land, as it was registered as a grant to the Church ;
and thus the first written title to land, held by the church
and afterwards by individuals, was created. For autho-
rities on this point, see : — Frederick Pollock On the Land
Laws — Kemble's Saxons in England — Seebohm's VUUge
Communitits^ &c. Buckland is therefore bok-land, or
booked. Egg Buckland, is land booked to the Church,
Buckland Monachorum, is land booked to the Monks.
And Buckfast has doubtless the same meaning. W. F. C.

* * *

Sir Gawen Carew.— On Page 50, present volume,
A. F. R. says, — "Sir Gawen Carew married a sister of the
Duke of Suffolk, brother-in-law of Henry the Eighth," —
I should be glad of further particulars as to this. Was
not his first (?) wife Mary, daughter of Sir Robert Wotton,
of Kent, and widow of Sir Henry Guyldford, — she died
the 13 day of Sept., 1558, and is buried in Kentisbeare
church ; — and secondly ( ?) Margaret, daughter of Sir
William Skipworth, and widow of George the second
Lord Tailboys. I know of no other marriage. A.

Plymouth Haven. — If your correspondent W.S.B.H.
means the Act 8th Anne, cap 8, entitled : — " An act for
clearing preserving, and maintaining the harbour of Cat-
water, lying near Plymouth, in the county of Devon ; and
for the cleansing and keeping clean the pool, commonly
called Sutton Pool, lying in Plymouth aforesdd," I urill
se nd him a copy on receipt of his address.

EvERARD Home Coleman.
71, Brecknock Road, Camden Road, N.

Allbn. — Western Antiquary y IV., 52. — Admiral
John Allen, the youngest son of John Carter Allen, was
bom in 1774, entered the Royal Navy 12 Feb., 1787, was
present at the capture of St. Domingo, where he was
wounded 25 Nov. 1793, became Captain 29 April, 180s,
Rear- Admiral 17 Aug., 1840, AdAirar9 Nov., 1846, died
at Torpoint, 4 June, 1853, and was buried at St. John's,
where there is a monument to his memory. His widow,
Jane Hester, died 26 Dec., 1859, aged 76. Admiral John
Allen's issue were Rodney Vansittart Allen, a Major oi the
Royal Marine Light Infimtry, who retired with the rank of
Lieutenant Colonel, 21 July, 1871. A second son who is
in New Zealand, and a daughter who resides in Jersey.
For an account of Admiral Allen's connection with what
is known as the Allen Mystery or the Stuart Mystery,
reference must be made to Notes and Queries^ 6 Series, v.,
485 ; vi., lo—ii, 154, 297, 458. Gaorgb C. Boasb.
15, Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster.

[Our readers will have noticed the interesting article in the
present number on '' The Modem Pretenders," by Rev. C.
F. S. Warren, M.A. Editor.]

>ii

«

^ 1Revievi>0. «»

Old Yorkshire, Fifth Series. Edited by Wil-
liam Smith, f.s.a.s., with an Introduction
by Principal F. J. Falding, m.a., d.d.,
Rotherham. London: Longmans, Green
& Co., Paternoster Row, 1884.

Mr. Smith's annual volumes come to us
like old friends, whose faces are so familiar
and so welcome, that we would fain see them
more frequently. It is, therefore, with consid-
erable regret that we now look upon what is
to be the last of the series, the Editor finding
himself unequal, amid the strain of an active
business life, to continue those labours in
which he has been so successful, and in the
prosecution of which he has earned the hearty
thanks, not only of Yorkshiremen but of anti-
quarians and historians generally. The five

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

79

volumes comprising "Old Yorkshire" are not
only an ornament to a library, but they con-
tain a fund of information which is perhaps
unattainable from any other source. Mr.
Smith, however, (although he takes a farewell
of his subscribers, who have supported his
efforts in his labour of love) still indulges the
pleasurable anticipation that at some future
time he may again return to his literary labours,
and that possibly some other workers may
take up, and carry on, the work which he has
•o ably begun. We fain hope so. The
volume before us is in no way inferior to its
predecessors, either in material, or mode of
production. It is well illustrated, contains a
large mass of valuable information, and has,
moreover, a most inter/ssting and valuable
introductory article on ** Antiquarianism," by
Principal Falding.

Ouilims of the Life of Shakespeare. By J. O.

HaLLIWELL-PhILLIPPS, F.R.S., P.S.A., M.R.S.L.,

HON.M.R.I.A. The Fourth Edition. Lon-
don: Messrs. Longmans, Green & Co.,

M.DCCC.LXXXIV.

The English-speaking race, nay the world
at large, is under a deep debt of gratitude to
the author of this book, for the love and care
bestowed upon the work ; as well as for the
painstaking zeal which he has shown in tracing
to their origin all the statements which are
current respecting the biography of the great-
est of English poets. But Mr. Halliwell-
Phillipps' works are too well-known to need
any commendation from us. As the greatest
living Shaksperean scholar, we are bound to
regard him as an authority upon all matters
of which he treats, and the present work is no
exception to the rule which he has observed
in all his publications, viz., thoroughness and
reliability. In a handsome volume of nearly
five hundred pages, we have here laid before
us the ** Outlines of the Life of Shakspeare,"
but they are "outlines" drawn by a master-
hand, and executed with so much skill, as to
invest them with all the interest of a finished
picture. Doubtless, something more may

be said in the future concerning the sub-
ject of this work, but he must be a diligent
seeker after facts who can discover anything
worthy to be placed upon record, which Mr.
. Halliwell-Phillipps has not included in his
" Outlines." It is late in the day now to
commend the study of Shakespeare's works
to English readers, but we feel sure that the
Plays and Sonnets will be read and studied
with much greater zest after the perusal of
this most interesting volume. Further, the
pilgrim to "Shakespeare's Shrine" will visit
Stratford-on-Avon, when fortified with the
information which this book will give, with
devotion akin to that of " Rare Ben Jonson,"
when he wrote : —

" I lov'd Shakespeare and do honour his
memory, on this side idolatry, as much as any.
He was, indeed, honest, and of an open and
free nature ; had an excellent fancy, brave
notions, and gentle expressions.**

In fine, such a knowledge of the " Life of
Shakespeare *' as is obtainable from the
" Outlines" now before us, is necessary to
every man and woman of culture, and we
shall not be surprised if a demand arises
for many more editions of a work, which now
appears (as a fourth edition) very much en-
larged from those which have previously been
issued.

A True /Report of certain wonderful Overflowings
of Waters in Somerset, Norfolk, and other parts
of England, a.d. 1607. Edited by Ernest E.
Baker. Weston-super-Mare: Printed and
Published at the Gazette Office, 1884.
This is a reprint of a very rare and exceed-
ingly interesting black-letter tract, the full
title of which is as follows : —

1607. A true report of certaine wonderfiill over-
flowings of Waters, now latdy in Summerset-shire,
Norfolke, aftd other places of England : destroying
many thousands of men, women, and children, over-
throwing and bearing downe whole townes and villages,
and drowning infinite numbers of sheepe and other
cattle. Printed at London by W, /. for Edward
White and are to be solde at the signe of the Gunrn
at the North doore of Pauels,

8o

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Mr. Baker has conferred a great favour upon
the present generation by reprinting this
curious tract (of which, however, only 200
copies have been issued), and he has conferred
a further favour on us in permitting us to •
place before the readers of the Western Antiquary
that portion of the work which relates to
Somersetshire, which will be found in the
earlier pages of the present number. The
work is printed on stout hand-made paper,
and consists of 41 pages of letter-press, in-
cluding fac-similes of the curious illustrated
title-page, and of the first page of the black-
letter printing of the original. As we have
quoted a few remarks of the Editor in the
introduction to the article before alluded to,
we need do little more than commend the
work to the notice of those who are fond of
curious specimens of typography, as well as
to those who are interested in such quaint
descriptions of " bygones." We may safely
predict that ere long this reprint wUl be as
difficult to obtain as is the original at the
present time,

Th& Wednssbury Papers. By Frbdk. W. Hack-
wood. Wednesbury: Printed by R. Ryder,
Spring Head, Market Place, 1884.

A series of sketches which appeared origin-
ally in the Wednesbury Herald and the Midland
Advertiser, The volume contains many matters
of an interesting character, and deals with
Local History, Fairs, Customs, Superstitions,
Sports and Pastimes, Words, Streets, Epi-
demics, Anecdotes, and many other topics
interesting not only to those acquainted with
the locality, but to all whose proclivities lead
them into antiquarian pursuits. The book is
nicely printed, and is creditable both to the
compiler and the publisher.

Report and Transactions of the Penzance Natural
History and Antiquarian Society^ 1883-84.
Plymouth : William Brendon & Son.

This valuable work, completing Vol. I. (New
Series) of the Transactions of this useful

society is of a most interesting character.
Few provincial societies show such evidences
of vitality as that which hails from the most
western town, and by none is better work
being done in the particular branches of re-
search indicated by its title. The Secretaries
in the preface to their interesting report may
well speak with feelings of satisfaction and
pride at the present condition of their Society,
" the nature, variety, and scope of the papers
read at the meetings sufficiently showing that
solid and enduring work is being done by the
members in the various branches of Cornish
Archaeology and Natural History." One
interesting feature of the report before us is
" An Account of the Annual Excursion " to
Zennor, Pennance, Trereen, Bosigran Castle,
Madron Church, and other places of interest.
The papers printed in this report are as
follows: — **The Marine Algae of West Corn-
wall," by John Ralfs, m.r.c.s. ; "The Marine
Algae of East Cornwall," by R. V. TeDam;
** The Ichneumonidae of the Land's End Dis-
trict," by Ernest D. Marquand; "Cornubiana:"
including " Folk-lore, Proverbs, Superstitions,
&c.," by the Rev. S. Rundle, Jun., m.a.; "The
Marine Polyzoa of the Land's End District,"
by J. Bernard Magor; "Influence of the
Fisheries Exhibition on the Fish Supply," by
Rev. W. S. Lach-Szyrma; "Cam, Marsh,
Wood, and Hedgerow, a Botanical Study,"
by Samuel Tait; "The Sphagnums or Bog
Mosses of West Cornwall," by William Cur-
now ; '* The Mossists on the Tramp," by " One
of Them ;" " On the Mechanism of the Jaws of
Snakes," by J. Bernard Magor ; " Notes on
Systematic Botany," by John Ralfs, m.r.c.s. ;
" Land and Fresh- Water MoUusca of West
Cornwall," by E. D. Marquand ; " The Tor-
pedo ; or, Electric Ray/* by E. Rundle, l.r.c.p.;
"A Lichen Supper," by "A Partaker." In ad-
dition to the above is given a detailed account
of the meetings of the society, from which it
will be seen, that although nearly all the pub-
lished papers are relative to Natural History
subjects, the antiquarian element has received
its fair share of attention from the members
of this vigorous society, which numbers on its

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

8i

muster-roll nearly all the men of note in the
west country. We congratulate our Penzance
co-workers on this fresh evidence of their
industry.

Inflmnce of the Fisheries Exhibition on the Fish
Supply, by Rev. W. S. Lach-Szyrma.
Reprinted from the Transactions of the Pen-
zance Natural History and Antiquarian Society,
1883-84.

This is a separate reprint of the article
mentioned in our previous notice.

Cornuhiana. By the Rev. S. Rundle, Jun.,
M.A. [Reprinted from the Transactions of the
Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society,
1883-84.]

This is a reprint of the paper noted above,
in which the writer has given us a bundle of
references upon various branches of folk-lore,
proverbs, and superstitions. The additions to
the Cornish Glossaries and Vocabularies are
interesting, as well as some curious expressions
and blunders in speaking, which the writer
appears to give from his own experience.

Life of Dr. Thomas Rundle, Bishop of Derry,
1735-1743. By Rev. S. Rundle, Jun., m.a.
Helston: Woolcock, Printer, 1884.

A brief and modest biography of a remark-
able man. The writer has founded his sketch
upon Dallaway*s Life of the Bishop, who, as
a Devonshire man, is worthy to be ranked
amongst her worthies. Our readers may
remember that we published some time ago
in the Western Antiquary, a letter from Bishop
Rundle addressed to Dean Alured Clarke, in
praise of the city of Exeter. The quotations
given from the letters of the Bishop are full
of interest and vigour.

Newlyn and its Pier, By the Rev. W. S. Lach-
Szyrma, M.A., Vicar of Newlyn S. Peter,
1884. Penzance: Printed by F. Rodda.

A ver>' interesting little compilation, con-
taining a brief history of one of the most
noted fishing-towns on the western coast,
besides some information as to the need for

harbour accommodation and the means by
which it is to be provided. This pamphlet is
published in connection with the West Corn-
wall Fisheries Exhibition, and the profits of
the sale, if any, will be given to the Newlyn
Pier Fund. Much credit is due to Mr. Lach-
Szyrma for the leading part he has taken in
this admirable movement.

* * *

Hntiquarian and Biblioarapbical

* "Wotce. ♦

The Launceston Town Council have just unanimously
voted £y> towards the repair of the South Gate (the only
one of the town's original three gates which still stands)
and its conversion into a local museum. This grant will
be supplemented by a private subscription of which Mr. C.
L. Cowlard (the ex-Mayor), of St. John's, Launceston, is
the Treasurer, and Mr. C. H. Peter (secretary of the local
Scientific and Historical Society) the Secretary. An
assurance has been given by the latter, that the process of
restoration shall not involve the destruction of any feature
of this interesting relic, a guarantee which will be received
with much satisfaction by those who wish to preserve the
old, but who strongly object to its being made to resemble
the new.

It is announced in the Launceston papers that the
Cartulary of the Priory (which stood near that town, from
the times of the First to those of the Eighth Henry) which
is deposited in Lambeth Library, has now been inspected
and will shortly be published. Some nine years since.
Sir John Maclean issued a prospectus with a view to pub-
lishing this Cartulary, but the offer was not at that time
accepted.

A curious find has been made in the town soil of West
Looe. In carting away the heap, a solid silver case, round,
and about 4 inches in length, was discovered. It was
quite black with age and exposure, but on being opened it
was found to contain a human finger, apparently very old,
as it is was quite mummified.

The Lecture Card of the first series of the winter
session of the Plymouth Institution, contains the following
items : — Oct. 2, Conversazione. Oct. 9, President's Ad-
dress. Oct. 16, ** The Older Charities of Plymouth," by
Mr. R. N. Worth. Oct. 23, " Modem Witchcraft," l^
Mr. John Rice. Oct. 30, '* The latest Story of the Cunei-
form Inscriptions," by Rev. G. Evans. Nov. 6, *' How
some Physical Measurements are made," by Dr. John
Merrifield. Nov. 13, " Odds and Ends of Monetary His-
tory," by Mr. John G. Norman. Nov. 20, "Seals (pinni-
peds) and their Geographical distribution," by Mr. F. H.
Balkwill. Nov. 27, " Local Heraldry (The Shields in the
Museum)," by Mr. A. J. J ewers, F.S.A. Dec. 4, ''Our

82

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Local Flora, its economic aspect," by Mr. D. D. Dobell.
Dec. II, ** The Religions of the Incas and of the Aztecs,"
by the Rev. W. E. Darby. Dec. i8, " Harbour Accomo-
dation in the West," by Mr. J. C Inglis.

Amongst important forthcoming work« of an anti-
quarian character, we are glad to announce ** T/ie Cor-
pora/ion Plate and Insignia of Office of the Cities and
Corporate Towns of England and fVates, by Llewellynn
Jewitt, F.S.A.

This magnificent work will be published, by Sub-
scription, in Two Volumes, Crown 4to., price 45/-., and
will be profusely illustrated. Such a work has never
before been undertaken, and it may be safely asserted that
Mr. Jewitt has here discovered a mine of artistic, historical,
antiquarian, and typographical wealth unsurpassed and of
almost matchless richness and importance. As the result
of many years' constant research and patient preparation,
the work will doubtless meet with great success, as it
deserves.

4* •!• »ii

<9» Tlotes to 3Uudtration0. 4.

With the present number we give a sheet of engravings
representing a number of Ancient British Coins found at
Mount Batten, near Plymouth, at various times, since the
year 1832. They have principally been brought to light
in the process of quarrying, when they have slipped down
with the sur&ce soil. *' These coins," says Mr. Llewellynn
Jewitt, in his history 0/ Plymouth, "which are among the
most important antiquities yet found at Pl3rmouth or in its
neighbourhood, and which show incontestibly, its occupa-
tion by the Celtic race, are as follows : " —

No. 12, in Western Antiquary Plate : —

OHf. — Rude horse to the right; above, a figure derived
from the arms of Victory; in front, a ring ornament;
below, a wheel ; below the horse's head, a small cross ; the
whole surrounded by a circle of pellets placed at some
little distance apart.

Rev, — Convex; a branch or wreath springing from an
annulet, and having another small annulet near its point.

The type of this coin, which is of gold, is considered
by Mr. Evans to be peculiar to the West of England, and
its date is supposed to be comparatively late — probably of
the time of Tiberius.

No. 10, Western Antiquary Plate : —

Obv. — Convex ; and quite plain.

Pev, — Tail-less horse galloping to the right; above, a
reversed crescent and a horse-shoe formed figure terminated
with pellets derived from the arms of Victory, pellets, etc. ;
over the horse's head a kind of crescent and an annulet ;
below, a pellet ; behind the horse, a semicircle, etc

This remarkably fine coin is in my own cabinet. It is
of gold and has been engraved in the Archaologicat
Journal*

No. 8, Western Antiquary Plate : —

Obv. — ^Extremely disjointed and almost imperceptible
figure of horse, with pellets, etc.

Pev, — Rude portions of a laureated bust.

This coin is of silver, is very similar in type to those
given by Borlase, as having been found at Karo Bre, in
Cornwall, in 1749.

The remainder of the coins which have been found at
Mount Batten are principally of the class, which, diflfering
firom the usual British and Gaulish series, appears in some
way peculiar to the Channel Islands. The examples en-
graved are selected from those in my own cabinet and that
of Mr. Cuff.

We hope to give fiirther notes on these interesting relics

in an early number.

Editor.

<9» Tloted an& Tloticee. 4^

An Interesting article on the " London and Surborbaa
Residences of Sir Walter Ralegh," by Dr. T. N. Brushfidd,
will appear in the next number of the Western Antiquary.
The article will be embellished by a full page illustration
of the " Pied Bull Inn, Islington," one of Ralegh's re-
puted residences.

Rev. F. T. W. Wintl*. Thanks for your favour.
The article on the "Ley Family of Beer-ferrers " shall
appear in an early number. We are glad that it gives you
the information desired.

W. U. S. G.-R. Your Query was too late for the
current number, but wewill do our best to insert it in the
issue for October.

W. H. Kelland. Your notes shall duly appear.

W. F. C. Owing the extra pressure on our space this
month, several of your contributions which are in type, are
crowded out

E. Parfitt. Your article on "Avenues on Dartmoor"
is in type but held over.

The Editor has received the current numbers of the
Antiquary^ Bibliographer^ Antiquarian Magazim^ Pala-
tine Note Bookf Gloucestershire Notes and Queries^ Bedford-
shire Notes and Queries, Midland Antiquary, Lancashire
and Cheshire Antiquarian Notes, and many others,

TO SUBSCRIBERS.

The Editor will ht very much obliged of those Sub-
scribers who have not yet paid their Subscriptious would re-
mit them at once, viz. — 6/6 for the current series, 1/2 for the
Index and Supplementary numbers of the last series, with
any other matters in arrear. Some Subscribers have fiuled
to send remittances for the Third Series, a few are still in
arrear on account of the Second Series, and some have
failed to pay for the First Series It is hoped that this
appeal will induce these non-remitting Subscriliers to send
their respective amounts to the Editor at once, as direct
application involves loss of time and expense, which ought
to ue avoided.

All remittances, as well as contributions for publication,
to be addressed to w. H. K. WRIGHT,

Editor, Western Antiquary,
8, Bedford Street, Plymouth.

THE

tq;gSTgi{]?

OR,

Bevon anb Cornwall flote^Book

No. 5,]

OCTOBER, 1884.

[Vol. 4.

LONDON AND SUBURBAN
RESIDENCES OF SIR W. RALEGH.

BY T. N. BRUSHFIELD, M.D.

HE following account of the London
and suburban residences of Sir Walter
Ralegh is based upon memoranda
accumulated for the purpose for some time
past, long prior to the appearance of your
correspondent's query on the subject (iij, 201).
I soon found it would not be sufficient to limit
the enquiry to London alone, but to embrace
a much wider field, extending even beyond
the present suburban district.

The list includes all the assignable residences
of which I have been able to obtain notice.
That Sir Walter's occupancy of some of them
is based on very weak evidence — tradition, or
an equally slender foundation — is certain ;
nevertheless, it appeared to me the better
plan to consider the whole of them in detail,
and to state, and to weigh as fairly as I could,
the claims of each.

I. West Horsley, Surrey. — The sugges-
tion that this may have been occupied by Sir
Walter Ralegh, emanates from, and is almost
entirely confined to, his biographer, Oldys, in
the following paragraph : —

" As to the scat at West Horsely in Surrey, there is
l^ood authority that it was in the possession of his son, as
will be further observed, if not his own; and in the hall of
that house, there are in several places of the walk and
deling the arms of Ralegh still visible." {Life prefixed to
Ifisi4try of World, 1736, p. Ixxiij).

The manor did not come into the possession
of the Carews of Beddington until 1629 —

eleven years after the death of Sir Walter —
who purchased it from the Montacute family.
In 1643, ** either by gift or demise*' it passed
into the hands of Sir Walter's son, Carew,
who, in 1665, sold it to Sir Edward Nicholas.

That it was ever occupied by Sir Walter, is
therefore extremely improbable.

2. Brixton, Surrey. — A correspondent in
N. &. Q, (6th S. VII., 8) writes " Raleigh
House. There is an Elizabethan house of this
name at Brixton Rise, S.W., and it has the
reputation of having been one of the residences
of Sir Walter Raleigh." Another {Ibid, 294-5)
states : —

''There is not only a tradition of Sir Walter's residence
there . . . but also of Queen Elizabeth having visited him
there, coming by a barge on the river Effra (long since
covered up). The story further nins that the queen
rewarded the bargeman with a piece of land at that part
of Kennington called Rush Common. This is said to be
recorded in the Lambeth Parish Books. There is no doubt
the house might very well have been Raleigh's residence,
from the date of its structure and fittings, the carved oak
panelling, staircase, and mantels are very fine."

This appears to be the same house alluded
to in an earlier number of N. S* Q, (2nd S.
IX. 243) with this additional information: —

" Opposite to Raleigh House, on the other side of the
road, there is another old house which is called Sir Walter
Raleigh's Dog- Kennel, and there is said to be a subterra-
neous passage under the road, forming a communication
between the two houses."

He further mentions, that although there is
no documentary evidence of Sir Walter having
inhabited it, the tradition that he did so is
very strong in the neighbourhood; and that
in Manning & Bray's Surrey, he " would seem

84

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

to be described as of Brixton." (In Vol. 3,
p. cvi. of the Appendix to that work, under
the heading of •' Portraits," is the following: —
** Raleigh, Sir Walter, West Horsely, Brixton :
by S. Pass and R. Vaughan.")

Mr. E. F. Rimbault (N. &. g., 2nd S. IX.
410) conjectures, with good reason, that the
house in question was occupied by "Captain
George Raleigh (Sir Walter's nephew), who
certainly resided in the parish of Lambeth."
His wife Judeth, who died in 1701, was
interred in Lambeth Church : —

** A little more Eastward is another small white Marble
Monument, and an Urn, gilded Mantling, and these Armes,
GuUj a Bend fusilcs Ar^ftt^ [Ralegh,] empaled with Sad/ej
a Crescent between two Mullets in Pale Argent, [Jermyn] ;
and this following inscription : —

Near this Place lyeth interred the Body

of Mrs. Judeth Ralegh, ihe

Wife of Capt. George Ralegh,

sometime Deputy Governour of the Island

of Jersey, and Daughter of Thomas

Jermyn of Rushbrook-Hall in

Suffolk, Esq. ; who departed this

Life, December the 14th, 1701."

[Aubrey's History of Surrey, Vol. 5 (1719). p. 254,]

That it was ever tenanted by Sir Walter
is exceedingly doubtful, notwithstanding the
tradition and the inscription on the portrait ;
the mention of West Horsley, on the latter,
increasing the doubt.

3. Beddington, Surrey. — The manor of
Beddington has been in the possession of the
Carew family since the middle of the 14th
century, and to this family Lady Ralegh, Sir
Walter's wife, belonged. Their residence,
Beddington House, was visited on several
occasions by royalt}^: in 1599, and 1600, by
Queen Elizabeth, and in 1603, by James L
According to Nichols (Royal Progresses, i, (1828)
164), it was **at Bedington, the beautiful
residence of Sir Francis Carew, the King
knighted Sir Nicholas Throgmorton." It
bears a melancholy interest for being the
place where Sir Walter had his last formal
interview with the king, at the time of this
royal visit, and with whom he ** found an
opportunit> of conversing ... on a subject

the distastefulness of which to the royal ears
he probably had then no reason to suspect."
(Edwards's Life of Sir W. /?., i, 364). This
subject was evidently the same as his Discourse
touching a War with Spain, and of the protecting
of the Netherlands, which Edwards believes
had been submitted to the King prior to the
interview, and having (according to the title
of the work first printed in 1702) been ** written
by the Command" of James. But apart from
this interesting episode, the mansion appears
to have been occupied from time to time by
Sir Walter. This is the opinion entertained
by both Oldys and Edwards. The latter
states : —

'* The place was a familiar one. He had there enjoyed
those happy hours of rare leisure which had only the more
zest from their brevity, and which Ral^h was wont to
enliven by taking his part in the pleasant toils of planting
and gardening." (Op. cit., i, 364).

Oldys mentions that : —

" In the house they preserv'd a fine cabbin-bed which
was his [Sir Walter's], having furniture of green silk and
legs carved like dolphins, girt with gold," (Op. cit., xxiij).

His memory however appears to cling to,
and to be better associated with the place,
through the celebrated orangery, the trees of
which, according to tradition, were either
brought over and planted by him, or were
raised from seed which he supplied. A writer
who described the Beddington garden at the
close of the same century (1691) affirmed it to
have "the best orangery in England. . . the
gardener. . . said he gathered oflf them at
least ten thousand oranges last year," fArchae-
ologin, xii., 182-3^.

The greater part of the mansion was rebuilt
about the year 1709, the only portion of the
ancient structure left undisturbed consisting
of the Great Hall, an excellent representation
of which, with its fine open timbered roof, is
given in Brayley & Brit ton's Surrey (iv. 68 J.

Beddington Church contains the burial place
of the Carew family. After the execution.
Lady Ralegh was desirous that Sir Walter's
body should be interred there, and wrote ro

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

85

her brother Sir Nicholas Carew for the requi-
site permission. (A copy of the letter is
printed in Manning & Bray's Survey ij. 527,
and Edwards Life ij\ 417). We possess no
information why this desire was not carried
out, or the reason for the interment being
made in St. Margaret's Church, Westminster.

That Beddington House, although never in
Sir Walter's possession, was his occasional
residence appears to be tolerably certain.

4, MiTCHAM, Surrey. — Lady Ralegh was
possessed in her own right, (having descended
to her from her father) of a house and estate
in this parish, of especial value and interest
to herself from their " nearness to her brother's
beautiful seat at Beddington."

When Sir Walter was released from the
Tower to make preparations for his last disas-
trous voyage to Guiana, Lady Ralegh provided
a portion of the necessary funds by disposing
of this property, for the sum of ;^2,500, to
Thomas Plummer, *• a sacrifice" (writes Mrs.
A. T. Thomson, Life of Sir W. R. 369). "by
which she was reduced eventually almost to
beggary, but which proved her confidence in
the good faith of her husband, and of her
belief both in the practicability of his scheme,
and in his intentions of fulfilling his posses-
sions regarding Guiana." ^

The ** mansion was at the corner of Wykford-
lane ; and, until within these few years, it was
known, while occupied as a boarding-school,
by the name of Raleigh-house." (Brayley &
Britton's Surrey, iv,go), Lysons (Op. cit. iv. 600)
however, declares **the house is not that which
is now called Ralegh house, but another in
the tenure of John Bond, Esq." This last
author (Op. cit. Supp. vol.47), makes a curious,
but I think untenable, suggestion, that "Sir
Walter Ralegh might have inherited his estate
in Mitcham from Sir John Ralegh, whose
widow held lands in this parish."

We possess no definite information that it
was ever occupied by Sir Walter, although it
is more than probable that he visited it
occasionally, during his sojourns at Bedding-
ton.

5, Beckenham, Kent. — The Builder oi Sept.
17, 1864. is responsible for the statement that
at Beckenham, ** a great many houses. . . now
in course of construction on Fox Grove Farm
are on the spot, or very near to it, on which,
three centuries since, potatoes were first culti-
vated by Sir Walter Raleigh, whose residence
was close by where Fox Grove Farmhouse
now is." A correspondent in N, & Q, (4th S.
iii. 480) declared that " no such tradition exists
at Beckenham," and no confirmation of the
statement has subsequently appeared.

6, Mile End, Middlesex. — In the Church
Register of St. Dunstan, Stepney, is the entry :

** A man-servant of Sir Walter Raylie, from
Mile-end, buried Aug. 26, 1596;" on this
Lysons {Op, cit. iii. 451), makes the following
comment: — **It seems probable, that this
celebrated navigator and historian had then
a residence at Mile- end."

None of the ordinary biographies contain
any allusion to Sir Walter having had a house
in this suburb, nevertheless, that Lysons'
suggestion is by no means improbable will be
evident from the following : —

A letter "from Myle End, the 3rd May,
1596," was addressed by Sir Walter to Sir
Robert Cecil, commencing ** This bearer, my
ancient servaunt, Charles Carlie," and recom-
mending him for a grant of certain lands in
Ireland, (Edwards Op. cit, ij. 127). A second
letter to Sir Robert Cecil was sent to him by
Lady Ralegh in July, 1596. "from Mil end,
this Wensday," respecting the return of L.
Keymis, from Guiana, {/bid. ij. 402). The
noticeable point is that these two letters are
dated respectively, 4 and 2 months previous
to the entry in the Stepney register.

Does it not appear probable from these few
facts that the suburban residence was held by
the family a short period during the year
1596 — perhaps for the purpose of recruiting
the healths of Lady Ralegh and her son
Walter, at that time about three years of
age?

86

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

7, Pied Bull Inn, Islington. — **At the
time [1603] King James passed through Isling-
ton, what is now the * Pied Bull Inn ' was the
mansion of Sir Walter Ralegh." So declares
Nichols (Progresses of K. James I., i. 140^ in
the year 1828. On the other hand Lysons
(Op. cit. iij., 138) affirms this * tradition' to
be * altogether groundless,' evidently basing
this assertion on the following paragraph
which he prints as a footnote: —

**01dys, in his life of Sir Walter Raleigh in the
Biographia Britannica, says there is no proof of it ; and
John Shirley of Islington, who wrote a life also of that
celebrated man, says nothing of his residence there."

This statement of Lysons is erroneous and
misleading. It is true that Shirley in his Life
of Sir W. R., published in 1677, makes no
mention of a residence at Islington, but then
he omits all reference to any other. Again,
Oldys did not write the life in the Biog. Brit.,
but the actual writer (v. 3475) quotes from
Oldys * that there is no good proof.' It is a
very remarkable circumstance that notwith-
standing the absence of positive information
on the subject, Oldys so far from assenting to
Lysons' opinion, appears to hold an exactly
contrary one. Here is what he says: —

** There is a house no farther from London than Isling-
ton, about a bow's-shot on this side of the Church, which,
tho* I think it has no such evidences remaining upon its
walls, ciclings, or windows, that will prove him to have
been its owner, the arms that are seen there, above a hun-
dred years old, being of a succeeding inhal)itant ; is yet
popularly reported to have been a villa of his. For the
present tenant affirms, *his landlord' (Justice Milner, late
of Ilatton-Garden) * was possess'd of some old account-
books, by which it appears beyond all doubt this house and
fourteen acres of land, now let at about seventy pounds
per Ann., did belong to Sir Walter Kalcgh ; and that the
oldest man in the parish* (Mr. Whitford, as I remember,
lately deceas VI) 'would often declare his father had told
him. Sir Waller purposed to wall in that ground, with in-
tention to keep S(mie of his horses therein." {Oj>. cit.
Ixxiij. iv.)

There is a full description of the house in
Nelson's Islington (ed. 1823, 1 17-123), which
contains so much that is interesting on this
subject, and tends so greatly to confirm
Nichols' opinion that I am tempted to make
a long quotation from it : —

" The Old Pied Bull Inn, near the Green, appears from
its architecture to have been built in the Reign of Queen
Elizabeth. The parlour, on the right hand of the entrance
from the street, seems to have been a principal room, and
is ornamented accordingly, in the prevailing taste of that
age. A window of this room, contains the arms of Sir
John Miller, Knt. of Islington and Devon ; impaling those
of Grigg of Suffolk. In the kitchen are the remains of
the same arms, with the date 1624. . . The first men-
tioned arms in the parlour window are inclosed within
an ornamental border, consisting of two mermaids, each
crested with a globe ; as many sea-horses supporting a
bunch of green leaves over the shield, and the lower part
contains a green and a grey parrot, the former eating fruit*
Adjoining to this is another compartment in the window,
representing a green parrot perched on a wreath, under a
pediment, within a border of figures and fiowers, but
which does not seem to have been intended for any ar-
morial design. . . It is the general tradition that this
house was the residence of the brave, but unfortunate. Sir
Walter Raleigh. . . From the popularity and antiquity
of this tradition, which may be traced back for more than
century, together with the circumstance of this village being
a frequented by his Royal mistress, and inhabited by several
worthies of the time of Elizabeth, there is great reason to
believe that the report is well founded. It is true that the
arms of Sic Walter have never been found on the premises,
while those of Sir John Miller, who, it is certain, resided
here in the reign of James, are yet to be seen ; these arms,
however, bear date eight years after Sir Walter was be-
headed, probably the lime when Sir John Miller came to
reside here. . . It is, indeed, not improbable that the
arms of Sir Walter may have occupied the same lK>rder
that now contains the arms of the other Knight, as such a
change could have been easily effected at any time in a
leaden casement window. This conjecture is somewhat
strengthened by this very border ; inasmuch as it is composed
of sea-horses, mermaids, parrots, &c. , which certainly bear
an appropriate allusion to the character of Sir Weaker, as
a great navigator and discoverer of unknown countries. The
bunch of green leaves before mentioned has been generally
asserted to represent the tobacco plant, of which he is said
to have been the first importer into this country." (pp,
117-120.)

(This latter is termed a tobacco plant in an
article on the Pied Bull Inn in the Gents, Mag.
for 1 79 1, pt. I, p. 17, and the place itself is
called ** Sir W. Rawlegh's House.") At p. 123,
Nelson continues : —

*' At what time this house was converted into an inn
does not appear. The sign of the Pied Bull, worked in
relief on the front towards the S. end, bears the date 1730^
probably the time when this additional part was made to
the building, for here it is not so ancient nor of the same
elevation as the other part of the structure."

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

87

Defoe in his History of the Plague mentions
it as an inn in 1665.

There is an engraving of the North side of
the building (which ** seems to have been
originally the front ") in Nelson's work, p. 117,
and another in Thornbury's Old and New Lon-
don, ij. 258. One taken apparently at a later
date, when the house was divided into several
tenements, is given in the Gents, Mag, for 1791,
p. 17, a woodcut copy of which appears in
Whitehead's Life of Sir W, /?., p. 106.

There is no direct evidence of Sir Walter
having resided in this house, but the tradition
and facts above recorded, appear to testify
strongly in favor of its probability.

8, Old Queen's Head Inn, Islington. —
Nelson (Op, cit, 352J mentions that this ** has
been coupled with the name of our gallant
countryman Sir Walter Raleigh, who has been
said, if not to have built, at least to have
patronized this house, and to have made it
one of his smoking taverns," addmg the con-
jecture that as Sir Walter held the monopoly
of wine licences throughout England that this
may have been ** one the taverns so licensed by
him, and that the Queen's Head was adopted
as the sign of the house, in compliment to his
royal mistress."

The tradition as to Sir Walter's connection
with it is weak and untenable. The conjecture
as to the origin of the sign is so far improb-
able, that it is exceedingly doubtful if an inn
existed there at all in his life-time, or that the
house was converted into one until some years
after his death. There is a far greater prob-
ability that it was the residence of the Lord
Treasurer Burleigh.

There are engravings of it in the Gents, Mag,
for 1794, ij 513 ; European Mag. for 1808, i, 166;
and i^elson's Islington, 342; the best represent-
ation of it, however, is given in Britton's
Architect, Antiq, (ij. 92) the plate being dated
i8o8, by which we can better realise Nelson's
assertion as to its being **one of the most per-
fect specimens of ancient domestic archi-
tecture remaining in the neighbourhood of

London, or perhaps in the whole Kingdom."
According to the History of Signboards it was
taken down in 1829.

Along the Islington road, a number of
separate mansions appear to have been erected
during the Tudor period, and it was then
probably deemed a pretty suburban district.
Their situation, along one of the great ap-
proaches to London from the North, caused
them when they ceased to be the residences
of the upper class, to be converted into inns,
for which their size rendered them specially
eligible. The Pied Bull was one, the Queen's
Head another, and a third is linked with the
latter in the following doggrel couplet : —

" The Queen's Head and Crown, in Islington town,
Bore, for its brewing, the highest renown."

(To be continued.)

lii # lii

GEORGE ODGER, COBBLER AND

POLITICIAN.

BY GEORGE C. BOASE.

HIS remarkable man, a great favourite
with a large majority of the work-
ing classes in Great Britain and
Ireland, was born at Jump, since re-named
Roborough, a village on the main road leading
from Plymouth to Tavistock — in the year
1813. His father John Odger, was a Cornish-
man, a miner who had left his native county
and settled in Devonshire. The elementary
education of George Odger, was limited to a
rustic school and consisted of its simplest
rudiments. At an early age, as soon as he
was considered capable of handling the awl
and setting a stitch, he was duly enrolled
under the wide-spread banner of St. Crispin.
In these unfavourable circumstances he became
a lover of books and a great reader, especially
of dramatic literature, in such intervals of
time as he could snatch from days and nights
of labour. He then commenced a course of
study and self-culture, began to think, and
even occasionally to write. Having served

88

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

the full time of his apprenticeship, he went
forth to seek employment in other scenes
amongst strangers. He travelled throughout
the greater part of England, working first at
one place and then at another. Sometime
about 1837, he commenced his political career
and spoke at various public meetings on the
important subject of Reform, and from that
period, he continued to take a very promi-
nent part in most of the public movements
affecting the progress of the people and parti-
cularly among Trade Unionists, indeed he
was regarded as the veritable chief of trade
unions, more especially of that section touch-
ing his own trade. The important part he
enacted as a mediator in the Liverpool and
Kendal strikes will be long remembered, when,
if not quite successful in his efforts to restore
peace, it was admitted that his partial failure
resulted from the fact that he was sent for at
too late a period of the quarrel. When ma-
chines were first introduced into the boot
trade, they were strenuosly opposed by the
workmen, and numerous disputes arose be-
tween the masters and the men, but George
Odger showed the folly of such opposition
and considerably modified the views of work-
men on this subject. While in the employment
of Mr. Charles Goodyear, of Leicester Square,
London, in 1850, the well known inventor of
india rubber boots and shoes, he materially
assisted that gentleman in his several patents.
The International Association for the frater-
nization of the workpeople of all nations was
first suggested, and chiefly founded through
the instrumentality of G. Odger, and the first
address to the workmen of France, upon the
occasion of their visit to England, is from his
pen. He was one of the foremost men in
connection with the Reform League, and his
general conduct, gave a character to that influ-
ential body. There can be no doubt that
his able advocacy of Liberal principles had
considerable weight with the Government, and
introduced him to many eminent legislators.
His interviews with Mr. Gladstone regarding
his Reform Bill for the extension of the fran-
chise, drew from that statesman, according to

The Times and other journals, an acknowledg-
ment of his obligations to him. His connection
with the Reform League led to his candidature,
in 1868, for the newly constituted borough of
Chelsea, but, upon it being represented to him
that he was dividing the Liberal interest, he, at
the request of the working men, accepted arbi-
tration ; and, the result being against him, he
left Chelsea. Although calumniated by the Pall
Mall Gazette and other papers, testimonials as
to his character and talents are not wanting.

Mr. Charles Neate, Professor of Political
Economy and M.P. for the city of Oxford,
said : — ** As a member of the House of Com-
mons I have more than once come in contact
with Mr. Odger, and that upon points as to
which we did not agree. He appeared to me to
be of singularly good manners as well as good
sense and discretion ; I hear from others that
he is a very effective speaker, and if the work-
ing men are to have a representative of their
own in Parliament, I know of no man more
fit for the place by his abilities than Mr.
Odger." Professor Henry Fawcett, the present
Postmaster-General, also wrote: — " Mr. Odger
was a man of remarkable ability, he was a
good speaker, and he has most carefully
studied the various economic questions which
relate to capital and labour. Working men
are often accused of being suspicious; Mr.
Odger occupied a prominent public position
for many years, and I have never heard a
a word of suspicion against his honesty or
fidelity."

Continuing his business — Ji working boot-
maker, Mr. Odger at the same time became well-
known as a public lecturer on Retrenchment,
Reform, the Land Question, the advantages
of a Republican form of government, and other
topics. In many places he received payment
for his services, but he never refused to address
assemblies of working men who were not in a
condition to pay entrance money. Many of
the inhabitants of the Three Towns will well
remember hearing him speak in the Circus, and
how they returned home fully impressed with
his abilities and his sincerity.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

89

In 1872, he brought an action against The
Figaro, a London newspaper, which had
Hbelled him in his private character, when,
ahhough the jury gave a verdict against him,
the result of his cross-examination by the
Attorney - General redounded much to his
credit, and confirmed his friends in the good
opinion they had previously held of his
character.

He stood for the borough of Stafford in
1869, when it was decided to take a prelimi-
nary ballot of the Liberal votes, the result
being that he, amongst others, had to retire.
In the Bristol election for 1870, his name was
at one time placed before the constituency.
He contested the borough of South wark, 17th
Feb., 1870, and polled 4,382 votes, Colonel
Beresford, the successful candidate for the
vacant seat, obtaining 6,686. On 7th Feb.,
1874, he again came forward to represent this
metropolitan constituency, and he then polled
3,496, the votes given for the two winning
candidates being 5901 and 5746. The death
of Mr. George Odger took place on Sunday,
4th March, 1877, at his residence, 17, High
Street, Bloomsbury, London, after a long
illness originating from heart disease, and
complicated by diabetes and dropsy. He was
63 years of age. At the last Trade Union
Congress at Newcastle, when it was found
that his health was giving way, subscriptions
were started for the wants of his declining
years. The response to this appeal was liberal
and prompt, and enabled him to have the best
medical assistance and every comfort during
his illness. The interment took place at
Brompton cemetery on the loth March, when
a long procession, including many members of
Parliament and other persons of influence,
followed his remains. His widow died in
Dec, 1882. A sum of ;^i40o had previously
been collected for her and her children ; out
of this she received a weekly stipend, and
on her decease the balance was divided be-
tween her three surviving children, James,
(who is paralyzed) John, and Jane.

This is the history of a Devonshire man,
one who from the position of a cobbler rose,
not to wealth, for he lived and died a poor
man, but to an honourable position amongst
his fellow workmen. He was looked up to as
an arbitrator, and was a very favourable type
of the English political working man, who
would, if he had lived and obtained a seat in
Parliament, have been a great authority on
the labour question. The following list will
show that George Odger has a claim to have
his name included in the Devonshire Biblio-
graphy.

Rhymes for the People, — Paul Copse the Poacher, By
George Odger. London: Published at the Office
of St. Crispin, 1871. 4to, x.j^. id. 7 verses of 8 lines.

Odger" s Monthly Pamphlets on Current Events, London :
Published at 7, Holywell Street, 1872. 8vo. No. I,
RepublicaniMi versus Monarchy^ pp. 16. No. 2,
Crimes of English Monarchs^ pp. 16. No further
numbers published.

Odger^s Reply to the Attorney- Getural^ ivith a Full Report
of the Trial, Odgers v, Janus Mortimer, Editor of

the Figaro, London: Frederick Farrah, 1873, 8vo.,
pp. 16.

The Employment of Criminals. The Cofiiemporary
Review, xv. 463-78 (1870).

The Working Man in Parliament, ib. xvi. 102-123,(1871).

The Land Question, ib. xvii. 23-42.

* * *

FROG STREET:

OR A NOTICE OF SOMB INSTANCES OF THE NAME
OF FROG, APPLIED TO STREETS, LANES, AND

PLACES.

BY JAMES H. PRING, M.D.

mHE importance which attaches to the
ancient names of streets and ways is
now so generally acknowledged, that
there is no longer any occasion to insist upon
it. The street-names of the metropolis, for
example, have been shown to have rendered
no inconsiderable aid in an attempt which
was made to " reconstruct the history of Old
London" from this source alone, and the
value of many of the ancient names of streets
and lanes in country towns and districts will
be found to be no less marked.

go

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

And as the notice of every instance of the
kind must be regarded as a contribution
tending to invest the subject with increased
interest, I shall make no apology for drawing
attention on this occasion to the frequency
with which the name of •* Frog" was formerly
associated with places, streets, and lanes, and
shall accordingly furnish a list of some in-
stances in which it thus occurs. I am led
more especially to do this, as from some
cause there appears now to be a growing
tendency to supersede this name by substitu-
ting some other in its stead, and it is thus
becoming comparatively rare, and even threat-
ens, in towns at least, to become altogether
exploded. Taking the names of Places first,
the following are some instances in which the
name of " Frog " occurs.

Places bearing the name of ** Frog."

** The Mount of Frogs," now known as
Brent Knoll, in Somerset. Alluded to by Mr.
Freeman in his Address to the Somerset
Archaeological Society, at Glastonbury, 1880.

Frog well, the only village in the parish of
Callington, Cornwall.

Frogwell, E. of Kingsbridge Road Station,
Devon, with Dipford near.

Frogwell, N.E. of Axminster, Devon.

Frogwell, N.W. of Tiverton.

Frogmore. St. Albans, Hertfordshire.

Frogmore, near Windsor, Berkshire.

Frogmoor, S.E. of Dodbrooke, Devon.

Froghole, S.E. of Badgworth, Somerset.

Froghouse, N. of Whitchurch, Canonicorum,
Dorset.

Frogpool, N. of Broadwindsor, Dorset.

Frog-pit-moor, between Raddington, Som-
erset, and Rampton, Devon.

Frogmary (mere ?), near Watergore, South
Petherton, Somerset.

Frogland, between Iron Acton and Almonds-
bury, near Bristol.

Frogland, near Bishop's Tawton, Devon.

Frog Street and Frog Lane.

The names of Frog Street and Frog Lane
appear to have existed from a very early
period in Saxon times; in fact, the association
of the name of Frog with "street,** where it
is found in country districts, cannot be held
in any way to militate against the Roman
significance usually attaching to the latter
word in its derivation from stratum, but where
"frog street** occurs in such situations, it must
be regarded as having been imposed at a
period which followed very closely upon the
termination of the Roman occupation of
Britain. The same remark may be considered
as equally applicable in many instances to
Frog Lane also. In his observations upon
the names of places in his Sahpia Antiqua,
Hartshome, treating of the word '* Lane,**
states that " several Roman ways have this
appellation," of which he then gives numerous
examples, and the first instance of Frog Lane
which I shall here cite would seem to lend
marked confirmation to his statement.

Frog Lane.

Froglane, near Silchester, Hampshire.
"The entrenched line which leaves the south
gate of the outer rampart of Silchester, enters
the parish of Pamber, and continues to form
the east boundary of the wood till we come to
Frog Lam,'' (Proceedings of the Archaeologi-
cal Institute, Oxtord, 1850, Article Silcluster^
p. 105).

Frog Lane, existed formerly in Bristol, " Via
vocata Froglane." (Wycester's Itinerary by
Dallaway, p. 131).

Frog Lane, near Frome, Somerset.

Frog Lane, existed formerly in Bath, but is
now superseded by the more fashionable title
of " New Bond Street."

Frog Lane, Islington, now called " Popham
Road,"

Frog Lane, Cheddar, Somerset.

Frog Lane, Stoke St. Gregory, near Taun-
ton, Somerset.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

91

Frog Strbbt.

Frogstreete, in Wigmore Hund., Hereford-
shire. (Spelman).

Frogstreet, in Nottingham.

Frog street, existed formerly in Bristol.
" Longitudo venellae* vocatae Frogstrete."
(Wycester's Itinerary, p. 129).

Frog street, Beer Crocombe, Somerset.

Frog street, Bishop's Lydeard, Somerset.

Frog street, near Staplegrove, Taunton,
Somerset.

Frog street, TniU, Somerset, with Dipford
near.

Frog street, Minehead, Somerset.

Frog street, S. of Kentisbury, N. Devon.

Frog street, S. of Chittlehampton, Devon,
with Diptford near.

Frog street, N. of Arlington, N. Devon.

Frog street, in Exeter.

Frog street, till lately in Tiverton, now
called •' Castle Street."

The above list is no doubt capable of being
greatly extended.

Apart from the fact that frogs were deemed
not unworthy to supply a theme for the muse
of the immortal Homer, it is sufficiently ap-
parent from the above list, and from their
having furnished names to so many streets and
places, that they must have been held in much
greater estimation in early Saxon times, than
they are at the present day. It would seem
also that they must have been much more
abundant, if we may judge from the name of
" Frog street *' occurring so frequently even in
towns and cities. It has been deemed well,
just to note the frequent occurrence also of
Dipford or Diptford with Frog street, the two
names being often found closely associated.

* Can any of your readers furnish the meaning of this
word, veneiial J. H. P.

Lastly, I would observe that the names ot
Frog-street and Frog-lane prevail much more
abundantly over the Western Counties than
in other parts of Enghnd, a circumstance
which leads me to indulge a hope that these
few stray notes on this subject may not prove
altogether unsuitable for the pages of the
WesUm Antiquary,

* * *

JOSEPH PITTS OF EXETER, THE
MECCA PILGRIM.

BY G. TOWNSEND.

mHE following article appeared in the
Exeter Gazette Telegram of the 19th
Feb., 1884, suggested by a head-line
in that paper — " Reported Secret Mission to
Mecca'* in connexion with the disturbances
in the Soudan — its reproduction in the Western
Antiquary may interest the readers of that
periodical, as it exhibits the romantic career of
an Exeter man who penetrated the "mystery
of Mecca," the Mahommedan sacred en-
closure : —

In the Quarterly Review, vol. 42 (1830), an
article, entitled " Pilgrimages to Mekka and
Medina," reviews Burckhardt's travels in
Arabia, and gives the following notice of
Pitts: — "Our next traveller in Arabia (after
Lodovico Barthema) is Joseph Pitts, of Exeter.
This youth, at the age of 14 or 15, desirous of
seeing foreign countries, shipped himself as a
sailor, contrary to the wishes of his mother, in
the year 1678. The ship was captured by a
Moorish pirate and carried into Algiers, where
he and the rest of the crew were sold into
slavery, in which condition he remained fif-
teen years, having in the course of that time
served three masters." The extract from the
Quarterly is too long to be entirely quoted. In
brief, it may be said of Pitts that he was most
brutally treated in Algiers, compelled to turn
Mahommedan, and on being transferred to a
more humane master was taken to Medina
and Mecca, and has left behind him a curious
little book containing an accurate account of

n

92

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

his travels, his freedom, and return ** home to
dear Exeter." There are three editions of
this book, although the second edition was not
recognized by the author, being surreptitious.
The first edition (1704) is dedicated to William
Ray, Esq., late Consul of Smyrna, who pro-
cured Pitts's liberty. The third edition (1731)
is dedicated to the Lord High Chancellor
King (an Exeter man), and the preface is dated
from ** Exon, May 28, 1731.*' The Exeter
Institution Library contains a copy of the first
and of the third editions.

The following is from the third edition: —
" When I was about 14 or 15 years of age my
genius led me to be a sailor, and to see foreign
countries, much contrary to my mother's mind,
though my father seemed to accede to my
humour and recommended short voyages.
My fancy was to range further abroad, for
which I sufficiently suffered, as in the sequel
of the story will appear. I shipp'd myself on
Easter Tuesday, Anno 1678, with one Mr.
George Taylor, Master of the Speedwelly of
Lymson, near Exeter (Mr. Alderman George
Tuthill, of Exon, owner), bound to the West-
ern Islands, from thence to Newfoundland,
from thence to Bilboa, from thence to the
Canaries, and so home, had God permitted.
We got safe to Newfoundland ; and our busi-
ness being ended there, with a fair wind «ve set
sail for Bilboa ; and after we had been out
about 40 days from Newfoundland, coming
near the coast of Spain (which we knew was
the place whence the Algerines us'd to haunt
for poor ships that came from the westward),
we looked out sharp for ships, avoiding all we
saw ; but especially did we look out in the
morning at sun- rising and in the evening at
sun-setting. But this anxiety and care was
all in vain, for Mr. Jno. Milton, mate, from
the top-mast-head reported * a sail/ and very
shortly after the Rover came up, boarded the
Speedwell^ took out her crew and what other-
wise they thought fit and necessary for their
use. They sunk her; for being laden with fish
they thought it not worth while to carry or
send home to Algiers. Four other English

ships were taken, and one Dutch ; all of them
were sunk."

In this voyage the Rovers captured 30
persons, all of whom were placed in irons in
the hold of the vessel, and when landed at
Algiers were sold by auction. Pitts*s first
master was a monster of cruelty, who beat
him and tortured him for mere pastime. His
second master treated him somewhat better
at first and was most urgent that he should
turn Turk; but his continued resistance to
this proposal brought upon him so much
violence and sufferings that at last he says : —
** After I had endured this merciless usage so
long, till I was ready to faint and die under it,
and saw him as mad and implacable as ever,
I beg'd him to forbear, and I would turn."
So the poor fellow was driven to this extremity
through the intensity of his sufferings and
fear of death, and to increase his melancholy
and despondency at this apostasy he received
a letter from his father entreating him not to
fall from his faith. This letter he was able to
answer, and had the comfort of receiving
another letter from his father, which afforded
him much support and comfort.

Pitts's third master, a Turkish gentleman,
took him to Mecca, and on their return gave
him his liberty. He now became a soldier,
and was eventually placed in the Algerian
fleet, found his way to Smyrna, and thence
effected his escape, through the help of Mr.
William Ray, the English Vice-Consul there.
His troubles were not quite at an end, on
reaching his native land, for a cruel press-gang
took possession of him, and he was lodged in
Colchester Gaol, to be transferred to the
Dreadfiought man-of-war. He had a friend,
however, in Sir William Falkener, a member
of the Turkey Company, who effected his
release. " After which I made what haste I
could home to dear Exeter, where I at last
safely came, to the great joy of my relations
and friends, who had buried me in their
thoughts long before."

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

95

-• ■— fc-

The third edition of Pitts's narrative, only
contains the particulars of his return to Ex-
eter: — ** When I came to the city I thought it
would not be prudent to make myself known
to my father at once, lest it should quite over-
come him/' and so he prudently found an old
friend, one Benjamin Chapel, who broke the
news to his father, and brought him speedily
to the public-house where he was staying.
** The house was soon filled with the neighbour-
hood, who came to see me. What joy there
was at such a meeting, I leave the reader to
conceive of, for 'tis not easily expressed. The
first words my father said to me were, 'Art
thou my son Joseph ? ' with tears. * Yes, father,
I am,' said I. He immediately led me home
to his house, many people following us ; but he
shut the door against them, and would admit
no one, till falling on his knees, he had returned
thanks to God for my signal deliverance. My
mother died about a year before my return."
He concludes his narrative with an offer of
praise: — "For my own part, I hope I shall
never forget the wonderful goodness of the
Lord towards me, whose blessed name I shall
desire to glorify in the sight of all men. To
Him, therefore, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit,
three Persons and one God, be all honour,
glory, and praise, world without end. Amen."

P.S. — I am under obligation to Mr. Rye,
late of Clifton-hill, Exeter, who kindly tran-
scribed for me the notice from the Quarterly ^
and the notices of the several editions. Cap-
tain Burton, who made the pilgrimage in 1853,
mentions a fourth edition.

The Library Chronicle for August, 1884, contains an
article on ** Mrs. Bray and her Writings," by G. C. Boase.
This article, with the bibliographical list of the works of
that talented lady, we have permission to transfer to the
pages of the Western Antiquary, and shall take the earliest
opportunity of presenting the same to our subscribers.

In connection with the late public opening of the
Smeaton Memorial Tower on Plymouth Hoe, Mr. John
Smith, of Old Town Street, Plymouth, has published a
sketch of the " Eddystone Lighthouses, and their History ;
with portrait of Smeaton and illustrations of the various
Lighthouses." An illustration of the re-erected tower, as
it stands on Plymouth Hoe is also given.

• ♦ flDinor flotcs- ♦

Debr Park, in Buckbrbll Parish, Near Honi-
TON. — As the Deer Parks of Devon are attracting a con-
siderable share of interest at the present time, I would just
draw attention to the occurrence of the name of the parish
of Buckerell, near Honiton. Deer Park, in Buckerell,
was forraeriy the seat of a branch of the ancient &mily of
Fry, and during the incumbency of the late Rev. Edwin
Coleridge, I have seen the Fry Arms on a hatchment in
Buckerell Church. The last heir male was Henry Fry,
Esq., of Deer Park, who died 1772. I presume the name
in this instance must be held to indicate the former existence
here of an actual Deer Park. J. H. P.

Taunton.

Charge for Horses and Carriages, to Lon-
don, 1665. — The following may be interesting to some,
as showing the charge made for a carriage and horses from
Exeter to London, in 1655.

In the life of Sir Marmaduke Rawdon, of York ; it
says "They lay at Excester; the next day being Saturday,
they spent in vewinge the Cittie and Cathedrall, as also in
hiringe a coach with six horses for London, for which,
because they would have itt wholy to themselves, they
gave the full hire beinge twelve-pounds. Sunday, they
spent fore-none and after-none in hearinge of sermons ;
and on Monday mominge they prepared for their joumie.
Exeter. E. Parfitt.

>t

«

«

Joanna Southcoit Bible.— The following is a
cutting from a recent catalogue of second-hand books. I
have seen the work, and can testify to its l>eiDg unique, and
costly : —

** Joanna Southcott Bible, Holy Bible, containing the
Old and New Testaments and Apocrypha, with Marginal
References, Large and thick paper copy, royal 410, hand-
somely bound in red morocco extra, the sides and back
elaborately tooled with curious symbolic monograms and
devices, and lettered on the back. This Holy Bible is the
Gift of a Family by Faith to the Promised Seed. The
edges are gilt and lettered with the Word Shiloh, and
I.H.S., several times repeated. It has also watered silk
linings, gilt tooled, broad borders of gold inside the
covers, and morocco joints, £l'i los. Lond., Eyre and
Strahan, 1806.

"This volume is unique and of unusual interest, having
been bound at an enormous cost (about £s^) and intended
for a present to the Second Shiloh, whom Joanna South-
cott and her followers believed she was about to give birth
to in the year 1814, notwithstanding her age at this time
was over sixty. Detached is a morocco tablet explanatory
on the mysterious signs and symbols."
Budleigh-Salterton. T. N. Brushfield, m.d

94

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY,

Devonshire Epitaphs. — If the following have not
already been printed, you may deem them worthy of
insertion in the IVesiem Antiquary, I copied them my-
self recently.

From St. MARY'S CHURCHYARD, TOTNES.

Nostra semper cura fiot in ntorie relinquunt.

Here Edward LuJu full six feet deep in Earth
Lies stretch'd at Length, who almost from his Birth
Was mending Soles, tho' having Strength of Breath
Was ever at his end, yet fear'd not death ;
Among his Friends so joyous and so gay,
No boundless passions him did lead away,
Mirth calPd him Brother and he did fulfil
The Laws laid down by Mirth's own merry will.
Young Luke some call'd him, ah ! how alter'd now
For underneath he lies^with wrinkled brow.

Reader beware, for at one single call
We go from hence, for God is all in all.

Obiit 2J Die December, 1800.
y£tatis 7^.

From a brass in the chancel of St. Saviour's, Dart-
mouth : —

**Here Lyeth the body of Gilbart Staplehill once
Maior of Dartmouth. Dyed the 13 of February 1637.

ikhold thy selfe by mee

I was as thou art now
And thou in time shalt be

Even dust as I am now
So doth this figure paynt to thee

The form and state of eche degree.

Exeter. J. S. ArxwooD.

Sayings of Sir Francis Drake. —The sayings of
eminent men are often interesting as showing character, so
the sayings of the great Devonshire circumnavigator, full
of quaint humour and concentrated force, as related by
Prince, are not void of interest, especially to Devonshire
men. Let me quote a few : —

" I. Friendship. When his friend Brute Browne
(brother of the pr>ei Browne) of Pastoral fame was in battle
killed, Drake said : — * I could grieve for thee, dear Brute,
but now 'tis m time to let down my spirits. ' The resolu-
tion not to grieve for duty's sake has some wisdom in it."

" 2. Encouragement to men. At Nombre de Dios,
he said : — * He had now brought them to the mouth of the
treasury of the World, which, if they did not gain, none
but themselves were to be blamed.' To the same class
belongs his traditional saying on Plymouth Hoe, when
P'leming reported the Armada as in sight : — * Let us finish
the game of bowls, it will be time enough to Bght the
Spaniards afterwards,* or words to that effect."

<<

3. Satire. He told a Spaniard he 'wanted onlf
some of their silver and gold which they got out of the
earth and sent into Spain to trouble all the Earth.* To
this class may be put his famous joke about * singeing the
King of Spain's beaid ' — that famous tawny beard of cnid
Philip n., — ^in his Cadiz expedition ; and his sarcastic guess
that Medina Sidonia wished himself home among the
orange groves of St. Mary Port, instead of fighting Drake
and Effingham in the stormy * narrow seas ' between Eng-
land and Flanders."

'*4. Generosity. When Drake threw the present of
the Symeron Chief into the common stock, he said: —
' That it was just that those who bore part of the charge
with him in setting him to sea, should likewise enjoy their
full proportion of the advantage at his return."

** 5. Devotion. Divino Auxilio — *with Divine aid,*
was Drake's motto. He added it to Tu primus circum'
dedisti m€f 'Thou first didst compass me about,' given to
him on his great voyage."

*'6. His reputed last words, f.<., his request to die
like a soldier, f.^., in his uniform and cuirass, and also
tradition says, his wish to come back and see the world
put right after his decease. "

'* Perhaps Drake had no better panegyrist than his de-
feated foe, Don Pedro de Valdez, who said : — *They were all
resolved to have died fighting had they not fallen into his
hands, whose felicity and valour was so great, that Mars
the god of war, and Neptune the god of the sea seemed to
wait upon all his enterprises ; and whose noble and gen-
erous courage had been often experienced by his foes."

W. S. Lacu-Szyrma.
* * *

Wistman's Wood and the Forest of Dartmoor.
— I have been a wanderer over the Moor for the last 50
years. In one of my fishing trips about 30 years ago, I
rambled as far as East Dart head and Cranmere. Near
the head of the river I found a large branch of a tree pro-
truding about six feet above the bc^. This induced me to
make a further search, and about 150 yards from the branch
so found, I discovered a large tree, prostrate, which seemed
to have been brought to light by the washing away of some
of the adjacent bog by a heavy flood, or floods, of rain.
The tree was resting upon a bed of granite over which the
bc^ had accumulated to the depth of five or six feet ; ihe
trunk of the tree was from 18 to 20 feet in length, with a
diameter of from a foot to 18 inches. It should be par-
ticularly observed, that within a few yards of this spot,
you can look down upon Okehampton on the North, and
and the South Hams on the South, in view at the same
time, and being therefore the apex of that part of the
Moor.

About six years ago, having joined my brother at
Orcheton, of which he was the occupant for some months in
the summer, he expressed a wish to see the tree. We
arrived at the spot, but to our great disappointment the
tree had disappeared, again buried by the same agency

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

95

that had disentovbed it, viz. — heavy floods. However, I
was not inclined to be beaten, and proceeded to make ex-
amination in the gully under the spot where the tree had
been lying ; our search was successful, a branch being
found five feet down in the bc^: this we extracted and
I took a portion home, which I subsequently gave to Mr.
Spence Bate. We also found in the immediate locality,
portions of other branches of the tree, which had been
used for fiiel to boil the kettles of pic-nic parties to Cran-
mere. While at Orcheton, I found two other trunks of
trees in the turf-ties near the Williams' Powder Manu-
factory.

Two or three years afterwards I was staying at Prince-
town, and in my walk to the great Mis Tor I passed
through about lo or 15 acres of land, which was then in
the course of reclamation by the Prison Authorities.
Within this space upwards of 20 cart-loads of wood had
been turned up— oak, withy, and, £ think, alder. One of
the oak trees measured 7 feet 6 inches in circumference
near the bottom of the trunk.

These are instances of wood, which have accidentally
come under my own observation, miles apart ; and, when
it is admitted that trunks of trees are being constantly
found in the turf-ties by the turf-cutters, it seems con-
clusive to me that Dartmoor was once a forest of wood.
It must be remembered that the tree at Dart head must
have been of considerable size while in a growing state, and
that it was not an isolated tree is proved by the finding of
the large branch at the same time more than 100 yards
distant from this tree. Nor would a single tree ever have
flourished in such a situation, viz. — the apex of the moor —
but must soon have succumbed to storms and climate.

Now with respect to Wistman's Wood. I believe that
these trees are the patriarchs of the forest and are the sur-
vivors of those which have perished in the bogs. Trees
will not grow in bogs — as soon as the bogs encroach upon
the trees, their days are numbered. The trees at Wist-
man's Wood are growing amidst large granite lx)ulders and
their trunks may be traced downwards, I do not know how
many feet, at all events they have been saved from the
Ix^, and hence their survival lo the present day. I may
state that the acorns of these trees are totally different from
those found on the trees in the in-country. They are
very small and as round as a marble.

It is a great pity, in such a populous place as Plymouth,
where there are so many scientific men, that a greater and
more systematic examination of the Moor has not been
made, and I would suggest that the Plymouth Institution
should make a request to the Duchy Authorities for a gift
of one of the trees in Wistman's Wood, for the purpose of
making a section of it, so that, by an examination of the
rings, its age could be approximately ascertained. Why
does not some enthusiast get a few of the acorns and plant
them? It would be something to talk about if he succeeded
in raising a scion with such a pedigree. T. Kelly.

Yealmpton.

Sir Walter Raleigh and the Introduction
OF THE Potato. — As this subject has been fairly dis-
cussed in former pages of the IVesUm Antiquary {see
vol. ii. ) the following perhaps mi^r be of interest to those
who then took part in the discussion. I take these notes
from a paper, by Earl Cathcart, published in the Royal
Agricultural Society's journal t for April, 1 884, pp. 266-300,
entitled :— " On the Cultivated Potato." In this the Eari
includes a translation of the celebrated French botanist,
De CandoUe; and of this the noble Earl says: — "The
following admirable monograph of De Candolle is the best
thing of the kind that has ever been written.' These
notes, in fact, are really from the translation of De Can-
dolle's monograph of the * Pomme de Terre ; Origine des
Plants Cultiv^es. * * They say indeed, thai Walter Raleigh,
or rather Thomas Herriott, who accompanied him in sev-
eral voyages had brought, in 1585 or 1586, some potato-
tubercles to Ireland from Virginia. Its name in that
country was Openaxvk, From Herriott's description of
the plant quoted by Sir Joseph Banks, there can be no doubt
that it was the potato and not the Batate or Swe^t potato,
Convolvulus Batatas, for which, at that time, it was some-
times taken. Besides, Gerard tells us that he had received
from Virginia the potato which grew in his garden in
1597, and of which he gives a drawing exactly like the
Solanum tuberosum. He was so proud of it, that in the
beginning of his work there is a plate representing him with
a flowering branch of this plant in his hand. How was
it that fhis species was found in Virginia or Carolina at the
time of Raleigh, in 1 585, whilst the old Mexicans did not
know it, and the cultivation of it had not spread among
the natives north of Mexico ? Dr. Roulin, who has care-
fully studied the works upon North America, assured me
once that he had found no trace whatever of the potato
in the United States before the arrival of the Europeans.
Dr. Asa Grey told me the same thing, adding that Mr. Harris,
a man who was well acquainted with the language and
customs of the North American tribes was of the same
opinion. I have read nothing to the contrary in recent
publications ; and it must not be forgotten that a plant so
easy to cultivate must have spread, even among nomadic
tribes, had they possessed it It seems to me probable
that some inhabitants of Virginia— perhaps English colon-
ists — may have received tubers through Spanish or other
travellers who were trafficking or seeking adventures
during the ninety years which had elapsed since the dis-
covery of America, From the time of the conquest of
Peru and Chili in 1535, till 1585, many vessels may have
carried potato-tubers as provisions, and Walter Raleigh,
who was carrying on a filibustering war with the Spaniards,
may have plundered a vessel containing some. This is all
the more probable, as the Spaniards had introduced the
plant into Europe in 1585.

"Sir Joseph Banks and Duval have been quite right to
insist on this fact of first introduction by the Spaniards, as
for a long time especial mention was made of Walter

96

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Raliegh, who was the second importer, and of other Eng-
lishmen who had brought not the potato, but the Batata^
which is more or less mixed up with it, and yet the cele-
brated botanist, De TEcluse, had stated the facts with
great accuracy. He it was who published first the good
description and print of the potato under the significant
name of Papas PeruvanorumJ*^

M. De Candolle concludes his monograph with these
remarks : —

*' I. The potato is indigenous in Chili, in a form
which is still seen in our cultivated plants."

**2. It is very doubtful whether its natural habitat
extends as far as Peru and New Granada."

** 3. The cultivation was spread before the discovery
of America from Chili to New Granada."

''4. It had been introduced, probably in the second
half of the sixteenth ceniury, into that part of the United
States which we call Virginia and North Carolina. "

"5. It was imported into Europe from 1580-1585,
first by the Spaniards, then by the English, at the time of
Raleigh's voyages to Virginia."

In these extracts it will be seen that no reference is
made to Sir Francis Drake, and although Sir Walter
Raleigh is credited with the second introduction of the
potato into Europe, there is, I believe, no proof whatever
that he was ever in Virginia. It is to Thomas Herriott
the botanist, one of Raleigh's emigrantb, that the real
credit is due of introducing this valuable esculent into
Britain.

Humboldt went so far as to say that the native country
of the potato like that of wheat and Indian corn was un-
known, it never having been found in a wild state, even in
those parts where it is said to be indigenous. Even at
Quito in the Cordilleras, it is only known in a cultivated
state. But Pavon, one of the authors of the ** Flora
Peruviana" found it, at the very time Humboldt made
this statement, growing wild in the neighbourhood of
Lima.

But the home of the potato has been fully disposed
of by Mr. Darwin, see his exceedingly interesting work,
(foumal of Researches in the Voyage of the *^ Beagle.")
and by De Candolle as quoted above.

The only question now is, is Sir Walter Raleigh to be
credited with the introduction, because he sent out the
expeditions to Virginia, or if Herriott, who found the plant
growing there and brought some of the tubers home, from
which plants were raised on Sir Walter's estate in Ireland,
to have the credit ? E. Parfitt.

* * *

Sundials, Stocks, &c. — At Revelstoke Church, the
Stocks are still preserved in the basement of the tower.
They are provided with accommodation for two pairs of
feet. In the village the base of the cross remains, it is a
plain square block.

At Holbeton, just inside the eastern gate of the ebnrch-
yard, there is an octagonal granite block, the upper part
being chamfered and showing a hole for the insertioo of
the shaft of a cross. The Sundial is fixed on the south
chancel wall close to the east end. Above is the name of
Joseph Phillips, and at the lx)ttom is the date MDCCLXVin.
The figures are separated by divergent lines ornamented at
the ends with fi(;ures similar to fleurs de lys.

DSVS. JUNR.

* * *

Old Plymouth Charities. — ^Where is a list to be
found of the old Plymouth Charities? An account of them
would be of interest. Pen with.

[A lecture on this interesting subject, by Mr. R. N.
Worth, was given at the Athenaeum (Plymouth Institution)
on October i6th. Editop..]

^ ^ ^

Roger Con ant was baptized at East Budleigh, Devon*

April 9th, 1593. Information concerning his ancestors

will be welcome. I shall be glad to hear from any English

members of the family of Conant. F. O. Conant.

Portland, Maine, U.S.A.

[Notes and Queiies, 6th S. x. September 13th, 1884-

* * *

Obsolete Words, — The following words occur in the
1st Charter of incor[x>ration granted to the town of Ply-
mouth, as per copy in Jewitt's History of Plymouth^ P^gc
65, "Picages, Panages, Portages, Pontages, Muiges.**
Will any of your better informed correspondents kindly
favour me with their correct definitions? M.Y.Y.T.

* * *

Capt. de L*. — It is stated that Capt. de L.*, aide-de-
camp to the Duke of Wellington, who was in an advanced
stage of consumption, on being informed by his medical
attendant that he had but some months to live, left Torquay,
joined his regiment and fought at Waterloo, where "he
received a wound which took away all the diseased part of
his lungs," so that he lived many years afterwards, (Cassell's
Saturday foumal ^ August 30, 1884, p. 764), Can any
one oblige me by the name in full, and state the authority
for the story ? Ed. Marshall.

{Notes and Queries i 6th S. x. September 13th, 1884.]

* * *

The Dipping Rod. — I have always supposed the use
of the "Dipping Rod " to find 7uaterox nietal underground,
to have been confined to Cornwall. However, I recently
met with the title of a book treating of this practice, and
named "Jacob's Rod," by Thos. Welton, printed in 1693.
The book is said to have been translated from the French^
and it would seem therefore as if the practice was of foreign
introduction. Can any of your readers enlighten us on the
subject generally and particularly as to Welton's book?

H. Shar&ock

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

97

Bowling-Grben House, Plymouth. — In a descrip-
tion of Plymouth as it was in the early part of the present
century, there is a reference to "Bowling-Green House,"
as situated apparently somewhere in the outskirts of the
town, on the road to Tavistock. Can any reader of the
l^esUrn Antiquary inform me of its exact situation?

HiBYSKWE.

4 ifi ifi

Paintings by Sir Joshua Reynolds. — Previous to
leaving England for Rome, Sir Joshua Reynolds is said to
have painted the portraits of the then Admiral and General
commanding in Plymouth. Can any of your readers
inform me the names of those gallant officers and where
the portraits are to be found. Tom Taylor, Junr.

* * *

Rev. Joseph Glanvil. — Among the worthies of
Plymouth was Rev. Joseph Glanvil, chaplain to King
Charles II., of whose writings Prince gives a list of 28
works. He was, it seems, son of a merchant of Ply-
mouth, born in 1636, of the family of the Tavistock
Glanvils. It appears he was a man in some points in
advance of his age, who wrote on the relation of Reason to
Revelation, ob Aristotle, and on other topics. Are there
many of his numerous works still extant in our Devonshire
libraries. I should like to see some of them, for Glanvil
was a writer of some ability. He was Rector of Bath
Abbey and a Fallow of the Royal Society. W. S. L. S.

Funeral Customs. — At the parish church of St.
SidwelPs, at Exeter, it is the custom upon the Sunday after a
funeral, for the whole of the bereaved family to attend
collectively, and to sit the service through. Is this general
in the West, and if so, what gives rise to the stationary
state of the sorrowing worshippers ? My wife was lx)rn in
St. Sid well's parish and was christened in its font. Her
memory takes her back 40 years, and she says that so long
as she recollects it was always the fashion for parishioners
to attend after a death with the same motionless and
sombre ceremony. In these levelling days, ritual will un-
doubtedly soon make this custom one of the past, so before
that time comes, it may be interesting to record the custom
as it still lingers in St. Sid well's, Exeter, in 1884, and
possibly in many rural churches as well.
Fair Park, Exeter. Harry Hems.

* * *

CoKERs or Cockers of Devonshire. — Will any of
your readers assist me in tracing back the pedigree of this
old Devonshire family? William Cocker, born circa 1760,
married Elizabeth Pengelly, eldest daughter of William
and Elizabeth Pengally or Pengelly, and left issue two
sons, James and William, born respectively, 1793 and 1795.
A peculiar aversion to the name led the two brothers to
change the orthography from Cocker to Coker. The pedi-
gree of the Pengallys would also be of assistance to me.
49, Edith Road, West Kensington. Charles J. Feret.

\Notes and Queries 6th S. x. September 13th, 1884.]

Governor Gates. — Has the question been settled,
where, when, and how that old worthy of Devon, Sir
Thomas Gates, Governor of Virginia, in 161 2, died? The
matter is lefl dubious by Prince in his ** Worthies of Devon.''
Has it ever been settled ? W. S. L. S.

Avenell Family.— Can any reader of the Western
Antiquary give me any notes on the family of Avenell, of
Loxbere, Devon. Edward Richards, who died 25 March,
1 5 13, was by inquisition taken at Exeter, xo October,
1513, found seized in right of his wife Eleanor, one of the
daughters and heirs of John Avenell of the following, all
in Devon.

Lockysbeare Manor, 12 messuages, 200 ac. arable, 100
ac. pasture, 30 meadow, 24 ac. wood, 50 ac. heath, which
was held of the King as parcel of the honor of Barnstaple,
bf the 4th part of a Knight's fee. In Waisshefild (Wash-
field) I mess, 30 ac. arable, 10 ac. pasture, 3 ac. meadow,
6 ac. wood, held of the Abbess of Lyon, by the rent of two
shillings. In Halberton, 5 messuages, and a cottage, 200
ac. arable, xoo pasture, 40 ac. meadow, 20 ac. wood, held
of Sir Aniyas Paulet, partly by peppercorn rent, and partly
by Knight's service. In Oberneford, i messuage, 60 ac. of
arable, 40 ac. pasture, 6 ac. meadow, 10 ac. heath. Held
of Philip Courtenay, Esq., for the rent of three shillings,
annual value five shillings. In Mourston, i messuage, 14
ac. of arable, 12 ac. of pasture, 6 ac. of meadow. Held of
John Sydenham, Esq., by service of fealty and rent of 2od.
annual value 3/4. In South Allydore 5 ac. of pasture, held
of Nicholas Ayssheford,by rent. In Creescomb, 1 messuage,
20 ac. of arable, 20 ac. of pasture, held of Richard Waer,
by rent of half a pound of corn. In Kenlysbeare, 24 ac.
of arable, 20 ac. pasture, 6 ac. meadow, held of John
Wykes, by fealty only. In St. Leonard's Parish, without
Exeter, x barn, 4 ac. arable, 4 ac. of pasture, held of the
Countess of Devon, but the service is unknown to the jurors.
Edward Richards was succeeded by his son James Richards,
who founded the family of Richards of North Devon and
Somerset.

The other daughter and heir of John Avenell, married
-Trowbridge ; Pole, in his History of Devon says, that

Hopesbere, was held in Henry II. 's reign by "Galfridede
Avenell, and contynewe in the name of Avenell, unto
Henry 6th tyme, when the heiresses generall were married
unto Trowbridge and Richards."

In the Visitation of Somersetshire it appears that
William Lancaster, Milverton, married Jane, daughter of
Edward Richards, of Lovelinch, in Milverton, and had a
daughter, Jane Lancaster, who married William Trow-
bridge, of Loxbeare, in Devon. The Avenell Arms, are
still borne by the Richards of Devon and Somerset.
Plymouth. W. G. R.

98

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY^

Sir Gaw»n Carew — Page 78 of present volume.—
I would refer to part 4 of The Visitations of the County of
Devon, now in the press and shortly to be issued. Sir Gawen
Carew's wives are thus given as named in his will: —
Anne, sister of Charles Brandon, Duke or Suffolk, and
widow of Sir John Shilston, ist wife ; Mary, daughter of
(Sir Robert ?) Wotton and widow of Sir Henry Guildford,
K.G., and Controller of the Household to King Henry
VIII., 2nd wife; and Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John
Norwiche, 3rd wife, and Executrix of her husband's will
which she proved 30th June, 1585. (Brudenell 34).

Sir Peter Carew^ nephew of Sir Gawen, married
Margaret, daughter of Sir William Skypwf'M, widow of
George, Lord Tail boys.

In referring to his first wife Sir Gawen Carew describes

her as *' late wife of Sir John Shilston, Kt, deceased, and

late sister of Charles Brandon, late Duke of Suffolk,

deceased," and leaves instructions as to a monument to be

erected in the Cathedral Church of Exeter if he died within

21 miles of Exeter. J. L. V.

London.

1^ ip V

Heydon Family. — ^This query ( Western Antiquary,
Part 4, Fourth Series) is replied to in Notes 6r» Queries of
Sept. 20th, 1884, to the effect that "Cadeleigh, not Caddey,
as *Pincke* spells the name, is a parish in the hundred of
Haybridge, co. Devon, four and a quarter miles south-
west from Tiverton. The population is about three hun-
dred."

• « >li

Arms of Cornwall. — Balls or Bezants (? Peas).
Upton blazons the arms of the Duke of Cornwall with a
"bordure de sable Talent ^e," The border Bezant^e or
Talent^e of Richard, King of the Romans is no representa-
tion of coins, but of Peas (Poix) being the arms of Poitiers
or Poictou, (Menestrier, Orig. p. 147.) of which he was
Earl, and not of his other Earldom of Cornwall, as
imagined by Sandford and others.

"The adoptioA of the Bezants as the arms of Cornwall,
and by so many Cornish families on that account, are all
Subsequent assumptions, derived from the arms of Earl
Richard aforesaid, the Peas having been promoted into
Bezants by being gilt, and became identified with the
Cornish Escutcheon, as the Garbs of Blundeville are with
that of Chester, or the coat of Canlelupe with that of the
See of Hereford. It has been pointed out to me that the
arms of Poitiers given by Menestrier refer to the family of
that name, and not to the city or the province of Poictou.
This was not apparent in the edition I possess. But, con-
ceding this point, I still adhere to my/^/lr, as with the
exception of Edmond, son of Richard Earl of Cornwall,
who bore the whole arms of his father, I do not find the
Earls of Cornwall, who were not Earls of Poictou, bear-
ing l)ezants in any way. John of Eltham, Earl of Corn-
wall, as the son of Edward II., might prefer to bear
England with a border of France; but the arrogant

favourite Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, who we might
naturally suppose would have gloried in the display oi the
ancient coat of his earldom, presents us only with three or
six eagles. The fact of roundlets being borne by the
family of Poitiers is still valuable as collateral evidence, if,
on the other side, we are to attach any importance to the
bearing of bezants l)y Cornish families, the family of Corn-
wall continue to bear the arms of the Earl of Poictou,
from whom they are illegitimately descended ; and there-
fore that coat cannot be brought in support of one opinion
more than the other; Otho, Earl of Poictou, it is said, has
only a lion on his shield, but, then, Otho was the soo
of Henry the Lion, of Brunswick, and that was his
paternal coat. We have no proof that he bore it as the
arms of his earldom. " ("The Pursuivant of Arms," by the
late J. R. Planch^, Esq., F.S.A., Somerset Herald.)

From this it will appear that the arms of Cornwall are
derived from the Earldom of Poictou, through Richard
Earl of Cornwall and Poictou, the field of the arms, sable,
and the number of bezants fifteen, agreeing.

To those who agree that they are the arms of Cador

Earl of Cornwall, proof must be shown that they were

borne previous to the date of Richard, King of the

Romans, and Earl of Poictou, being Earl of Cornwall.

Southampton. G. T. Windybr-Morris.

* * *

BuNTiNGTON CROSS.— Although the maps of the last
Ordnance survey are very inaccurate as to the names on
Dartmoor — and who is not ? — I do not think it likely that
a cross, which is outside Huntingdon Warren, on a piece
of ground separated from it by a brook, but at the same
time very close to it, would have been called by a different
name except for a purpose. The cross is on the Abbot's
way, and was in all probability erected and named by the
monks of Buckfast Abbey. Huntingdon Warren is much
too modern a name to be truly of Dartmoor origin, and
savours more of the Midland counties. The derivation
from stag hunting is most unlikely, for the Warren is far
too small a place, to be noted for the chase of the red-deer.
It is probably a corniption of a much older name, as
nearly all the names of places on Dartmoor now are,
or it has been newly named in recent times, in a fanciful,
meaningless manner. W. F. C.

•fi 4> •{!

The River Plym. — I was in hopes that there could
be no one left who had any doubts as to the name of the
river Plym, from its suurce to its mouth, which gives its
name to one of the most famous harbours in the world —
Plymouth. Many good authorities have written in con-
demnation of the use of the word Cad as applicable to
the Plym, whether in its Celtic or modern meaning. In
reply to ** Pen with," I cannot do better than quote the
following passage taken from the remarkable diary, in 23
manuscript volumes, of the late Paul Ouvry Treby, Esq.,
of Goodamoor, dating from 1799 to 1862, kindly lent to
me for perusal. He writes under date of 23 October
1849, exactly as follows : —

r

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

99

" Mr. Tre1awny*s hounds met at Cadover bridge. As
I have not, I am sorry to say, any good run to celebrate, I
will rectify a mistake as to the name of that bridge. It is
Cadworthy Bridge ; so called from the farm adjoining.
The river is the Plym (and not the Cad); a few miles above
the bridge is Plym head ; a mile or so below Plym head
is Plym Steps, where the ancient road from Ashburton, or
more likely from Brent to Tavistock crossed the Plym.
The river then flows under the bridge and joins the Mew
(which flows near Meavy) at Shaugh Bridge. There they
become one stream and so travel on under Bickley Bridge,
through Bickley Vale, famous for it*s beautiful scenery and
jolly pic- nics, until it arriveth at Plymouth, of which Town,
friend Editor, thou knoweth more than I do, so will leave
to thee the description thereof — to return for a minute or two
to Cadworthy Bridge — Carrington whose beautiful poetry
is not sufficiently appreciated, and others, not poets, but
people who travel in the prosy line of business, labour under
the mistake of naming this stream the Cad, if so, it would
be Cad's-head and not Plym-head — Cad-steps and not
Plym-steps. The '* worthy" termination of names and places
on the moor is very common ; just above Cadworthy Bridge
is Trolsworthy Warren, and very near on the other side of
the Plym is Didsworthy Warren, below the bridge on the
right bank is Cadworthy and on the left bank is Lillworthy,
commonly called Lilliver. Now I have put ye over and not
thrown ye over the right bridge, we will go and And a
fox."

Carrington, of whom I am not a great admirer, called
the river the ''brawling Cad;" the "brawling" of course he
borrowed from Shakespeare's "brawling brook,"the "Cad**
was wholly his own. A writer, in the English liiustraied
Magazine on Dartmoor, well says on this subject, that the
true "brawling cad" was not to be found on Dartmoor till
the Princetown railway took him there. W. F. C.

* * *

Avenues on Dartmoor. — In a paper I had the
pleasure of communicating to the IVestem Antiquary^
vol. iii., p. 194, in which I asked a question as to the
use of the stone avenues on Dartmoor, Mr. Fergusson, whose
learned work I then quoted, thought that these parallel
lines of stones represented " two armies drawn up in battle
array, for we can hardly understand the victorious army
representing the defeated as so nearly equal to themselves,
but if we consider them as the flrst and second line drawn
up to defend the village in their rear, which is an extensive
settlement, the whole seems clear and intelligible," etc
In reading Dr. Isaac Taylor's work The Alphabet, an
Account of the Origin and Development of Letters, 1883,
it struck me, as I read the following, that it threw some
light on the habits and customs of the early men inhabiting
not only the continent of America, but our own island as
well ; for we find, generally speaking, that the same ideas
prevailed amongst nearly all the early races, be they where
they might. At the same time there is this difierence
between the North American Indians, about to be referred

to, and the early inhabitants of Dartmoor, the former
appear to have used materials that were familiar and near
to their hands, viz., the bark of trees, especially the birch
tree; whereas the natives of Dartmoor used the stones
which, in the absence of other materials were familiar and
to their hands, to mark an era in their history. Dr. Taylor
is referring to the picture-writing of savage tribes, and gives
a picture, a facsimile of what is inscribed on the piece of
birch bark, which as it is read, is exceedingly instructive
and ingenious. Dr. Taylor says, "intelligible memorials
of certain events have occasionally been preserved by
means of pictorial records of this nature. A good example
is supplied by a rude drawing which was cut, more than a
century ago, on the bark of a tree in Ohio. This drawing, a
facsimile of which is given below, commemorates the
achievements of Wingemund, a chief of the Leni Lenape
tribe who attacked the English settlements in the years
1762 and 1763." At the bottom oi the picture we see
twenty-three warriors, who are bending forward to show
that they are proceeding on the war-path ; on the right of
the picture are ten short horizontal lines with a figure of
the sun above them, showing that the sun has made ten
pathways ; there is a hiatus between the four at the bottom
and the six above them, thus marking two expeditions, one
of six days* duration, the other of four. We have in the
centre the representation of the three English forts which
were attacked ; the lowest is Fort Pitt, at the confluence of
two rivers, the AJl^hany and the Monogehala. The square
bastioned fort, enclosing two buildings, represents the
trading station at Detroit, and the third is a smaller fort,
situated on an island in Lake Erie. To the left are seen
ten vanquished enemies. The four who retain their heads
were taken prisoners, the other six represent the slain.
In the comer is seen the figure of a tortoise ; this is an
ideogram which is found at the end of other similar records,
and may probably denote "return to land" or, p>erhaps,
"safety." We have, I think, only to apply similar inter-
pretation to the stone pictures on Dartmoor, and perhaps
other places, to arrive at something like an intelligible
understanding of what is there depicted in a much ruder
form than that applied by the North American Indians.
These, then, when read by the light reflected by the red
men of the West, the rays of which would seem to illumine
the ruder montunents of the East, at least in our own
country, show that Mr. Fergusson is right in assigning to
these rude stone pictures the representation of opposing
armies drawn up in battle array, and of the other stones
not in line, marking the spots where some chieftain fell, or
some other distinguished incident occurred. E. Parfitt.

^ ^ ^

Landing of the Queen of Portugal at Fal-
mouth. — I remember the landing of the Queen of Portugal
at Falmouth — I think it was in September, 1S28, but I am
not quite sure. It was held as a holiday, people coming
from all the towns near to see the young queen. There
was a carpet laid from the boat to the Messrs. Fox's, and

o89G4t

too

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

children strewed flowers before her. I was only eight
years old, but, being one of the flower girls, it made a great
impression. I have no remembrance of the " Poles."
Tayporl. Earle.

•ii 4 4i

The Landing of the Queirn of Portugal at
Falmouth — Western Antiquary^ iv, 53. — Dom Miguel
having assumed the title of King of Portugal, 4th July,
1828, his niece, Queen Donna Maria was obliged to leave
her country and landed at Falmouth, 27th September,
1828. The frontispiece to the third volume of Thi
Cornish Magazine is a representation of this event on
which Miss Sibella Elizabeth Hatfleld (afterwards known
as Mrs. Miles) wrote some verses. It is on record that
when Her Majesty landed she held out her hand to be
kissed, but the Falmouthians of that day, but little ac-
quainted with kings and queens, cordially shook hands
with the lady. This queen had been betrothed to her
uncle Dom Miguel, 29th October, 1826, in the hopes of
making up the family quarrel ; this marriage never took
place. The queen, however, was restored to her throne,
was the wife of two husbands, and died at Lisbon, 15th
November, 1853. The Cornwall Gazette and West Briton
newspapers would no doubt give full particulars of the
landing of the Queen at Falmouth. Possibly some of
your readers have access to files of these papers.

George C. Boasb.
15, Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster.

* * *

The Watchers on the Longships. — The first
half of my life was spent in close intercourse with one
who had been a weather-bound inmate of the Longships
Lighthouse during the first thirteen weeks of its illumina-
tion. He was fond of telling the story as perhaps the
most heroic event of his life, and, on reverting to it after
many years, I am sorry to find that the memory of it has
become very dim. What we hear often we think we shall
hear always. It was sufficient, however, to tempt me to
look into a little book lately published, ** The Watchers
on the Longships. A Tale of Cornwall in the last century.
By James F. Cobb, F.R.G.S." A good and exciting
story, as this is, is apt to push aside the true one, especially
wheu the true one has not been of so much importance as
to have earned an authentic record. The lamps were
made by a Mr. Robinson, of Long Acre, London,
and my informant, then a young man, was deputed by
him, after they had been placed, to go to the Land's End,
and thence by a boat to the light-house, to see that they
were in order and that the "watchers" understood their
construction and how to manage them. The journey was
then a long one, and along with the Commission, Mr.
Robinson enjoined that the bearer of it throughout the
expedition, should always be liberal in his expenditure,
"especially where there were ladies." When the purpose
of his visit was ended, the weather had so changed that no
boat could approach the rock, and, at the end of thirteen

weeks, his escape was not without a somewhat perflous
leap into the boat, wherein he found himself lying across
the thwarts. Whether he escaped on Christmas Day, or
just before Christmas, or whether he spent Christmas in
the light -house, I do not now remember, but that day was
about the date. On his return to London he appeared
before the Gentlemen of the Trinity House, to whom be
made his report. Mr. Robinson, at a later date, lost his
eldest son on a like occasion. In Bristol Cathedral is a
marble tablet to his memory, from which it appears that
he was drowned 5th of August, 1820, aged 23, by the
upsetting of the boat while crossing the Channel from the
island of Fleet Holen (to Uphill, Somerset) where he was
superintending the improvement of the light-house. Below
is sculptured, in relief, a view of the light-house with the
partly submerged boat.

The Lysons say that the light-house was constructed
in 1797, Mr. Cobb's story seems to place it in 1794: my
narrator, and Wellington, and Napoleon, and many others,
were bom in 1789, but that the first watch was sohtary, as
the story makes it, could not be the fact. Probably the
workmen who had fixed the lamps were among the prisoners.
The mysterious subterranean roars from the cavern in the
rock are among my recollections of the narrative. The
sea often passed over the cupola, and the thunderings of
its assaults were emphasized by the wanton imprecations
of supernatural terrors by a blusterer who chanced to be
among them. They consoled each other that if the sea
should prevail against them, it would not be by disjointing
the locked and mortised masonry, but by rolling the tower
off the rock like a cask. It is certain that more than one,
two, or three, were there. One amused them by nailing
a pilchard upon a piece of deal, at the end of a cord, and
floating it out upon the sea, and some sea-bird did, or was
expected to, pounce down upon it from a great height and
capture itself by fixing its bill in the wood. I do not
remember whether or not this was successful. I did
indeed hear the story of a solitary watcher whose hair
whitened in a night, but this must have been either later
or in another lighthouse. Thomas Kerslake.

Bristol.

q^ ^ V

Runic Stone in Lustleigh Church — (IV. 52). —
The stone is Romano- British, not Runic. I have been for
thirteen years lamenting over the position of that stone»
and occasionally pouring out my griefs in print in the
public journals. In February, 1871, several letters on this
subject passed between me and other correspondents in the
columns of the Exeter Gazette ^ and again in August this
year, after the Devonshire Association had visited the
church. In 187 1, the then Rector rapped my knuckles
and snubbed me pretty roundly for presuming to suggest
a better place for this relic, but I have now recovered.
If M.Y.Y.T. is not conversant with the inscription, it
may be mentioned that it stands thus, in two lines: —
dxx TUidoc I coNhiNoc. The letters d have turn-over
tails, the h a tall first stroke, and the rest are Roman caps.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

lOI

The three first characters, though very rude, are accepted
commonly as standing for Dxx, the Roman numerals for
520, but the two words are usually taken to be proper
names, pertaining to one or two individuals. They
terminate in the Keltic or British syllable ^, as Madoc,
so prevalent in Cornwall, though a k has been added in
later times, as Hennock, Boconnock, Sheviock, Quethiock,
Budock, etc. The facetious speculations playfully put
forward by the Rev. Dr. Thornton in the Brit, Arch,
ymmal for 1862, page 335, to explain the derivations of
the words, may be relegated to the pit of oblivion. In my
recent letter to the GautU^ I observed that if only a film
no thicker than a sheet of note-paper were worn off the
surface of the stone in a twelve-month by the hob-nails
and "scoots" of the countrymen and plough-boys scratch-
ing over it, in and out, every week, the amount would
soon run up to a serious loss. If it is 1300 years since the
characters were cut, that is, from 520 to 1820, another 100
years would not be long to sweep them out of existence.
Let any person pile up 100 sheets of note-paper, and
consider the thickness of the heap, and they will then see
that if this thickness, or much less than this thickness,
were removed from the stone, the whole of the inscription
would be entirely obliterated. This is enough to convince
anyone. Transversely across the block as it lies in the run
of the doorway, there is a mark, scratch, or crack, and if
it were lifted, it might part at that place. As the words
run lengthwise along the stone, they would not read well
if it were stood upright. I suggested that if it were built
into the wall, or bedded in mortar on a stone shelf three or
four feet from the floor, it would lie easy and be in a place
of safety. A mat is generally thrown over it to hide its
shame or fend off the hob-nails, but this is a perishable
and an uncertain protection. There is a wood-cut of this
ancient and interesting relic in Lyson's Dcvon^ vol. VI.,
page cccix.

I would now rather leave the case for others to sit in
judgment upon, for I am afraid of being snubbed again,
and once in a man's life is quite sufficient, however tough
he may be. P. O. Hutchinson.

[We beg to refer our readers for information on this
matter to Western Antiquary^ 3rd Series, pp. 70, 82, 104,
109 ; and also to Plymouth Institution Transactions, vol.
V.| p. 309. Editor].

* * *

* l?cvicvp0. <►

Cornish Worthies: sketches of sotne eminent Cornish
men and Families, By Walter H. Treg el-
las, 2 volumes. London: Elliot Stock, 62,
Paternoster Row, E.G. 1884.

The interest awakened by the announcement
of this work was considerable and the little
disagreement which recently occurred, between
the author and publisher, has in no way

lessened that interest : consequently, now that
the volumes are actually in our hands, we
turn to them with lively expectation, and are
in no sense disappointed. In the first place,
they are well printed handsome volumes
which reflect great credit upon the publisher:
their cost, moreover, (even at the advanced
price of 13/-) is so low that they ought to
command a ready sale and be found in
the house of every Cornishman of ordinary
culture and position. The work does not
pretend to be an exhaustive one, and of
course, we miss many names that might
fairly rank as ** Worthies." But, as the
author rightly claims for those names which
he has honored with a place in his Valhalla^
they are, for the most part, those of representa-
tive men, and we will not dispute his choice,
but lather accept the work as an instalment
of more exhaustive treatises yet to come. We
are glad to see that Mr. Tregellas gives a
due meed of praise to our able contributors,
Messrs. Boase and Courtney, the compilers of
the Bibliotheca Cornubiensis, a work which he
designates as a *' monument of accurate re-
search, and labour of love," which, had it not
appeared, ** the following essays could never
have been attempted." Mr. Tregellas's work
makes no pretension to the elaboration of
Prince's Worthies of Devon" but it is certainly
far fuller and more exhaustive than Mr. Prid-
ham's Devonshire Celebrities, for the writer has
aimed at interesting the general reader, as well
as giving the antiquary and the genealogist
materials from which to glean valuable in-
formation. Moreover, we think he has done
wisely in refraining from crowding his pages
with minute references to authorities, except
when some special reason seemed to occur for
doing so. The following list will sufficiently
indicate the wide -spread and interesting
character of the volumes, and will, we trust,
induce many persons who find a charm in the
biographies of eminent men (particularly
Cornishmen) to secure copies of so valuable a
work. Vol. I. contains, in addition to Preludes
and Introduction, biographical sketches of the
following: — Ralph Allen; John Anstis; The

I02

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Arundells ; The Bassets ; Admiral Bligh ;
Thomasine Bonaventure ; Henry Bone, r.a. ;
Dr. William Borlase ; The Boscawens ; Davy ;
Viscount Kxmouth ; Samuel Foote ; The
Godolphins ; Vol. 2., The Grenvilles of Stow ;
Incledon ; The Killigrews ; Richard Lander ;
Rev. Henry Martyn ; Opie ; The St. Aubyns ;
Trevithick ; Vivian. Not the least important
part of the book in our estimation is the Index,
which occupies 32 pp., and is very carefully
prepared. Mr. Tregellas has done a work for
which his brother Cornishmen of to-day, as
well as those of many succeeding generations,
will give him hearty thanks.

The Royal Lineage of Our Noble and Gentle Families^
together with their Paternal Ancestry, Compiled
by Joseph Foster. 2nd Series. Privately
printed by Hazell, Watson, and Viney,
Limited, London and Aylesbury, 1884.

The genealogical works of Mr. Joseph Fos-
ter are well-known, and the volume before us
bears striking testimony to the industry of its
author. Although this is not the first work
that has appeared on Royal Descents, it is the
first in which they have been genealogically
treated. Here we have, in the form of a
detailed narrative, the history of various noble
families, amongst whom may be found many
of the most illustrious names. A copious index
forms a valuable key to an admirable volume,
which we can confidently recommend to all
genealogical students.

History of Temple Church, near Bodmin^ Cornwall,
built by the Knights Templars, By J . R. Brown,
Rector of Helland, with Temple. (With
Illustrations by W. Jago, Chaplain of the
Asylum, Bodmin.) Wadebridge: M. Quin-
trell, 1883.

In a neat little brochure of about twenty
pages, Mr. Brown has given an account of all
that is interesting in relation to this ancient
structure, and his coadjutor, Rev. W. Jago,
has embellished the work with several pages
of neat and well-executed sketches. We
would that every church in Cornwall had
so painstaking an historian, so facile an
illustrator.

Also received : — ^Antiquarian Magazine and Bib-
liographer, No. 34., Vol. vi. (October, 1884), which
contains, amongst other interesting articles an unpublished
jeu cT esprit by Sir Joshua Reynolds, entitled ; — "Johnson
and Garrick." Mr. Cornelius Walford continues his interest-
ing "History of Gilds," and Mr. J. H. Round, contributes
Part iv. of his papers on "Ports" and "Port-reeve-**
Antiquary, No. 58, Vol. x. (October, 1384). This jour-
nal is as usual full of interesting matter : the articles, eight
in all are somewhat above the average in general interest ;
Bibliographer, No. 35. (October, 1884.) Mr. J. Risers
Rees discourses eloquently on "The Romance and Reality
of Dedications." Mr. Cornelius Walford, contributes a
first paper on " Printing Patents." A most interesting
article on "Autographs in Books" appears, from the
pen of Mr. Carew Hazlitt. In addition to these and other
articles is a short " In Memoriam sketch " of Henxy
George Bohn, a bibliographer to whom the present
and past age owe much for his efforts in supplying
cheap literature. Palatine Note- Book, No. 45, Vol. iv.
(October, 1884.) It is almost superfluous to say that this
useful publication still sustains its high character. Glouces-
tershire Notes and Queries, Part xxiv. (Oct., 1884.)
We heartily congratulate our friend and co-worker. Rev.
Beaver H. Blacker upon the completion of a second volumet
and wish him and his admirable work many prosperous
years. Bedfordshire Notes and Queries, Part vL
(September, 1884.)* This periodical continues its course
most satisfactorily, and is certainly an acquisition to the
provincial antiquarian journals. Clarendon Historical
SociETy's Reprints, Nos. 18 and 19, (August and Sept.,
1884.) These useful publications complete the first series
of the Society's work ; they are to be followed by a second
series, containing many valuable items. Parodies. Col-
lected and arranged by Walter Hamilton, Part xi. This
number contains some early Parodies of Tennyson's Poenis.
Biographical Notes, relating to Cornwall, compiled by
G. C. Boase. No. 39, includes the names of Nankivell,
Newton, Nicholas, Nicholls, and others. Midland Gar-
ner, first series, Vol. ii. We are glad to see that our old
contributor, Rev. Hilderic Friend, is well to the fore in
this new enterprise, which we trust will prosper.

* * *

Hntiquatian Si JSibliodtapbfcal Tlotea.

The Duchy of Cornwall Records.— Among the
Manuscript Collections of the British Museum is a book
which bears on its title-page the following: — "This volume
contains notices of all and abstracts of the earliest and
most important documents relating to the County and
Duchy of Cornwall within the County of Cornwall, which
came before me whilst arranging the records of the
Augmentation Office. Extracts from various Catalogues
of those portions relating to Cornwall are also added.
The volume is a collection far from complete, and can only
be received as a guide to Cornish records better than none
at all ; there being none other existing. It was chiefly

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

>oS

compiled at th« end of 1835 ^"<^ banning of 1836. The
Augmentation Office was erected in 28 Hen. VIII. dissolved
by L. P. pursuant to Act i, Mary, and then annexed to
the Pipe Office. The Pipe Office was abolished in the 2
and 3 Wm. IV. and merged into the office of the Remem-
brancer of the Exchequer, Henry Cole."

The numerous extracts herein given have, as far as I
am aware, never been published, though they contain
matter of great interest to all Coroishmen, not easily to be
obtained elsewhere. There are selections from the earliest
Duchy accounts (those of 1338-39), furnishing much in-
formation as to the manors then held by the Black Prince,
as well as from the Ministers' Accounts of later years ; a
summary of a survey taken in 1 560 of the possessions of
the Duchy, and " all manors, lands, and tenements lately
belonging to the Monasteries of Tywardreath and Laun-
ceston, or parcel of the possessions and revenues of
Edward Courtney, late Earl of Devon, and now annexed
to the Duchy"; a copy of "A collection which I made
August, 161 5," regarding **the insidents to the Prince
[Charles] his Tenures wch he claymeth as Duke of Corn-
wall," giving an account of the tenures by knight-service
then existing ; a calendar of the survey of the Duchy taken
by the Common weal tn; besides lists of sales and leases by
Elizabeth, Charles the First, and the Parliament. Can no
Comishman be found of sufficient leisure and enterprise to
edit Cole's collection and publish it for the benefit of all
interested in the history of the county ? A.F.R.

Interesting Discovery. — An interesting discovery
was made a few days since in Stratton Church. Mr. John
Crutchett, whilst erecting a mentorial stone at the west end
of the north aisle, felt what he thought was some lettering
on one of the stones in the wall. On removing a stone,
the letters ''MCLX." indicating A.D. 1160, were disco-
vered quite plain, although the si one had undoubtedly been
there over 700 years. I'he north aisle was probably
originally the whole of the church, and the stone, which
was a coign stone, indicated ihe position of the doorway
now walled up.

The following paragraph appears in a Plymouth paper
of October 3rd : —

'* Our obituary contains the announcement of the death,
at the ripe age of 86, of Mr. Edward Lawson, an old
townsman of Plymouth, who was for forty years traveller
for the firm of Messrs. Coates and Co., of the Plymouth
Distillery. Although for the last ten or twelve years he
had resided in the north of England, he always retained
a lively interest in the affiiirs of his native town, and his
recollections of past events have at various times been
recorded, under the nont de plume of "Octogenarian," in
the columns of the Western Antiquary^ to which he was
a subscriber up to the time of his decease. His death will
be much regretted amongst his large circle pf friends in
the two western eounties."

The recent purchase of pictures by a luufdresser of
Exeter has proved an exceedingly lucky one. It will be
remembered that the three water-colours were purchased
for ;f 3, and these having been submitted for the inspection
of Mr. Ruskin, he pronounces them to be works of the
great landscape-painter. Turner. They are consequently
estimated to be worth ^f 3,000, although a month ago they
were sold for 15s. They appear to have been cleared out
by the executors of a deceased secretary of an art society.
Some of Turner's relatives were at one time residents in
Exeter.

A Plymouthian, Mr. Austin Doboon, is nuule the
subject of a fine portrait and a very appreciative article in
this month's Century Magaune, The great .American
publication points out that Mr. Dobson was bom at
Plymouth forty-four years ago, his parents afterwards
removing to Anglesea. The writer says, "To Mr.
Dobson, the young school of American writers of fiimiliar
verse—to use Cowper's admirable phrase — look up as to a
master ; and his poems are read, pondered, and imitated
by not a few of our younger poets." The late Anthony
Trollope brought Mr. Dobson into notice, and he now
makes a capital income in London.

The bullock drift for the western part of the FeteM
of Dartmoor was driven on Saturday. The weather being
very wet and foggy, the fact was unknown to the fiumeis
who object to the proceeding, and consequently np oppo-
sition was offered. The usual course is to keep beasts that
are unclaimed at Merrivale Bridge the whole of the day,
but in order that the "drifters" might not be taken by
surprise 1>y the opposition, the whole of the cattle, number-
ing about one hundred and fifty, were at once driven to
Dunnabridge Pound, about eight miles off, there to be
claimed by the owners or sold by the Duchy Authorities.

Mr. Edmund Golsmid, f.r.h.s., of Edinburgh, has
just issued the first part of " The Principal Navigations,
Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation.
Collected by Richard llakluyt. Preacher." It is proposed
to issue the work in instalments at 2/- per part ; each part
being embellished with portraits and maps. The. portion
now published deals with "Northern Europe," and con-
tains portraits of Queen Elizabeth and Secretary Walsing-
ham.

* * *

THE GATER FAMILY.

Some time since, in 1879, Devonshire people were
interested in reading that Mrs. Danby-Harcourt had died,
leaving several handsome donations to the Devonshire
Charities, personalty proved under ;f 200,000, and reality
which has since realized ;f 400,000.

In answer to many inquiries, I am enabled to give the
following notice of her family, which I can guarantee as
absolutely correct from original documents in my hands.

Walford's CMtniy Fami/iiSf 1865, gives the following
notice of her : —

X04

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

"Harcourt, Mrs. Danby- Vernon, of Swinton Park,
Yorkshire.

** Anne Holwell, second daughter of the late William
Gater, "Esq., of Lapford Hall, by Isabella Anne, only
daughter of Edward Holwell, Esq. ; married 1st, 1822.
William Danby, Esq., of Swinton Park, who died 1838.
2nd, 1838, Admiral Octavius Henry Cyril Vemon-Har-
court, who was a Magistrate for the north and west
Ridings, of Co. York, and High Sheriff in 1849, &nd who
died J./., 1863. Mrs. Harcourt is Lady of the Manor
of Mashamshire. The Swinton Park estates came into
the possession of the Danby family in 1517. Swinton
Park, Mashamshire, Bedale, Co. York : 29, Devonshire
Place, W.

"There are several Gater's, of Woolsgrove, in the
parish of Sandford, previous to 1600, but I have not been
able to prove, as yet, their identity with the Oaten
below.

" I. Luce Gater, of Morchard Bishop, died in the
year 1605, leaving, with other issue : —

** 2. Henry Gater, of Morchard Bishop, buried March
31, 1667, married a daughter of Wreford, of Morch-
ard Bishop, and had issue. Edmund died at Morchard
Bishop, 1643 • William, John, Robert, and Philip. John
was buried at Morchard Bishop, June 14, 1673 ; his wife,
Mary, was buried March 15, 167 1.

"3. William Gater, of Morchard Bishop, buried
tfiia patris^ married Judith, and had issue. She was
buried in Woolen, March 15, 1678, and had issue, a
daughter, married to Felix Comyns ; and a son Robert.

"4, Robert Gater, bom at Morchard Bishop, 163 — (?),
died at the Mill House, Lapford, 1704, buried at Morch-

ard Bishop, 1704; married ist, Agnes , she was

buried March 10, 1674, at Morchard Bishop. Secondly,

Jane , living 1704, and had issue ; — William, of

whom we treat. John married 17 13, Catharine Challice,
of Lapford. Robert, youngest son, died 1740. Wilmot
bom before 1666, married Richard Evans, of Coleridge,
who died 1725, leaving issue : Thomas, Richard, Frances,
Martha. Frances married Sept. 18, 17 16, John Melhuish.

" 5. William Gater, bom at Morchard Bishop, 1666,
died at Lapford, and was buried there, Sept. 22, 1741 ;
married 1708, Margarett, daughter of William Kelland, of
Lapford (died 1685), and Mary (died 1720), his wife,
daughter of Richard Partridge, of Lapford. She died and
was buried at Lapford. June 15, 1762. They had issue,
an only child.

"6. The Rev. William Gater, m.a., Sidney, Sussex
Coll., Cambridge, Rector of St. Mary Major's, Exeter,
baptized June 25, 1709 (b.a., 1735, M.A., 1752), died at
Lapford, and was buried there, August 25 1770: married

1748, Elizabeth . She was living at the time of

his death, 1770.

" 7. William Gater, of the City of Exeter, Apothe-
cary, b. 1748, died 1831 ; married Isabella Anne Holwell^
daughter of Edward Holwell.

(C

8. Anne Holwell, second daughter, b. 1796, died
1879; married ist, William Danby ; 2nd, Octavius Henry
Cyril Vernon- Harcourt.

•* Mrs. Wm. Gater — Mrs. Harcourt*s mother, was a
great grand-daughter of Bishop Offspring Blackall. The
Blackall Holwell connexion arose thus : —

"Anne, daughter of Bishop Of&pring Blackall, married
1st, William Holwell, of Exeter ; 2nd, Rev. PreceDtor
Foolkes. She died in the Close, Exeter, Oct., 1783.

" William HolwelPs son, Edward, married Isabella
Newte, and was the father of Mrs. William Gater. The
Rev. William Gater, was never, as we may suppose,
Rector of Lapford, he was Rector of St. Mary Major's,
Exeter. The Radfords held the living of Lapford for 43
years, 1 757- 1800, in the last century. D. Buckingham,
afterwards Rector of Charles', having been put in for a few
months, only, in the death of the Rev. W. Radford, 1763."

BXTRACTS FROM PARISH RBGISTBRS : —

'*John Gater, of £^t Sandford, Crediton, husband-
man, died 1592. His will was proved December 24th.
He had a daughter married to Richard Myddleton, and a
grandson, John Myddleton ; a granddaughter, Thomazin
Myddleton. He had a wife. Amy Gater, and a brother-
in-law, William Shobrooke, and a son-in-law, Richard
Myddleton.

*' 1594. John Gater, of Woolsgrove, Sandford, hus-
bandman, died; his will was proved September nth,
1594. He has a son-in-law, George Pitts. He has two
daughters, Ann Gater and Katharine Gater.

*' 1605. Luce Gater, of Morchard Bishop, dies. Will
is proved April 5th, 1605. He leaves Henry Gater, my
child, whole and sole executor.

'* 1643. Edmund Gater, of Morchard Bishop, gives
his father, Henry Gater, Rumpsey. He has an unde,
John Wreford ; he has a kinsman, Robert Gater ; he has
a kinsman, Robert Gater; he has a brother, William
Gater; also an uncle, Richard Wreford. He has three
brothers — ^William Gater, John Gater, and Philip Gater.

" 1666. William Gater, of Morchard Bishop. He
gives bequests to his wife, Judith Gater; he gives bequests
to his grandchild, Judith Comyns, daughter of Felix
Comyns. He gives bequests, Wilmot Gater, daughter of
his son, Robert Gater. He gives his son-in-law, Felix
Comyns, and children, Thomazin, Mary, Frands, Agnes,
and John V. Robert, sole executor."

For much of the information relative to Mrs. Harcourt
and her father, I am greatly indebted to one of the
executors, Mr. Marwood Tucker, of 12, Lowndes Square,
Her Majesty's Manager of Brompton Cemetery, whose
courtesy and assiduity are well-known, and also to that
indefatigable antiquary, Mr. Robert Dymond, J.P., F.S.A.,
of Exeter. I have a mass of information relating to the
earlier Gaters, which I should be happy to furnish to any
one interested in the matter.

Bam8t^)le. William Henry Kelland,

(Of Kelland, Lapford, North Devon).

THE

OR,

Bevon anb Cornwall Bote^Booh-

No. 6.]

NOVEMBER, 1884.

[Vol. 4.

NOTES ON CORNWALL.

BY B. W. RASHLEIGH.

^^ XTRACTS from books not immediately
\^ written on Cornwall often help histo-
• rians. The value of extracts from
out-of-the-way books is that they often giVe
clues for events which happened here. If
any of your readers would only send you such
extracts as these, it would add immensely to
the value of your periodical as a book of
reference.

Gildas (449-607 A.D.) says, every river has
an altar at its fountain-head. This is no
doubt the origin of many of the wells in
Cornwall being sacred. We have many such
spots. No doubt originally the missionary
saints of old dwelt near them for the purpose
of being near drinking-water. These saints
were usually chemists and cured people of
certain diseases. The poor people, after their
death, were drawn by superstitious feelings to
consider these wells as natural places for
cures. I have even heard of a well near
Polperro as being, until lately, a place to get
cured of the King's evil.

Extracts from Churston^s British Church History^
1841.

Pagt 8.

"About 314 A.D. Britain was divided into 3 Roman
provinces. 1. Southern Counties. 2. Midland and
Northern Counties. 3. Wales. In each province
bishops were now appointed at London, at York, at
Caerlyon on Usk."

Page 10.

** Towards the close of the 4th century Arian heresy
was rife, and soon afterwards Pelagius or Morgan, a
native of Wales, started the Pelagian heresy. He was

educated in Italy. Pelagius taught the doctrine of good
works being sufficient without the need of God's grace.
To counteract this man the British Christians sent to
Gaul and received from there St. Germain, Bishop of
Auxerre ; and Lupus, Bishop of Troyes, to visit Britain.
Lupus was brother of Vincent of Lerryn, a famous
monastery in Bretagne. In 429 they arrived in Britain."

It is possible some followers of Lupus may
have settled near St. Winnow. If so this
would account for a place called Lerrin being
so named.

Page 12.

"When the Roman Severus had to leave Britain,
the Picts and Scots, on the north, and the Saxon pirates
on the south, crossed and despoiled the sea coast. The
Britons fled to the mountainous parts of Wales, Corn-
wall, Westmoreland, and Cumberland.

Germain went to Wales to comfort the
Christian Britons and rallied them together
and defeated the Saxons and Picts at Mold in
Flintshire.

Germain left England but returned a few
years later and persuaded the people to estab-
lish monasteries. It appears that Constantine
established schools, but the Saxon pirates had
virtually destroyed them, so that Germain
founded monasteries in their place. He
founded LlandafF and Llanylted in Glamor-
ganshire.

Pageis.

"Afterwards Germain's memory was kept up in
St. Germans Cornwall. Cornwall in early days was
called West Wales. This would account for St. Ger-
main being reverenced here."

Page 20.

"About 595, Columba from St. Patrick's Monastery
in Durragh, in Ireland, went to lona in Scotland. The
Pagan Saxons drove him and his followers out and they
settled in Wales, and thus, excepting two places in Wales,

io6

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

" the British Church ceased. In Cornwall and Devon,
however, the religion of God continued, and not that of
Woden, Thow or Thor (ue,, Saxon worship).

" King Arthur helped to defeat Saxon influence by
winning the battle of Caer Bardon (Bath 22 in 520).

** Cornwall, Devon and Somerset, about this time,
had their local princes.**

Paffe 62.

*' Oswald, who was made King of Northumbria,
married the daughter of the heathen Kiug of Wessex,
Cynegils or Kingils. When Oswald went to Cynegil*8
court he found there Birinus, a new Italian missionary
sent from Genoa to convert the Pagan princes in Eng-
land. He had such success with Kingil, that when
Oswald came, he consented to stand godfather to his
would-be father-in-law when he was baptized by Birinus.
Birinus was then made Bishop of Dorcester near Oxford
in 635. Thus Wessex became a Christian province.**

Birinus was said to have visited Cornwall,
and died whilst there, at Fowey.

The diflference between the Christianity of
Cornwall, which was brought from Ireland, and
the Saxon Christianity of this period was in
the shaving of heads, which the Saxons did
tonsure-wise to the great disgust of the Corn-
ish Christians, who did it in a semicircular
fashion.

" In Winchester Cathedral there is an old font
representing Birinus baptizing Kingil."
Page 64.

"After a vacancy by the death of Honorius (the
Italian Archbishop), Frithona, a West Saxon priest,
was consecrated by Ithamar, Bishop of Rochester, but
as Frithona was a bad sounding name to the Italian
monks, he was called ' Deus Dedit.*

" Thus all England except Sussex in 635 (55 years
after Augustine landed) received Christianity, but the
rapid progress of the later portion of this period was due
to the followers of Coluniba whom Oswald had brought
to Lindisfame.**

Columba has his memory kept up in Corn-
wall by St. Columb.

Fa^e 136.

" When the King of Wessex came to the throne he
tried to compel the Cornish Christians to conform to the
Saxon Christian ways. Aldhelm the Bishop was ordered
to write to Gerens or Grant the Welch King of Corn-
wall, desiring him to make the Cornish adopt the Roman
custom of Easter instead of their own, and also to make
the priests shave their heads tonsure-wise. This the
Cornish refused to do. Hence many warlike struggles
between the Cornish and Saxons. The Cornish Welch
refused to eat or drink out of the same vessels with the
Saxon dogs unless they were scoured with wood ashes.

'*Any Saxon stranger coming into the country was put in
quarantine for 40 days before they would show him any
kindness oi allow him to enter their houses."

The part Gerens took in this struggle was
kept ever afterwards in memory by the place
Gerens, and perhaps Goran, the part of Corn-
wall in which he lived. His not having
conformed to the more modem Roman cere-
monial would naturally account for his not
being sainted at the council of Lyons, held
in the 13th century. Gerens represented the
Low Church party of his day.

^ ^ ^
THE LIZARD LIGHTHOUSE, 1619-24.

BY REV. J. INGLE DREDGE.

^•■■^N reading the CaUndar of SiaU Papers^
■ I Donustic Series, of the Reign of Janies /.,
vol. iii. (1619-1623), London, 1858, and
I vol. iv, 1623-25, these notices concerning the
' erection of a lighthouse on the Lizard in 1619,
by Sir John Killigrew, seemed to me of suffi-
cient interest to be printed in the Western
Antiquary, **Carleton" was Sir Dudley Carle-
ton, then our ambassador to Holland. I have
not thought it necessary to give references to
the vol. and no. of each document as arranged
in the State Paper Office, but append to each
the page of the Calendar where these particu-
lars will be found. It must be borne in mind
that the notes are highly condensed descrip-
tions of what the original contains : —

1619, May 22nd, Great Almonry. — Thomas
Locke to Carleton. A petition is preferred by
Sir John Killigrew for the erection of a light-
house. (Page 46).

yune $th, — Thomas Locke to Carleton. The
Trinity House oppose Sir John Killigrew*s
suit [for the lighthouse] and it will fall through
unless the Dutch certify its necessity and are
willing to contribute to it. (Page 5i),

June ?, — Answer [by Sir John Killigrew] to
objections made by the Trinity House against
his proposition for erecting a lighthouse on the
Lizard, defending its expediency and necessity.
The Earl of Cumberland's prize, value 100,000/,
was cast away in Mount's Bay in 1589. Mr.
Cavendish nearly lost for want of knowing the

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

107

Lizard, after having sailed round the world,
etc. (Page 51).

July yd, — ^Thomas Locke to Carleton. Sir
John Killigrew has got his patent for the
lighthouse. (Page 58).

July 2gih, London. — Patent from Lord Ad-
miral Buckingham granting licence to Sir John
Killigrew, of Arwanack, co. Cornwall, to erect
a lighthouse on the Lizard Point, in order to
prevent the frequent shipwrecks; to be sup-
ported by voluntary contributions. (Page 67).

September 15M. — Sir John Killigrew to Carle-
ton. Hopes soon to complete the tower of
his lighthouse. The inhabitants complain that
it will take away God's grace from them, as
they will have no more benefit from shipwrecks.
They have so long lived on the calamities of
others, that they are idle. Silver, value 3,300/,
was taken up from a Dutch ship wrecked,
which will go to the Prince. (Page 78).

December 12M, London. — Sir John Killigrew
to Carleton. The light and tower upon the
Lizard Point are completed. Hopes Carleton
wiU succeed in his behalf with the States, as
the light will cost 10s. a night. (Page 103).

1620, January lo/h, London. — Sir John Kil-
ligrew [to Carleton] . Has spent 500/. on the
[Lizard] lighthouse, and had many certificates
of its value, but no returns ; will be a great
loser unless [the States] who are much bene-
fitted thereby, will contribute towards it.
Despairs of obtaining an imposition like that
granted for Dungeness. (Page 112).

January 20th, Blackfriars. — Sir John Killi-
grew to Carleton. Hopes to gets a patent to
compel contributions [for his lighthouse] ; is
in Buckingham's hands; has been much bound
to Sec. Naunton. (Page 114).

January 2Sth, Blackfriars. — Sir John Killi-
grew to Carleton. Hopes small good of his
labours, if the case is to be left to Capt. Moy
Lambert, a mere creature of Bamevelt, who
has a grudge against him. The Lizard Light
will be most useful to the Hollanders, often
enabling them to gain their own ports, instead
of standing out to sea, or running into English

harbours, and saving them from frequent ship-
wreck. Hopes Carleton will settle the busi-
ness, or his project will be ruined and himself
with it. (Page 117).

February lyth, Blackfiriars. — Sir John Killi-
grew to Carleton. Holland merchants may
give their contribution [to the Lizard Light]
as mere bounty, so that it cannot, as they fear,
be afterwards urged to compel them to conti-
nue it. Their merchants have lost 100,000/.
there within ten years. It costs ioj. to main-
tain the light in a stormy night. The Trinity
House, who have grown insolent since the
Navy officers were displaced and they put in
authority, oppose his having a patent, pre-
tending that all lights and sea-marks belong
to them. (Page 123).

March nth. — Sir John Killigrew to Carleton.
A ship has been wrecked [at the Lizard
Point], not knowing that a light was main-
tained there ; begs speedy resolution whether
the States will contribute to the light, as
otherwise it must be discontinued. (Page 129).

May 4/A, Arwanack. — Sir John Killigrew to
Carleton. Sends certificates of the ships
wrecked off the Lizard, but they are very
imperfect, because generally all the crews are
lost, and the vessels broken into small pieces ;
valuable spoils have been cast ashore on his
own land near the Lizard, to which he has a
right by custom. Most of the houses about \
the Lizard are built with ruined ships. Had
put out the light, but will venture 50/. worth
more coals, in hopes of a composition with
the Hollanders. (Page 142).

162 1, April ylhy Arwanack. — Sir John Killi-
grew to Carleton. Has obtained numerous
certificates of the importance of the lighthouse
on Lizard Point. Many Holland merchants
approve it. Is opposed by the Trinity House,
&c., but hopes by Carleton's aid to carry it
out. (Page 243).

Augus/ 8M, Arwanack, in Falmouth Har-
bour. — Sir John Killigrew to Carleton. Is
most anxious to know the resolution of the
States about the Lizard Light. Fears he
must resolve to submit to ruin. (Page 282).

£08

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

1623, March 20M, Whitehall. — Sec. Calvert
to [Sec. Conway ?]• Requests for Sir John Killi-
grew and his own brother-in-law, Mr. Minne,
who have a patent for the erection of a light-
house at Lizard Point, Cornwall, a letter to
the captains of forts, &c., for execution of the
same, similar to that granted to [Wm.] Lam-
plugh. Clerk of the Kitchen, for Dungeness
lighthouse. (Page 531).

The following are from CaUndar, Jos. L,
vol. iv., 1623-25 : —

1623, September i6tk, Penryn. — Sir Fras«
Godolphin and Sir Art. Harris to the Council.
Have taken the opinions of the masters, ship-
owners, and mariners in the vicinity, and of
some strangers, on the utility of the lighthouse
lately erected near the Lizard, and all are in
its favour except those of Penryn. A Holland
captain declares it saved his own ship of 100
men. Cannot ascertain what a contribution
of a halfpenny per ton [on ships passing]
would amount to, but the servants of the
patentees in Mount's Bay, St. Ives, and Fal-
mouth, declare they have only received 13/,

in all these places since its first erection.
(Page 79).

September 2gth. — Account of money received
at Dartmouth for maintenance of the Lizard
Lighthouse, at ^. per ton on vessels since
Christmas last, total 18/. 75. With estimate
that the rates of those who refused to pay
might amount to 5/. 135. 4^. more. (Page 85).

October 2^th, Weymouth and Melcombe
Regis. — [Ofl&cers of the Customs'! to the
Council. The most experienced mariners of
the town declare that the light at Lizard Point
is needless, and rather dangerous than profit-
able ; in hazy weather it cannot be seen, and
in clear weather the land can be seen, but it
may help to conduct enemies and pirates to
the coast. The contribution of ^. per ton at
this port would yield about 20/. per annum.
(Page 102).

October 2Stk, Poole. — [Officers of Customs]
to the Council. The ** discreetest and most
capable shipmasters" declare the Lizard

lighthouse to be rather burdensome than
commodious, the Lizard being so well-knovm.
Have received 21s. 41^. tax for it since Mid*
summer, chiefly from Newfoundland fisher*
men, who paid with much grudging. Cannot
tell the yearly average, this being the most
profitable quarter. (Page 104).

December ist^ Trinity House, Ratcliffe« —
Wardens, &c., of Trinity House to [ the Coun-
cil]. Think the light at the Lizard in Corn-
wall very unnecessary, most ships entering
the channel by day, not by night, and the road
being so broad that few ever see the Lizard.
The tax of Jd. per ton on ships would 3deld
about 400/. a year. It is a great burden, and
much complained of.

1624, February 4/^. — Sir Wm. Monson to
[the Council]. In answer to the objections
against the necessity of a lighthouse at the
Lizard Point, viz. — that ships enter the chan-
nel by day, not by night, and come in about
Plymouth so as never to see the Lizard ; that
the channel is so broad that it may safely be
entered even by night, and that pirates would
be advantaged by the light — states that mar-
iners would gladly come into the land earlier,
if they had the Lizard light to secure them ;
mentions the shipwreck for want of it of a
Spanish prize, value 100,000/., sent home by
the Earl of Cumberland in 1589. Mr. Caven*
dish endured more hazard in a storm ofiF the
Lizard than in circumnavigating the globe.
Pirates, being so few in proportion, should
not be allowed to prevent so great a good*
Argiunents to show the necessity of the light-
house. (Page 159).

il| A ^

BISHOP QUIVIL AND THE HOLY

SACRAMENT.

BY THE VERY REVEREND HENRY WOOLLCOMBB,
ARCHDEACON OF BARNSTAPLE.

mHE following statements will doubtless
be very interesting to your reader :
Bishop Peter Quivil (or Wyvill)
and Dr. J. M. Neale. — Mr. William Cooke
writes to Notes and Queries: — In his Lectures
on the Blessed Sacrament, at p. 135, Dr.
Neale says: —

N

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

109

** I do think with veneration on that holy Bishop of
Exeter, nearly six-hundred years ago, who, when the
custom of denying the cup to the laity was reoeived for the
first time by the English Church, in a Provincial Synod,
said: — 'You may depose me as a schismatic, you may
hum me as a heretic ; but Bishop while I am, I will never
deprive my flock committed to my charge of that which
our Lord died on Calvary to give them.' And while that
true Bishop lived (and he lived many years) Devonshire
and Cornwall were still privileged to taste of the Chalice."

Collier {Eccksiastical History, Vol. ii., p. 599,

Ed. 1840) gives an account of the council, but

does not give this speech of the Bishop.

Whence did Dr. Neale get it ?

Fbtbr Quivil, Bishop of Exeter, 1280-1291,

AND THE ChALICR.

The following additional particulars respect-
ing Bishop Quivil on the above subject may
be interesting : —

"At a Provincial Synod held at Lambeth in
laSi, under the presidency of Archbishop
Peckham, it was decreed that " the priests do
take care when they give the Holy Commu-
nion at Easter, or at any other time, to the
simple, diligently to instruct them that the
Body and Blood of our Lord is given them at
once under the species of bread: nay, the
whole living and true Christ, who is entirely
under the species of the Sacrament ; and let
them at the same time instruct them that,
what at the same time is given to them to
drink, is not the Sacrament, but mere wine, to
be drunk for the more easy swallowing of the
Sacrament, which they have taken." It would
appear from a reference to Wilkins and Spel-
man, that several conferences of the Bishops
of the Province of Canterbury were held in
London, under Archbishop Peckham, in the
early part of 1281, the year of the Lambeth
Synod, at which, it may be, the forcible
language attributed to Bishop Quivil must
have been uttered. But this interesting fact
remains: six years after, in 1281, Bishop
Quivil held his memorable Synodus Exoniensis
at Exeter, in the 4th Canon of which the
priests are directed what course to pursue
when they administer the bread and the cup
to the laity: upon which Canon Collier re-
marks : — " From hence it appears that the

/

lait^' received the Communion in both kinds
in the Diocese of Exeter, notwithstanding the
late provincial constitutions of Lambeth to
the contrary; and that the denying the cup to
the people was so great an innovation, that the
Bishop of Exeter did not think himself bound
to be concluded in that point by the order of
his Metropolitan or the Lambeth Synod."
(Collier, EccUsias/tcal History, Vol. ii., p. 599,
Ed. 1840.) See Johnson's English Canons^
part ii., pp. 274-275, who says that it is evident
that the cup was not yet wholly and absolutely
denied the laity in Archbishop Peckham's
days."

The above is a transcript of a letter, written
by the late Chancellor of Exeter Cathedral,
Rev. E. C. Harington, and sent to the Editor
of the Exeter and Plymouth Gazette, from the
Close, Exeter, June 21, i88o.

There are three copies of the said con-
stitutions of Bishop Quivil in the Archives
of Exeter Cathedral. Two are in good con-
dition, but one is greatly injured by damp.
I could wish that the first of the three copies
was not so difficult to decipher.

The body of Bishop Quivil lies under a
large slate stone in the centre of the Lady
Chapel. Round the stone is inscribed the
following line : —

**Peira tegit Petfum, nihil cfficiat sibi tetrum.**

^P ^P w^jt

LONDON & SUBURBAN RESIDENCES
OF SIR WALTER RALEGH.

BY T. N. BRUSHFIELD, M.D.
PART II.

9. Middle Temple, London. — In the year
1676, George Gascoigne published the Steel-
Glass, a satire, to which were prefixed some
commendatory verses by ** Walter Rawley, of
the Middle Temple," commencing: —
" Sweet were the sauce would please each kind of taste.'*
At his arraignment, Sir Walter affirmed "if
ever I read word of Law or Statutes before I
was Prisoner in the Tower, God confound
me**; Theobald {Memoirs of Sir W.R., 1719,
p. 5) makes this his basis for denying that he

no

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

(Sir W. R.) could have been at the Temple at
all, and Edwards {Op, cit., i. 25) is of the same
opinion. The author of Sir Walter's life in
Biog. Brit., terms this a "frivolous'* objection
of Theobald's. Wood (Ath. Ox, 369^ declares
he was there. Oldys (Op, cit., xi.J was unable
to find his name in the registers there " as a
student of the law ; " at the same time he adds
** it might be as customary then, as it is now,'*
to have the use of Chambers ** and never read
a word of the law ; much less have any other
purpose to practise it.'* Unless it can be
shown that the ** Walter Rawley*' was another
of the name, it would appear to be tolerably
certain that he was a resident in the Temple,
but that such may have been for a short time
only, is probable, especially as Sir R. Naunton
reports of him "he stayd not long in a place."

Edwards (i. 36J points out that if Sir
Wfilter occupied Chambers in the Temple
at the period assigned, it militates against the
assumption of some of his biographers, of his
having been present at the battle of Rimenant,
when Don John of Austria was defeated. In
the Trans, of the Devon Assoc, (xv. 175.) I have
drawn attention to another and still stronger
reason to show that he must have been in
England at that time.

10. The Court. — Between the period of
Sir Walter's leaving Ireland in December,
1581, and his return thither in 1589, when he
was under a temporary cloud, but rendered
memorable by his visit to Spenser, he not
only spent much time at Court, but resided
occasionally within its precincts.

Oldys (Op, cit., Ixxiv.^ records that he had
apartments in the court at " Somerset house,"
and a house at St. James's or apartments also
in the ** court there." Sir Walter's correspon-
dence (Edwards, Op, cit., ij.) demonstrates,
that wherever the Court was he was frequently
in attendance. Six of his letters (1583-86),
are from the Court, one of them " from my
lodging at the Cort.** The note he addressed
to Mr. Duke expressing his desire to purchase
Hayes Farm, the scene of his birth, is one of
this number. Four others are addressed, one
each respectively from "Richmonde" (1583),

"Grenewiche" (1583), "Winsor" 1587, and
" from the Cort at Somerset House (1584-5).

II Durham House, Strand. — ^There can
be no doubt of this having been Sir Walter's
principal town residence, and it is intimately
connected with his history, painfully so during
the latter part of his occupying it.

Durham House was erected in the four-
teenth century by the then Bishop of Durham,
and it is a noteworthy fact that many of the
residences along Thames side belonged to
Bishops of various dioceses. Henry VIII.
obtained it from Bishop Tunstall, in exchange,
it is said, for some other property. It was
given by Edward VI. to his sister, the Prin-
cess Elizabeth. On the accession of Mary,
Tunstall regained possession, only to be de-
prived of it once more by Elizabeth on her
coming to the throne. She retained it until
1583, and then presented it to Sir Walter
Ralegh, one of the earliest favors he received
at her hands.

Copies of six of Sir Walter's letters, ranging
from 1 59 1 to 1603, and written from this
house are included in Edwards's work ; and
it is singular to note that where the body of
the letter was written by an amanuensis, the
name of the house appears as " Dirrham,'
but in those of Sir Walter's own writing as
" Derum" or ** Deram.**

Durham House was situated between Salis-
bury House on the eastern, and York House
on the western side. ** The ori^nal mansion
was very large, and with its courtyards and
various outbuildings covered nearly the whole
site of the present Adelphi Terrace and of the
Streets between it and the Strand, one of
which still bears the name * Durham Yard.' "
(Edwards, ij. 538.) Like the other palaces
along the margin of the Thames, the river-
front appears to have been the principal one.*

* An engraving of the Thames front dated 1660, accom-
panies Mr. H. B. Whealley's paper in the Antiqwuy,
ix, 263, on ''the Adelphi and its site." Another of a
totally different character is engraved in Allen's ffist,
of London, iv, 236, from a drawing by Hollar, in the
Pepysian library at Cambridge ; and one somewhat similar
to it in Hall's Book of the Thames, 382. There is
another view in Smith's Antiq. of WtstminsUr,

/

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Ill

Aubrey (Lives, ij. 538J writes of it : — " I well
remember his [Sir W. R.*s] study, which was
on a turret, that looked into and over the
Thames, and had the prospect, which is as
pleasant perhaps, as any in the world, and
which not only refreshes the eie-sight, but
cheers the spirits, and (to speak my mind) I
believe enlarges an ingeniose man's thoughts.*'

For twenty of the happiest years (1583-1603)
of Ralegh's life, he held possession, and he
spent much money in repairing and beautify-
ing it. In 1600, it was much injured by fire {vide
a letter by Lady R. in Edwards, ij. 404-5).

The accession of James I. on March 24,
1603, was the turning-point of Ralegh's life
and fortunes. Henceforward everything went
wrong with him, and in less than eight months
he had lost his official appointment, and his
property, and was confined in the Tower as a
State prisoner. The King could hardly have
been seated on the throne when ** that sly time-
server, Toby Matthew, Bishop of Durham,
claimed the old town-house of the see, relying
on Cecil's help and King James's dislike to
the great enemy of Spain " (Thornbury's
Haunted London, 97*8). The King did not reach
London till the first week in May ; so expe-
ditious, however, had Sir Walter's enemies
been, that on the last day of the month, there
appeared a royal warrant "to give warning
and comandment in our name to Sir Walter
Ralegh, Knight, ... to delyver quyet possess-
ion of the said house [termed "Duresme
Place"] to the said Bishop of Duresme"

(Egerton Papers, Camd. Soc, 377 j. A week
later Qune 7), the Bishop writes to the Lord
Keeper (Si^ Thomas Egerton), complaining
that '* the supposed tenaunts seeking nothing
els but to gaine tyme to deface the house more
than is justifyable by la we," adding ** 1 heare
that Sir Walter Rawleigh doth earnestly
labour to contynue his habitation there until
Michaelmas " {Ihid., 379). A letter from Sir
Walter acknowledges the receipt of the war-
rant requiring him " to deliver the possession
of Derum howse, to the Byshop of Derum, or
to his atumey, before the xxiiiith of June next

>9

msewmge." In it he complains of the un-
seemly manner in which he is being hurriedly
forced out of the house, remarking " that the
poorest artificer in London hath a quarter's
warninge given hyme by his land lord." It
must have been in the very bitterness of his
spirit that he. penned the concluding lines: —
** If I do any thing contrary to law the
Byshope may take his remedy, and I percave
cannot want good f rinds, ^ * {Ihid, 3 80- 1 . ) There is
no date to this letter. Edwards (ij. 269-70)
assigns it to May, but as it was a reply to the
royal warrant dated on the 31st of this month,
this can scarcely be correct. This omission,
however, is in great part supplied by the copy
in the Egerton Papers, containing the statement
(omitted by Edwards) ** Indorsed by Lord
Ellesmere, * Sir Walter Raleigh's letter, Rec.
9 Junij, 1603.' " This 9th of June was a black
one for Ralegh, and one never to be forgotten
b}' him.

On July 17, he was examined before the

Privy Council respecting his share in the

supposed plot against the King, and was

subsequently sent to the Tower. He was

arraigned at Winchester, on November 17,

the trial having been transferred there, owing

to an outbreak of the plague in London. One

of the chief points in the indictment against

him ran thus : —

*' That the Lord Cobham, the ninth of June last, did
meet with the said Sir Walter Raleigh in Durham- House,
in the Parish of St. Martins in the Fields, and then and
there had Conference with him, how to advance Arabella
Stuart to the Crown and Royal Throne of this Kingdom."

The circumstances of the trial itself would
be out of place to enter into here ; but the
results are well expressed by Gardiner (Hist,
of England, 1883, i, 138) : —

*'If Raleigh's trial is remarkable for the distinct enunci*
ation by the judges of the harsh principles which were
then in repute amongst lawyers, it is equally worthy of
memory, as giving the first signal of the reaction which
from that moment steadily set in, in favour of the rights of
individuals against the State. Many a man, who came to
gloat over the conviction of a traitor, went away prepared
to sympathise with the prisoner who had defended himself
so well against the brutal invectives of Coke."

The historyof Durham House after it had
been surrendered by Sir Walter, was one of

112

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

rapid decadence. After the Bishop had be-
come the possessor, it is doubtful whether he
ever resided there. Thombury [Op, cit,^ 98) de-
clares it was ** never occupied again either by
bishop or noble.** Edwards (ij, 266) doubts
whether he could possibly have lived in it ** for
more than a few weeks . . . nor were his deal-
ings with [it] . . . during his short tenure
much to the credit of his honesty." The
property was soon aferwards divided. The
outbuildings and stables in the rear of the
mansion were pulled down, and a new Ex-
change called "Britain's Burse*' was erected
on the site with a frontage towards the present
Strand.

I have dwelt at some length upon Durham
House, owing to its being so closely connected
with the life and death history of Sir Walter
Ralegh. It was his main town home, as Sher-
borne was his country one. Probably his
active restless spirit never permitted him to
remain in either for any long consecutive
period. When not engaged in voyages, wars,
duties at Court, joumies to the Stannary dis-
tricts, or to various parts of the country re-
specting the Wine licences, he would be
visiting his relatives at Beddington, or reside
for brief periods at one or other of the places
enumerated in the foregoing list ; returning,
however, to Durham House, to the sweet
society of those whose genius he recognized
and honored, as W. Hepworth Dixon (Her
Majesty s Tower, i. 337) has thus powerfully
depicted, and which may fittingly close these
notes : —

** It requires no effort of the fancy to picture these
three men [Bacon, Shakspeare, and Raleigh] as lounging
in a window of Durham house, puffing the new Indian
weed from silver bowls, discussing the highest themes in
poetry and science, while gazing on the flower-beds and
the river, the darting barges of dame and cavalier, and the
distant pavilions of Paris Garden and the Globe. "

Plymouth Archives.— Mr. R. N. Worth having
completed the examination of the old documents and
charters that are in the possession of the Corporation, a
catalogue will shortly be printed of them. It is stated
that these muniments are of not much antiquarian value,
but it is desirable that all who are interested in local anti-
quarian lore should be able to know what they wish about
them. — Western Daily Mercury^ November 8, 18S4.

NOTES ON THE FAMILY OF LEY,
IN BEER-FERRERS.

BY REV. W. W. MARTYN, B.A.

WOHN PRINCE in his Danmomi Oriefdaks
\ Illusttes : or J The Worthies of Devon, under
w the heading of Kempthom, Sir John, KU;
has some very interesting references to the
Ley family and their kinship with the Kemp-
thomes of Tonacombe : —

"Now however there were divers successions
of heirs of the name of Kempthom in this
family at Tunacombe,* and several so called,
are still living in the Parish of Morwenstow
aforesaid; yet you may please to know, that
they derive their original, not from Comwal,
but Devonshire: Where in the Parish of
Ciawton near Holdsworthy, in the hundred of
Black-Torrington, is an antient seat called
Kempthom, which became their godfather,
and gave them his name. It was formerly the
possession of le Pedeleur, until the latter end
of the reign of K. Edw. 3d ; then it came to be
the inheritance of Lea, Ley, or L^h of Legh, in
the parish of Beer-Ferrers, near Plymouth, who
settled it on a younger son ; and he, from this
his habitation, took to him the name of Kemp-
thorn, whose posterity were wont to write
Ley alias Kempthom, and Kempthom, alias
Ley.t Of which family of Ley, being so near
a kin, it may not prove unacceptable to give
a brief account : That it flourished at the seat
of their name in the parish of Beer-Ferrers
aforesaid, from the reign of K. Edw. I, down
to the days of Q. Eliz. about which time
Henry Ley, of Ley removed unto Teffont-
evias in Wiltshire, where he had a fruitful
issue. James his sixth son, was bred a
scholar for some time in Brazen-Nose-Col-
lege, in Oxford; after one degree taken in the
Arts, he removed to Lincoln's Inn, London,
where he became eminent for his wisdom and

* There are several shields at Tumicombe (Tonacombe)
with exactly the same quarterings as those borne by Henxy
Ley (a crescent for a difference), see WesUm Antiqutary.^
vol. iii., p. 8a

t John Ley cUias Kempthome, of Tonacombe (died
1 591), married Katherine, daughter of Sir Piers Courten&y.
Kt., of Ugbrook, Devon.

Arms of John Lkv, alias Kempthorne, of Tonacoinbe (who difd in 1591)
impaling Coiirtiinay. (See Notes, p. 112. 1

^mtf^U^

Anns and Autograph of Sir Jamrs Liiv (afterwards Earl cf Marlboroiiyli). in 1O22.
Arg: a chevron hotwetn 3 Bears heads Coupt-d sabic.

\'

■ I

• - s

/

i

m

1

■■■■ Y^i K

> A w'

• - * '^ *.

T .

1

mn IK,

\ i

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

113

learning in the law, so that an. I Jac. I, he was
called to the state and degree of Serjeant at
law, the year following he was constituted
diief-justice of the King's Bench in Ireland ;
after that Knighted, and made attorney of
the court of wards and liveries in England ;
then made a baronet, and lord chief justice
of the King's-Bench in England; in the 22
Jac. I. he became lord high treasurer of
England, a counsellour of state, and a baron of
the realm, by the title of Lord Ley of Ley in
Devon; and in the ist of K. Char, he was
made Earl of Marlhourgh in the County of
Wilts, and lord president of the council : Of
whom one hath left us this honourable charac-
ter, ** That his noble thoughts were so fixed on
vertue, his discourses so embellished with
wisdom, and his heart so fraught with integrity,
that his words did never bite, nor his actions
wrong any man to give him just cause of com-
plaint." Departing this life at Lincoln's Inn,
1628 ; he was buried in the parish church of
Westbury in Wilts, where he hath a noble
monument erected to his memory." — [Epi-
taphs inserted.]

The following is from Banks's Dormant and
Extinct Baronage of England, vol. iii., p. 476:—

" Ley of Ley and Earl op Marlborough.

** Arms. Arg. a Chev. between 3 Seals heads
couped S. (See Western Antiquary, vol. iii.,

129.)

"James Ley, sixth son of Henry Ley, of
TefFont-Evias, in Co: Wilts, Esquire, was
educated in the study of the law ; in which
he became so eminent by his profound learning
and abilities, that he successively was called
a Serjeant-at-law; P» Jac. I., chief justice of
the King's bench, in Ireland, the year follow-
ing; the 17th Jac. I. was created a baronet;
the next yesr, chief justice of the court of
King's bench ; in the 21st Jac. I., Lord High
Treasurer of England; and upon the 31st of
December the same year made a peer of the
realm by the title of Baron Ley of Ley, in the
County of Devon; and upon the 5^ of Feb-
ruary, I Ch. I. was advanced to the dignity
of Earl of Marlborough, in Wiltshire. He
was a person of great gravity, talents, and

integrity, and of the same mind in all con-
ditions. He left behind him several learned
works both in law and history. [Wood's
Afh. I., col. 526.] And dying in 1628, was
buried in an aisle adjoining the Church of
Westbury in Wilts ; where a noble monument
with a suitable inscription was erected to his
memory. His Lordship was three times mar-
ried ; first to Mary, Daughter of John Pettey,
of Stoke Talmage in Oxfordshire, by whom he
had three Sons Henry, J James, and William ;
also eight daughters, whereof ** Elizabeth "=
Morris Carant, of Tooner, in the County of
Somerset Esq, " Anne '*= Sir WilHam Long of
Draycot: in Wilts; " Mary "== Richard Erisey,
of Erisey in Cornwall. " Dionysia *'=John
Harington of Kelneyton, in Somersetshire;
" Margaret "=. . . . Hobson Esq: of the Isle
of Wight. ** Esther "= Arthur Fuller Esq: of
Bradfield in Hertfordshire. " Martha " died
single; and "Phoebe" became the Wife of
. . . Biggs, of Hurst, in Berkshire, Esq:

** Secondly to ** Mary" widow of Sir Wil-
liam Bower, Kt: and Thirdly to "Jane"
daughter of John, Lord Bulter, of Bramfield ;
but by neither of these had he any issue.

** To him succeeded Henry his Son and
Heir who married " Mary " daughter of Sir
Arthur Capel, of Hadham, in the County of
Hertfordshire, Kt: by whom he had a Son
James and a daughter Elizabeth : who died
unmarried II ; which "James" was his successor ;
a learned man and particularly skilled in
Mathematics, as also an excellent sea officer ;
in which service he was unfortunately killed
in the great sea fight with the Dutch, near
LowestofF, Anno Domini 1665, without issue.

It He was an accomplished youth ; who after having
studied the law for five years at Lincoln's Inn, intending
to travel, and waiting at Dover for a fair wind, was taken
ill of a fever, and returning to Canterbury, died there in
1618, and was buried in the Church of St. Mary, Bredin.
f^Hasted's History of Kent,)

II This is the only daughter mentioned by Dugdale,
but according to a visitation of the County of Somerset,
Anno, 1672, in the Heralds* College, it appears that he
had a daughter, Mary, who married John Tristram, whose
daughter, Mary, married Ralph, son of George Bathurst,
Esq., by Elizabeth VilUers, his Wife.

114

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Whereupon William his Uncle became heir
to the Barony and Earldom ; both of which,
by reason of his decease without issue in 1679
became extinct. His Wife was the daughter
of Sir William Hewet Kt:—

James Ley
died 1628.
i« Earl. .

I

Henry i?* Son.
ob: ante 1640. .
2»<> Earl. .

/K.

Mary d : of

John Pettey

Esq: of

Stoke Talmage,

Oxfordshire. .

I't Wife. .
1

Mary d: of William = . .
Sir Arthur d: of 4!?» Earl
Capel Kt. Sir W«

Hewet, Kt.

./K

James
ob: 1665.
3'''i Earl.

s.p.

Arms of Ley as used by Sir James Ley
(afterwards Earl of Marlborough) in 1662.

Arg: a Chevron between 3 Bears heads
couped Sable : —

« « 4i

* flDinor IRotee. ^

Tombstone in Mary Tavy Churchyard.— The
following may be worth preserving in the l^esiem Anti-
quaryi it is copied from a tombstone, not in situ but stand-
ing on its edge by the side of the wall of the church at
Mary Tavy. The church having been "restored," the prob-
ability is that this stone was removed from a grave within
ts interior; be this as it may, it ought to be preserved in a
different manner from what it is now. Around the margin
of the stone is the following inscription : — '* Here lyeth the
body of Thomas Hawkins, Blacksmith, son of Thomas
Hawkins of Lane Head in this parish, who was buried
April I2y 1721, aged 28."

In the centre of the stone : —

'' Here buried were some years before, his two wives
And five children more. One Thomas named wkose

Fate was Such to lose his Life by wrestling much,
Which may a Warning be to all how they unto such
Pastimes fall. Elizabeth and William and Hi
And yet pray understand, a second named Eli
All these were taken oflf by Death, for which prepaiei
Readers all. We must away when God doth can.**

I may mention that in the church porch there ai«|
parish stocks made for holding three pairs of 1^,
appear to have been kept under cover, probably in
identical place where we saw them, as the seats on
side of the porch would correspond with the height (
stocks. They are made of some hard wood, and are
good state of preservation. £. Pari

Farrow Deer Parks of Cornwall.—"
Henry VIH. disbanded Restormel Parke nere Lostut
Caribullock nere Deuonshire ; Liskerd parke
Duke of Cornwall had also a castle now decayed ;
glos Parke east of Foy-hauen; and Launceston
where stands Dunheuet the Dukes most auntien

The following were Gentlemen's Parks :»-
" M. Keskymer at Merther
M. Vivian at Trelawarren
M. Chawmonds at Launcells
M. Treuanian, St. Michell
S*"' Jonathan Trelawny at Poole in Minhinet
M. Rowse newly erected at Halton nere Calstock.
M. Corrington at Newton

S'' Reynold Mohune at Boconnock." _^

The above extract is from Nordetu Sii

k;

lonM

lober

Mo

latl

Tamar and Tavy Victims.— I have made some j(
tings from the Old Registers under this head, which
be interesting: —

'* 1585. Homines numero sex e foro vicino vulgalitt
Saltashe dicto redentes vecti cymba lignaria vi venti
tempestatis ingruentis in concursu duorum Riuorum Ta^
et Tamar juxta vinarium Bereferiense emersi sunt, xm*
Novembris. Quorum tres die dominico proximo seqnente'
nempe Henricus Djmner filia ejus Eiinora vxor Joaumt
Gierke et Joannes Williams aliter Brian dictus. xmf
Novembris sequente autem die Lunse Joanna Stephen, et
Thomasina uxor Nicholai Cawse sepulturae mandati sunt
Sextus vero Brian Williams adhuc investigando inueniii
nequiuit xv° Novembris.

" 1609. Robert the sonne of John Hele and Margarett
his wyf and Elizabeth the daughter of Thomas Ffoorde
als Brixton. Being drowned in passing over the water at
Chuck ffoorde the xxv*)* day of May in the morning were
buried the same day being Asentn day.

*' 1633* John Dundridge Batchelor of Arts of the Uni-
versity of Oxford who was drowned at Chokesford in
passing over the river Tavy on the vii^^ of June late in the
night was buryed the ix^^ of June.

e ittairrlag^ of t^\

I.

3-

14.

homasin da. & heiress of
obeit Jourden of Tonacombe
Morwenstow. bar: 1585.

Katherine d. of Sir Piers
i ourtenay, Kt. of Ugbrook,
evon. mar: I558 at Chudleigh.

f w Jf"™*"^^^ '° Digoiy Tremayne
I gfl* CoUacombe £q : whom she
'iQ |nrived). bur: at Morwenstow,
;bt 14. 1613.

Nicholal
2 Sonne
(He ma|
first Kaj

d: of . j

1 I

Margaret Thotnasine

^a nostra.

»>

John Ley a4
Kempthomo
Lewney — m
Chudleigh ij
bur: April |
at MorwensI

'i

lenry

ied youne

ur: at Morwenstow

une 1594.

I
John Ley alias Kemi

of Tonacombe d : if

I

I

%'

I John Docton of Docton in Hartland
I mar: secondly Philippa i: of William i
Clovelly. died 1633 leaving one daughtj
'rs. I

Thomas Docton
bur: 1705.

Bridget .

TjDnagei .
bur: I70q|

Honoi

^Oliver Rouse
(Clerk) Vicar of
Morwenstow.
ob: s. p.

Bridget

d. unmarried.

k V • 4 \ a

TM-: Ni:'.V .-..KK

A^TOH, LfNinX AND

r

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

"5

" 164 1. Stephen Blake drowned at Hoo passage
;buiyed the xvth of November.

"John Clarke, the sonne of Stephen Clarke deceased
was drowned at Hoo passage together with Stephen Blake
jfore mentioned on the xtk day of November, but his
body is not yet found.

" Edward Ford, John Rider and Christopher Smally
tayling towards Plimouth on the two and twentyeth day of
Kovember in a barge laden with wood were drowned at
Fayrstone Bay between the Hand and Maynland, but can*
not hitherto be found.

"John Clarke abouenamed the sonne of Stephen
Clarke being drowned at Hoo passage the xtb of Novem-
ber was found floting nn the water the xth of December
ind buryed the xii'i* of December.

"1666. May 27. Charles y« son of John Kensall
drowned.

" Dec. 23. Walter Edgcomb drowned.

" 1674. Jul. 15* John Lydrorke of Quethiocke in the
Coimtie of Cornwall drowned at Chokesford.

Cf

Aug. 30. Nicholas Andrewes of Tamerton Foliot
drowned at the mouth of

" 1756. May 10. A marine found dead in the river.

" 1760. Oct. 8. A man found dead in the river.

1770. Nov. 18. Barbary Pote drowned at Chucks

Cf

Fold.

tt

1773. Ap. 9. Thos. Hendy drowned in the River
Tamar.

" 7^* 9. Richard Colling drowned.

" 1778. May 7. Wm. Torrill drowned.

" And many living here can recollect the melancholy

soddent at Chucks Ford when Mr. Stephens was drowned.

Bcreferrers Rectoiy. Frederic Wintle.

fi « «

Devonshire Local Rhymes and Proverbs.—
Mr. Attwood has done good service in calling attention
(?• 73) to the local rhymes, &c. in Risdon*s work. There
is a slight error however in the Clawton line which should
read :—

" The Devil was clogged in Clawmore."
ud which is thereby rendered much more expressive.
It is somewhat singular that the first edition of Ris don's
Survey f published in 17 14, does not contain the couplet on
Lundy Island, which appears at p. 240 of the second. As
a supplement to your correspondent's list, I send the following
additional local rhymes quoted from the earlier edition : —

" Gadbery, The circuit of an ancient Castle is here to
be seen . . . whereof Men speak marvellous Matters, that
a Dragon forsooth should be seen there often, and the
Neighbour Dwellers have this hobbling Rhime frequent in
their Discourses : —

* When Gadbery-Castle and Dolbery-Hill down delved were.
Then men there might plow with a golden Coulter, and eare

with a gilded Shere.' " (Vol. i, pp. 42-3).

(This is spelled Cadbury in the 18 11 edition, and the
second line commences : ** Then Denshire might plow,&c."

** Meath, The Dwellers about, have this Rhime in
their Mouths : —

' When Meath and Martin shall go down.
Then Padestow shall be a Haven-Town.* "

(Is omitted in the later edition). (Vol. I, p. 84).

'* Otterton. In the time of Henry VIII., a lawsuit took
place between Bicton and Otterton as to the ownership of
twenty acres of waste land, when " the last of the St. Cleeres
[of Tidwell] of a pregnant Wit, and from a great Estate fallen
inferior to either of the two Possessors of the other Places,
would often repeat these Verses: —

* When the Gaol of Bicton strived with Otterton Cell,
Squire St. Cleere lived bravely in Tidwell.*"
(Vol. 2, pp. 85-6).

" The Exe. This River first saluteth the Sonne in
Somersetshire, where some Places have borrowed their
Names thereof as Exforde, Exon, &c, which is brought from
thence by Barle and Dunsbroke, clear Currents, according
to the Poet :—

' From Exmore, Ex, who from his full fed Spring,
Her little Barle hath, and Dunsbroke for to bring.* '*
(Vol. 2, p. 99.)

"Hereabout [at Huntsham] the Lake Lomen hath
his Rising, which some call Suninge Brooke or Bath,
according to the Poet : —

' Which anciently was known to be instil*d Suning,
How e*er this latter Age the Name Loman did bring.'
(Vol. 2, pp. 103-4.)

In addition to these there are some proverbial sajdngs in
Vol. I, p. 116, and Vol. 2. pp. 145, 302. There are also
in the latter, a dedicatory couplet from a (C^hantry Chapel at
Tiverton (p. 108), some lines from a German poet on St.
Boniface (p. 145), and verses against the wholesale felling
of forest trees. T. N. Brushfield, m.d.

Budleigh-Salterton.

* * *

The Evil Eye. — I was much struck the other day in
reading a curious and learned work, by M. Fran9ois
Lenormant, on Chaldean Magic, its origin and develop-
ment. The work is chiefly composed of translations of
Chaldean tablets found in the Royal Palace of Nineveh,
with notes and comments thereon. The subject of the
above heading was one of the superstitions of the eastern
peoples and dates back to before the time of Sargon in
in the seventh century before the Christian era. This king,
who appears to have been an enlightened monarch, was
desirous that his people should benefit by the treasures of
his library, and caused the greater part of the tablets to be
translated from the Accadian into Assyrian ; these tablets
or books are written in two languages, or bi-lingual ; it is
almost impossible to get at the date of the original Accadiaa
from which the Assyrian was translated. These tablets
contain many of the curious superstitions mentioned in the

»»>

Ii6

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Bible, as also others which have now a world-wide rec(^-
nition, and amongst and occupying a conspicuous place in the
folk-lore of the English-speaking people, and especially
Devonshire is the subject of the "Evil-eye" or being "Over-
looked." Brand says : — " I have no doubt but that this
expression (" Black's her Eye ") originated in the popular
superstition concerning an evil^ that is, an enchanting or
bewitching Eye ;" this might be taken in an other sense than
evil, but the "Irishmen affirm that not only their children,
but their cattle are (as they call it) Eye-bitten when thej
fall suddenly sick."

It is in the sense of personal injury, or injury to property,
that these early people, the Accadians, ascribed this power
to the evil-eye, and as M. Lenormant has put it, "to this
picture of the superstition which alarmed the minds of
the Chaldees, must be added their firm belief in the evil
eye, which is often mentioned in the magical conjurations,
and in the fatal effects produced by certain unlucky words
pronounced even involuntarily and withoul any intention
to injure. This last accidental augury was called 'the
malevolent mouth.'*' The "malevolent word" is men-
tioned almost always in conjunction with the " evil eye."

It is remarkable with what tenacity this kind of folk-
lore attaches itself to the people, not only of this country
but of all European nations, but in Devonshire where it is
now pretty well permeated with railways, bringing about
a greater interchange of ideas and peoples, still the old
stories hold their own in the quiet nooks and comers of
the land, and the ' evil eye ' is in some places as firmly
believed in by the ignorant and uncultured as it ever was.
To give one instance, in the Devon Association Report,
1879, P* 106, it is said that at Axminister, a man's pig was
"overlooked" by one Charity Perry, and that the poor
unfortunate animal passed its time in turning bead over
heels. E. Parfitt.

Exeter.

* * *

•» (Slueriea. *

British Money. — Caesar mentions that the British
had money : — " numtno utuntur parvo et ares atet ferreis
laminis pro nummo.**

Before 1700, a great many plates of iron with holes
bored in the middle were found in Cornwall. [The sire
of these pieces, as shown in a diagram which accompanies
the query, was about an inch square.] Also, in 1730, as
they were pulling down the great tower and some buildings
at Boconnoc, the workmen found a great number of similar
pieces of iron, thought to be money. [A second diagram
shows a piece of about the same size as the first, but with
this difference, being rather octagonal than square.]

Is anything known about these things ? E.W.R.

•Sf 41 ?P

Lords of Lambourne. — I have heard that the

Clowance lands were held in fief from the lords of

Lambourne. Where is Lambourne ? Who were the

lords ? SiLEX.

Log. — ^Thc author oi John Herring: a West Country
Romance i uses the word "log" with the following note
(chap. I, p. 14). "To log is to rock. Thus a Ic^an stone
is a rocking stone, and a woman logs her baby in its cradle."
I was told about eighteen years ago that " Ic^ the cradle"
was sometimes to be heard on Dartmoor, but I have no
direct or more recent evidence of the use of the word.
Can any of your readers give me evidence of its use, with
place and date, John Shelly,

« « •

Richard Fitz-Ralph. — In the course of an addree
on the "Armagh Library," delivered to the members of the
United Kingdom Library Association in Dublin about s
month since, the Dean of Armagh mentioned Richard Fitz-
Ralph, and stated that Prince, in his Worthies of Depm^
says he was of Devonshire family. The Dean claimed
him as an Irishman, or at any rate, that he was bom in
Ireland. May this not be a somewhat similar case to that
of Mr. S. C Hall, who, although bom in Ireland, from
the accidental temporary residence of his parents in that
country, has always claimed to be a native of Devonshire.
Can any of your readers elucidate this point ?

Kearley.

The Yen. Roger Massey, Archdeacon op Barn-
staple. — Can any of your readers inform me of what
family was this gentleman, and when he died? His
daughter, Julia, married in 18 17, Capt., now Admiral Sir
P. W. Parry Wallis, G.C.B., and died in 1848.
Barnstaple. W. H. Kelland.

ifi lii ifi

Old Cornish Names. — In a catalogue of old deeds,
etc., in the collection of Mr. James Coleman of Tolten*
ham, occur the following : —

" Deed of 1660 relating to land in Lttpblion,**

Another is "between of Lynchdrock and

of same, " and relates to land in St. Minnow.

Another is between " Clobery Lilley of Helligan and
of St. Mabyn."

Is the first name put for Luxulyan and does Lynch-
drock represent the modem Lanhydrock ? Then does
St. Minnow indicate St. Winnow or St. Minver ? Is
Clobery at all a usual Cornish Christian name ?

HiBYSKWI.
« ifi 4i

The Mundays op Rialton, St. Columb Minor,
Co. Cornwall. — I shall feel obliged by any reader of
the Western Antiquary ^ who has given special attention to
tracing the history of this branch of the £unily, informing
me whether there are any wills or administrations of the
family to be found in the District R^;istiy of the Court of
Probate at Bodmin. A. J. Monday.

Taunton.

i

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

117

Sir Francis Drake. — In the Register of Marriages
of Berefeners occurs : —
** i6j8» Feb. 14. Mr. John Trefusis and Miss Elisabeth

Drake were marryed.'*
*< 1661, Feb. 6. Ffrances Drake, Baronet, and Dorothea
Bampfield, b. licen."
Will someone versed in the Drake genealogy kindly
say what relations, if any, to the great Sir Francis these
were ?

The name Drake has existed here for generations, but
the prefixes Mr. and Mistress, standing singly out of
other entries, betokens, I suppose, gentility. These entries
are interesting as appendices to the notes on the Ley
fiemaily published in the Western Aniiguary, as their estate
passed into the hands of the Drakes, and is still held by
the present Sir Francis.

Did they possess a manorial residence here ?
Berefeners Rectory. Frederic Wintlb.

Bereferrers. — In the Register of Burials occurs : —
" 1 553. Dorothie Blunt Ladie Mountioye, vij** Septembris. "

Who was she ? The name occurs nowhere else in the
Registers.

And is anything known of Robert Wakeman, called
" Vefurabiiis vir, sacra Theologia doctor ^^^ Rector in 1610 ;
or of John Tindal, B.D., Rector in 1673, married '*Anne,
daughter of Mathew Halls of Egbuckland, Enquire, in
1655." Frederic Wintle.

Bereferrers Rectory.

^

Deer Parks of Devonshire. — I have been expect-
ing to see some mention made of ** Deer Park" Buckerell,
which from its name must, I presume, at one time have
been a deer park. I shall be very glad to hear if anything
is known of this place as such, and of its history. It was
till towards the close of the last century in the possession
of the family of Fry, a branch of those seated at Yarty.
Birmingham. E. A. Fry.

Tregea Family. — Can any of yours correspondent
give information regarding John Tregea of St. Agnes, in
22 Car. I. ; William Tregay, a captain in Lord Mohun's
regiment; William Tregea of Lambriggan; anything
regarding Lord Mohun and his regiment ? SiLEX.

* * *

Langmead of Derriford. — Several of this family

sat in Parliament. Philip Langmead sat for Plymouth,

and James Langmead stood for Tiverton. Are any of the

ifamily still living ? W. H. Kelland.

Barnstaple.

The Deer Park at Launceston. — May I add to
my note on this subject in the last number of the Western
Antiquary a question concerning the statement by ' 'J. P. B. "
in his article on the Cornish deer parks ( W,A.^ vol. iv.,
p. 47), that *' all the parks, save that at Launceston, were
converted [by Henry the Eighth] into arable and pasture ?"
In Cole's MS. extracts from the records of the Duchy of
Cornwall (p. 162), which I have referred to elsewhere,
Launceston Park is mentioned in a document of 1618 as
one of eight parks in the county ; is this perfectly recon-
cilable with the statement just quoted ? A.F.R.

Grrens. — Can any of your readers give inform-
ation about a Welsh poem on Gerens called '*Gerreint
ab Erbyn." Llwyd (1760), in a letter to Tonkin, mentions
that he has seen it but was not allowed to cepy it. It
described the valor of Gerens and his son at the battle of
Longborth, when he was killed. Where is Longborth? If
my notes on Gerens are true, it ought to be in middle
Cornwall. Llwyd thinks that Gerens and Trev Erbyn are
called so from Gerrens ab Erbyn. E.W.R

^ •» 4>

What was the Length of a Devonshire Mile
in the i6th Century.— In the now (locally) famous
Map of the Plymouth Leat, a copy of which is published in
Plymouth Institution Transactions, 1881-2, the leat course
is marked off into 27 sections of a supposed mile each.
Now the actual length in modem statute miles is just 17.
It must therefore be supposed that tlie miles of the map
are speeimens of those local measurements which grew up
in different parts of England, despite the provision of
Magna Charta that there should be "only one measure
and one weight throughout the kingdom."

I want therefore to ask your readers in other parts of
the two counties whether any instance is known in early
documents or maps, of the existence in their localities of
a local mile at all comparable in length to that shown on
the leat map? H. Sharrock.

*p iji T

* l?cplic0* *

Ashburton Church.— The new oak rood screen,
the north and south parclose screens, and the stalls at St.
Andrew's Church, Ashburton, cannot in any sense, be
called a restoration. Oak carven screens and stalls existed
there in the old times most assuredly, but the present ones
are not of the local type of work. They were designed
by the late Mr. George Edmund Street, R.A., of London,
(Architect of the New Law Courts) and beneath the
benign shadow of the "Luckie Horseshoe'* in Exon's
fair City, were made by myself and my *'merrie men."
By us they were placed in situ in 1883. Fragments of the
original rood screen are still preserved in the town of
Ashburton. Harry Hems.

Fair Park, Exeter.

Ii8

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Origin of Cornish Arms. — In a letter to the JV.M,
News of recent date, the Rev. W. Jago, of Bodmin, men*
tions the suggestion formerly made by Mr. Planch^, that
they arose from a canting adaptation of one of the titles of
Richard EUiri of Cornwall, the son of King John of Eng-
land, lie was also Earl of Poitou, which it is supposed
the Heralds rendered like a rebus, Pais tons — ^all peas, and
set these representations of peas upon the border of his
shield accordingly, whence they are supposed to have been
transferred to the field of another shield for the arms of the
County. May I be allowed to ask Mr. Jewers, or some
other of your correspondents learned in heraldic lore,
whether that suggestion of Mr. Planch^'s has been in any
way corroborated or has met with support from Heralds
generally? Devs. JUNR.

P.S. — If Cornwall got her Arms from the old Earls of
Cornwall, why has Devon no county Arms ? Should
they not have been adopted or adapted from those of
the Earls of Devon ?

ifi ifi lii

Egg Buckland= Heche's Buckland. — In reference
to the remarks of W. F. C. , upon the origin of this name
(in his note on Bucket Abbey, PV.A,,'S, Series, part iv.,
page 78), may I be allowed to point out that E^rgr is quite
a modem method of spelling the first part of the name of
this parish and manor.

Also that, as is shown by the notes on pages 6, 14, and
104 of the iii. Vol. of IV,A,, there can be little doubt of
its derivation from the name of the Saxon Heche, in whose
hands it had been prior to the Norman division of the land,
as shown by the Domesday record itself.

Besides the instances previously quoted, the name
occurs as Ekebokland, in a document of the date of 1385,
in the archives of the Plymouth Corporation ; as was
mentioned by Mr. Worth in his paper on the Early Muni-
cipal Records of Plymouth, read at the Devonshire Associ-
ation meeting at Newton this year. W. S. B. H.

* * *

Aggravii Venetiani. — iVestem Antiquary ^ iv., 75.
There is nothing very rare about this work ; it is to be
found in many libraries, and not very long ago I saw a
copy announced for sale in a catalogue of second-hand
books. I think it probable, that the note in Mr. W.
Waddington's copy referred to the fact, that part i. was
the only portion of this work ever printed.
15, Queen Anne*s Gate, George C. Boase.

Westminster.

If. jl !{.

Sir Gawen Carew. — ^With regard to the remarks of
**A." upon a statement in my note on Sir Gawen Carew,
to the effect that he married a sister of the Duke of Suffolk,
I followed without examination the assertion of Dr. Henry
H. Drake, in his article, entitled : — " Facts not generally
known about Francis Drake and Francis Russell " (TT.^.,
vol. iv., p. 26). I, like "A.," "should be glad of further
particulars as to this." A. F. R.

The Modern Pretenders.— Reading the interest-
ing article by the Rev. C. F. S. Warren (p. 67, IV, A, ^
Fourth Series), recalls to my mind, that several years ago,
the two brothers Stuart, frequented the reading room of
the British Museum, where their strange "get-ap"
attracted notice. They were booted and spurred, and on
leaving the building donned high hats and long milttary
doaks reaching to the heels, which added in appear-
ance to their tall stature. They certainly resembled
Charles I., in feature and gravit)' of aspect. Curiosity
prompted me to inquire of an attendant who those odd
6gures were, and I was told they were French Waterloo
officers, reading up fortifications. Wyvbrn Gules.

Sir Gawen Carew. — I beg to inform "A." (p. 78,
Western Antiquary^ Fourth Series), that Sir Gawen Carew
married first, Anne Brandon, he alludes to her in his will
as his "fyrst wyfe, late sister of the noble Ihynce Charles
Brandon, late Duke of Suffolk, deceased.'* Secondly,
Mary Wotton, whose brother. Queen Mary's Ambassador
at the French Court, interceded with his mistress for Sir
Gawen, whose life was in jeopardy. Thirdly, Elizabeth
Norrish. All three wives are mentioned in the will, and
I think the matches are indicated by the impalements
on Sir Gawen's tomb, in Exeter Cathedral. Margaret
Skipwith was the wife of Sir Gawen's nephew. Sir Peter
Carew. All the above historical names will be associated
in the Introduction to the coming History of Kent,

Wyvern Gules.
lit ifi ifi

French Prisoners of War in Devon and Corn-
wall. — The following extract from an article in the Eve-
ning Standard of July 27, 1883, on the loss of the Vengeur^
may be of interest as bearing upon "A. F. R.'s " question
relating to French prisoners of war in the West : — *' The
infamous Barr^re drew up the theatrical legend to amuse
the partisans of the Republic ; but the dry facts are ca
record in the naval annals of France, in the despatch sent
by R^naudin from Tavistock." West Country.

lit lit lit

Ancient British Coins found at Mt. Batten,
NEAR Plymouth. — The Druidical stone erections known
as Cromlechs were probably associated with some of the
religious rites of the Druids, and in their use the Cromlech
or cell of Ceridwen was covered with a mystic veil on
which was displayed the representation of the Lunar-arkite
Goddess.

The following is from Meyrick and Hamilton Smith
on the costume of the original inhabitants of Great
Britain: — "The Lan-y-on Cromlech in Cornwall, the
covering stone of which is 19 feet long and 47 feet in girt,
is placed so high that a man on horseback may ride under
it. Lan-y-on signifies the enclosure of On, the Arkite
divinity, and therefore exactly implies what all Cronilechs
were intended to be, representations of the Noachic Aik.

n

ANCIENT BRITISH COINS FOUND AT MOUNT BATTEN,
NEA.R PLYMOUTH.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

119

.... In it (the Cromlech) were performed yarious
ceremonies relating to the Bardic orders, with a reference to
the great event of the deluge, and the primary one of these
was the sheathing of a sword as a token of their being
devoted to peace and insulated from all the parties and
disputes of the world. Being peculiarly dedicated to the
Arkite genius it was entitled Maen Cetti, the stone of
Cetti or the Ark, and the raising of it was, according to
the Triads, one of the three mighty labours of the Isle of
Britain. In it was celebrated all the mysteries of Ceiid-
wen or Cetti, and in it her mystical cauldron was said to
be warmed by the breath of nine damsels* Here the
adventurous aspirants beheld some of the mysteries of
Druidism when admitted behind the veil on which was
portrayed the efligies of the goddess, and which on such
occasions was hung over its entrance."

This effigy of the goddess Ceridwen is a magic steed
(a steed being a British poetical expression for a ship)
named Trycethin, thoroughly monstrous, cut oif at the
haunches with short detached bones for legs, capped at
their ends with rings; produced from the womb of the
goddess appears a trefoil, the symbol of the union of the
three orders ; and again, the same supported on her back.

Davies, in his Mythology and Rites of the British
Druids, considers the horse as a mystical combination of
a bird, a mare, and a ship — a symbol of K^ or Ceridwen,
the Arkite goddess, or Ceres of the Britons.

In the British coins illustrating Part 4 of the W^A.f
the bone-legged horse, the effigy of the goddess Ceridwen
is very apparent, and the Lunar-arkite device of the
crescent. This latter symbol, the crescent moon, will be

recognized in the obverse of Nos. 5 and 10. In No. 2,
also (which seems to have been placed upside down), there
is a figure somewhat resembling a vase; this may be
representative of the mystic cauldron of the goddess.

In The GentlemarCs Magazine^ new series, for March,
1834, there is figured a sheet of *' Coins supposed to be
Gaulish," identical in general with the British coins in the
W.A.y as they contain the bone-legged horse, human eye,
wheel face, and the curious twisted lines for hair. In these
supposed Gaulish coins, as in those in the W,A,, occa-
sionally the die appears to be larger than the coin, so that
only a portion of the subject appears. The writer of the
article attached to the sheet of Gaulish coins describes the
horse in one of the coins as '*a palpable imitation of the
Pegasus of Corinth."

Concerning the device of the wheel which appears in
these British and Gaulish coins : in Druidical worship the
sun under the name of Bel or Baal was worshipped, and
the great temples of Stonehenge, Avebury, and those in
Brittany, were devoted to the united worship of the sun
and the serpent.

One of their forms of worship was that of Deasuil or
or Deisoil, which consisted of circulation or moving round,
in imitation of the course of the sun, and the wheel as a
symbol occurs in heathen mythologies to represent the

sun-god, of which traces may be recognized in the old
Midsummer Eve festival.

Also, the ancient Gothic name of the festival at Xmas
was /tit or Vu/ey as synonymous with Giul or Hieui, a
wheel, expressive in symbol of the circling year, and so
we find a wheel figured in these British and Gaulish coins.
In the Runic Calendars, or Clog Almanacks, a wheel
marks the season of Yule-tide.

Among the Anglo-Saxons, Sunday was called Sunan-
daeg, from being dedicated to the sun. The figure
representing this day, was that of the bust of a man set
upon a pillar, with bright izys emanating firom his head.
A wheel was held in his arms, typical of the circle which
the sun makes in his course.

As the Roman invaders of Britain found therein a
Celtic population, and as Caesar, who first described them,
informs us of the similarity of Gaulish buildings, religious
rites, etc., with those of the Britons, and beyond this that
some writers have supposed that our island was originally
united to the continent — these circumstances will readily
account for the similarity of the devices in the coins of
Britain and Gaul.

In Palgrave's History of England — ^Anglo-Saxon pe-
riod — there is a wood-cut illustration of a British Druid ;
in the background there is a representation of the mystic
veil of Ceridwen with the horse having on its head the
crescent, and on its back and frpm the hind -quarters, the
trefoil symbol. G.T.

Exeter.

« lii ifi

Vineyards in Devon and Cornwall. — In looking
over the Registers of this Parish, I came across the
following, which may serve fo supplement the remarks of
" Pen with " and Dr. Brushfield on the subject ; the words
occur in an entry of an accident at the confluence of the
Tavy and Tamar : —

1585. . . . " in concursu duorum Riuorum Tavie
et Tamar juxta z/iffarf»m Bereferiense . • . ."

This parish has been a well-known fruit-growing place
from time immemorial, and the spot indicated — sloping
ground open to the S. and S.W. — would be peculiarly
favourable for a vineyard. In Hoae's Year-Book^ 1832,
June 1 2th, there is mention of a vinejrard at Croydon
Palace, temp, Edward II., and the writer goes on to say: —
" Upon the authority of many ancient writers, Mr. Pegge
affirmed the existence in early times of vineyards in
England for the culture of grapes, and that they were
introduced by the Romans about 280." The same article
says that there are "two instances in ancient authors who
mention vineyards and orchards as distinct things." In an
interesting article on the vine, in the Library of Enter-
taining Knowledge* we find : — ** It has been said that

* Published under the Superintendence of the Society
for the Difiusion of Usefiil Knowledge. 183a

X20

THE WESTER^ ANTIQUARY.

the vine was introduced into England by the Romans;
but if so, it could not have been till near the close of their
influence, for Tacitus mentions that it was not known when
Agricola commanded the island. . • . Vineyards are
mentioned in the earliest Saxon charters, as well as gardens
and orchards. ... In Domesday Book vineyards are
noticed in several counties. According to William of
Malmesbury, who flourished in the first half of the 1 2th
century, the culture of the vine had in his time arrived at
such perfection within the vale of Gloucester that a sweet
and palatable wine ' little inferior to that of France ' was
made there in abundance. In the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries, almost every large castle and monastery in
England had its vineyard. « . . The vineyards were
probably continued till the time of the Reformation, when
the ecclesiastical gardens were either neglected or des-
troyed : and alx)ut this period ale seems to have superseded
the use of wine as a general beverage. . . . Ritson,
a celebrated antiquary, has preserved a rude ballad in
praise of the beverage which was becoming the national
favourite : —

* Bryng us home no sydyr, nor no palde wine ;
For an that thou do shah have Cryst's curse and mine:
But br3mg us home good ale, and bring us home good ale,
And for our der lady's love bryng us home good ale.'

" We understand that on the southern coast of Devon-
shire, possessing the mildest temperature of the English
counties, there are still two or three vineyards, from which
wine is commonly made. A vineyard at the Castle of
Arundel, on the south coast of Sussex, was planted about
the early part of the last century and of the produce there
are reported to have been sixty pipes of wine in the cellars
of the Duke of Norfolk in 1763." Frederic Wintle.
Bereferrers Rectory.

«

Paignton Pudding. — So long ago as January 15th,
1853, I sent the following to Notts <Sr* Queries^ but no
answer was elicited : —

** Can any of your readers inform me of the origin of
the following custom, and whether the ceremony is still
continued ? I can find no mention of it in any topo-
graphical dictionary or history of Devon, but it was copied
from an old newspaper, bearing date June 7th, 1809.
**At Paignton Fair near Exeter, the ancient custom of
drawing through the town a plum-pudding of an immense
size, and afterwards distributing it to the populace, ivas
revived on Tuesday last. The ingredients which composed
this enormous pudding were as follows : 400 lbs. of flour,
170 lbs. of beef suet, 140 lbs of raisins, and 240 eg^s.
It was kept constantly boiling in a brewer's copper from
Saturday morning to the Tuesday following, when it was
placed on a car decorated with ribbons, evergreens, etc.,
and drawn along the streets by eight oxen.* "

71, Brecknock Road, N. Everard Horne Coleman.

Henry Bromley, M.p.—In answer to W. D. Pink,
W, A, , Part III. , Fourth S. Henry Bromley was the son of
the Lord Chancellor, to whom Drake presented alarge qaaii-
tity of silver plate, and who adjudicated in a suit tondm^
the Drake interest in Crowndale. Sir John Hawkins left
;£'5oo to Lady Bromley's niece or Henry Bromley's cousin.
A close connection does not necessarily imply family con-
nection; still in this instance kinship could be made oQt
involving Queen Elizabeth in its folds. Henry Bromley's
next colleague for Plymouth was Hugh Vaughan, Sir John
Hawkins's brother-in-law, and trustee for his Hospital at
Chatham. Wyvern Gules,

lii « til

Warner— Wfj/^rw Antiquary^ iv, 52.— Miss Rebecca
Warner, of Beech Cottage, near Bath, was the daughter
of the Rev. Richard Warner of Bath, author of "A Tour
through Cornwall," and other works, who died in 1857.
Miss Warner wrote : —

Herbert Lodge: A New Forest Story, By Rebecca
Warner. 1810. 3vob., l2mo.

Original Letters from Richard Baxter^ Maithew Prior ^
Lord Bolingbroke, Akxander Pope, Dr. Cheyne^ Dr,
Hartley t Dr, Samuel yohnson, Mrs. Montagui^ Pep,
William Gilpin, Rev. John Netoton, George Lord
Lytteltony Rev, Dr, Claudius Buchanan, &*c,, 6v.
With biographical illustrations. Edited by Rebecca
Warner. Printed by R. Cruttwell, Bath, and sold by
Longman, London. 1817. 8vo., pp., viii, 304. 10/6.

Epistolary euriosHies consisting of unpublished letters of
the seventeenth century illustrative of the Herbert
Family. By Miss Warner. London : Longman.
18 1 8. 2 vols., 8vo. 17/-

Literary Trifles, consisting of original letters from
Oliver Cromwell, General Fairfax, General Monk,
Count Algarotti, Francis Grose, Esq., Rev, Samud
Peggey b'c, &*c. Biographical sketches, original arnc'
dotes, reflections on authors, poetical effusions, ^e.
Edited by Rebecca Warner. Advertised as nearly
ready in 1817. In 2 vob, i2mo. 14/-

Georgb C. Boasb.

I5f Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster.

jfohn Harris, the Cornish Poet, The Story of His
Life. By his son, John Howard Harris.
London : S. W. Partridge & Co., 9, Pater-
noster Row, 1884.

This little work is truly a labour of love,
and one cannot peruse its pages without per-
ceiving the loving nature of the labour. We
have previously referred to the Autobiography
of the Cornish Miner Poet, and we need only

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

121

now say, that the son has woven the threads
of his lamented father's life into a story which
is romantic though true, and eminently real
though full of poetic passages. In fact, the
life of this simple Cornish miner teaches a
lesson of the highest kind; his determined
perseverance in the face of great difficulties,
his deep religious fervour, his eminently
poetical temperament, all give evidence that
he was an uncommon man, and one of whom
nothing but good could be said. John Harris
was the author of no less than seventeen vol-
umes of song and story, and these, aided by
the little memoir now produced, tell the story
of his life in eloquent terms.

Aidan, The AposiU of the North. By Alfred
C. Fbyer, Ph.D., M.A. London : S. W.
Partridge & Co.

In a former number we noticed ** English
Fairy Tales" and " Cuthberht of Lindisfarne,"
by the same author, and we are glad to see that
the favourable reception accorded to the latter
work has encouraged Dr. Fryer to publish the
above as a companion volume. This little
book is not only an attempt to sketch the
whole life of the first Bishop of Lindisfarne,
but also to depict the character of the heathen-
ism which Aidan and his brave followers had
to confront. The volume treats of a most
interesting period in Northumbrian history,
and records the many difficulties and dangers
which attended the early missionaries in this
now highly-favoured island.

Measured Steps. By Ernest Radford. Lon-
don : T. Fisher Unwin, 26, Paternoster
Square, 1884.

Devonshire poets shall never cease out of
the land, for verily there is that in the region
of tors and torrents, of leafy dells and rugged
moorlands which cannot fail to inspire both the
poet and the artist. The author of the above
charming little volume is well-known as an
art-critic, and he will soon be equally well-
known as a verse-writer. The work is divided
into three parts: — Part I., Measured Steps.
Part II., Fits and Starts. Part III., Trans-
htions from Heine. Of these we prefer the

former, for we find some sweet love-songs,
which, somehow, remind us of another Devon-
shire poet — Herrick. Mr. Radford's verses,
however, are quite original, and although they
have a slight Swinburnian tendency, and are
of the iEsthetic school, we would fain there
were more of them. They are musical, and
should therefore, ere long, find settings worthy
of them. In Fits and Starts, humour and
pathos are happily blended ; while the trans-
lations from Heine recall some of Mrs. Brown-
ing's very happy efforts from the same
author. Altogether it is a sweet posy, and
adds one more to the number of verse- volumes
by Devonshire poets.

Across the Silver Streak: Holiday Rambles. By
William Harbutt Dawson. Reprinted
from the Western Daily Mercury for private
circulation. With Pen and Ink Sketches.
Plymouth: Latimer, 1884.
A series of chatty sketches, descriptive of
scenery in Brittany and other parts of France.
The writer, who travelled mostly a-foot has
noted, with the customary exactitude for de-
tail of a press -man, many little matters
which would escape the eye of the ordinary
tourist, and by so doing, has rendered his little
book of great service to others who may fol-
low in his tracks. The letter-press is accom-
panied by several pages of original sketches
which add much to the interest of the pub-
lication

Memoir of Col. Joseph L. Chesttr, LL.D., D.C.L,
By John Ward Dean, a.m., Editor of the
Historical and Genealogical Register. Boston :
Printed for private distribution, 1884.
The life of a man " whose career has added
lustre to the names of genealogist and anti-
quary." Col. Chester was an American, who,
in the pursuit of genealogical researches,
spent many years in England ; where, by his
thorough devotion to his self-imposed labours,
his uniform courtesy and kindness, his great
liberality to all who sought his help, he gained
the love and esteem of all with whom he came
in contact. This brief monograph tells us
much of his career and only makes us wish
to know more of so genial a man.

122

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Investigations concerning the Family of Baldwin,
of Alston Clinton, Bucks, By Joseph Samuel
Chester, d.c.l., ll.d. Boston : Privately
printed, 1884.

This pamphlet consists of valuable inform-
ation collected by the late Col. Chester,
some years since, for publication in the
Historical and Genealogical Register (Boston), but
now issued by Mr. G. W. Baldwin, to whom
they had been entrusted by the author.

Social Life in Scotland from Early to Recent Times,
By the Rev. Chables Rogers, d.d., ll.d.
2 vols. Edinburgh : Printed for the Gram-
pian Club, 1884.

Our old friend. Dr. Rogers, the author
of many valuable books on Scottish men and
manners, has here given us, in a comprehensive
and attractive form, the result of many years*
accumulation of picked-up trifles. The two
volumes now before us, form but a portion of
the work, a third volume being announced as
** to follow.** In the fifteen chapters into
which this work is divided will be found much
to interest, instruct, and amuse, although the
latter feature is more incidental than of
direct purpose. Altogether the work is one
which the student will value for the mass of
information gathered within its covers ; every
portion of it is eminently readable, and
will, we doubt not, be conned by young and
old with infinite pleasure. In such a brief
notice as we now give, it is next to im-
possible to convey a fair idea of the variety
of subjects which are dealt with by Dr.
Rogers ; suffice it to say that he ranges from
** Pre-historic Modes" in his first chapter to
** Social Clubs" in his last, and that he
traces the social life of the Scottish people
throughout its phases. Moreover, the author
furnishes much statistical and other inform-
ation relative to Scotland which will be perused
with interest by many persons who are but
little acquainted with the history of the
northern land, and whose experiences "over
the Border" have been limited to a halt
at Edinburgh or Glasgow, in neither of which
cities can the social life of the people of
Scotland be seen to advantage. Of especial

interest to antiquaries will be the many refer-
ences to folk-lore, ancient customs, and national
sports and pastimes, while the student of
Church History will find several lengthy chap-
ters devoted to ecclesiastical matters. We
shall look with much interest for the third and
concluding volume of this work.

The Bradford Antiquary: tJte journal of the
Bradford Historical and Antiquarian Society.
Part III., September, 1884.

This work, although appearing at irregular
intervals, is full of valuable materials relative
to Bradford and its neighbourhood. The
number before us contains a series of papers
read at the meetings of the Society whose
organ it is, ranging from February, 1882, to
to January, 1884. Not the least interesting
or important portion of the work is the Biblio-
graphy of Bradford and Neighbourhood,^* con-
tributed by T. T. Empsall. We are assured
by the Editor (Mr. W. Glossop) that future
numbers will be published at more frequent
intervals, and we trust often to refer to this
valuable work in our Review column.

[Also received the current numbers of TA^ Antiquary,
The Antiquarian Magazine and Bibliographer, Bibluh
grapher (which we regret to find is to be discontinued).
The Palatine Note-Book, The Library Chronicle and
youmal of Librarianship and Bibliography, and other
serials of a like character. We shall be glad to be favoured
with copies of works for Review in the Western Antiquary,
The attention of Authors and Publishers is called to this
matter, as this periodical has a wide circulation, not only
in the West of England, but amongst antiquaries and
literary men generally. Editor ]

* * *

antiquarian an^ Bibliograpbical

4» flotea. <»

The following appeared in a Plymouth daily paper of
November I2ih, 1884: —

•* Valuable Pictures. Sir,— Lately we have heard
much about a valuable *'find" of pictures by a hairdresser
at Exeter. Will you allow me to bring before your notice,
and possibly before the notice of some whom it may
more immediately concern, the possession of a picture I7
a lady at Totnes, which, I imagine, is very valuable?
This lady possesses an oil painting (about 18 inches by 12
inches) of the likeness of Sir Joshua Reynolds, said to be
painted by himself. The initials J. R. are painted on the

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

123

necktie, and the picture is signed '* Sir Joshua Reynolds/'
with the date, which, however, I forget. It is reported
that Sir Joshua Reynolds painted only two likenesses of
himself. One, I believe, is in the National Gallery, and
some Hme ago application was made for the other through
the medium of the press. I dare not ask Mr. Ruskin his
opinion upon this picture, because he has lately told us he
refuses to do picture-dealers' work. Hence I ask you to
kindly give publicity to this, in order that the whereabouts
of the " lost likeness " may be known, and also to invite
opinion upon it. — Yours faithfully, C. Harris."

At a recent meeting of the Exeter Diocesan Archi-
tectural Society, the Dean (Dr. Morgan Cowie), presiding,
Mr. Ash worth read a paper on ** Holy Wells," describing
several in Cornwall noted for the curing of diseases if
bathed in on certain days in the year. Amongst them were
St. Madron's, St. Keyne's, St. Neot's, St. Euny's, St.
Levan's, St. Rumon*s, Our Lady of Nantswell, and others.
Some of these were also resorted to as wishing wells,
supposed to be presided over by pixies, from whom a pin-
offering would procure, perhaps, a bubbling response. In
Devon there were few ; but the Sid Well, resorted to by
Sancta Sativola, who, in A.D. 740, suffered martyrdom,
is supposed to be in front of York-buildings, Exeter. A
holy well in Northmolton has had its bathing pool filled
up, as the spring feeds a reservoir for the supply of South-
molton, and belief in the efficacy of its waters in curing
disorders having gradually died out. There were traditions
of holy wells at Romansleigh and other places. Other
references of a general character were made. The pictu-
resque character of the Cornish wells was shown by many
coloured drawings and plans.

The next meeting of the Library Association of the
United Kingdom will be held at Plymouth, in September,
1885, and it is confidently anticipated that, not only will
the members be pleased with the locality and interested in
the district in which they will, for the first time, meet, but
that the West of England may, in many ways, be benefitted
by the advent of so many experts in bibliography. The
Free Library question will receive a more than ordinary
share of attention at the meeting, and it would be well if
the promoters of that movement in the various towns in
the west would bestir themselves between this and the
forthcoming visit of the U K.L.A., in order that they may
reap all possible advantage from the conference. At
present, we believe there is not a single town in Cornwall
which has adopted the Free Libraries Acts ; surely the
provisions of those Acts are as applicable to Cornish
towns as to those of any other county, and we shall be glad
to see the movement spread in that direction, giving all
the help we can in the matter. In Devonshire — Plymouth,
Devonport, Exeter, and Bideford have adopted the Acts;
in some other places efforts have been made, but only
of a partial character. Would not next year be a fitting time
to try the effect of an agitation in some towns which are at
present almost entirely without the advantages of News-
Rooms and Circulating Libraries? We commend this

matter to our friends throughout the three Western Coun-
ties, and trust that an effort recently made in Taunton,
may, if repeated, result in success. It is, perhaps, some-
what premature to speak of the probable subjects to be
dealt with at the Plymouth Meeting of the U.K.L.A.,
but, as a paper on the Libraries of Devon and ComwaU
may not be unacceptable, we would solicit any of our
readers who are familiar with collections of books, either
in public institutions or private residences, to send us
notes thereon. May we also urge upon persons interested
in bibliography and library work to become identified with
the Association.

The Rev. F. C. Hingeston-Ranixjlph, Rector of
Ringmore, near Kingsbridge, announces, to be published
in one volume, 8vo. , The Register of Edmund Stafford^
Bishop of Exeter^ (a.d. I39S'^4^9) f ^* Index and Full
Abstract of its Contents. This is a most important work
and will, we trust, receive the measure of support from
west-country book-buyers which such a valuable document
deserves. We trust, also, that it will be followed by
more, and that other registers, equally important, may
be published in uniform size and style. The publisher is
Mr. William Pollard, North Street, Exeter.

Mr. William Andrews, F.R.H.S., has in prepara-
tion a work entitled Modem Yorkshire Poets. The book
will contain characteristic selections firom the works of the
more noteworthy Yorkshire poets of the present time, with
carefully prepared biographical and critical notices. Sub-
scription price, 3s. 6d. Subscribers' names are solicited,
and may be sent to Mr. William Andrews, 13, Hopwood
Street, Hull.

A " Manx Note- Book " is to be commenced early
in the coming year ; the Editor being Mr. A. W. Moore,
Cronkbourne, Douglas, Isle of Man. We wish this new
departure a very prosperous career, and shall be happy to
exchange courtesies with the Editor.

Mr. Henry Taylor, Town Clerk of Flint, recently
published Historic Notices^ with Topographical and other
Gleanings descriptive of the Borough and County Town of
Flinty We understand that Mr. Henry Gray, Antiquarian
Bookseller, 25, Cathedral Yard, Manchester, has purchased
the few remaining copies, and has them now on sale. An
early order is necessary as the supply is limited. The vol-
ume, a copy of which has just come to hand, is a very
handsome one, and well worthy the attention of collectors
of local history. We reserve a review for our next number.

Provincial Antiquarian Journals are still on the in-
crease, the latest announcement in this direction being
The Suffolk Antiquary and East Anglian Archceological
Notes and Queries, This will be a quarterly periodical,
the first number to be issued in January next. Subscrip-
tion, Five Shillings per annum. It will l)e edited by the
Rev. C. H. Evelyn White, of Ipswich. We look with
interest for its appearance.

124

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

* tiotcB to 3IIuetration0* *

TALLAND CHURCH, CORNWALL.

Talland Church lies by the side of the seaward
road from Looc to Polperro. From the former place it is
two miles distant, and from the **poor harbour and village"
of Polperro, which, as Carew says, " coucheth between
two steep hills," barely a mile and a half. Situated in an
elevated position — the word "Talland" presumably means
''high church" — this ancient building is a prominent object
for many miles round. It is not less picturesque than
prominent, with its grey, mouldering walls and ivy-covered
tower. Talland is in the deanery and hundred of West,
and the parish, which extends to i860 acres, comprises
West Looe on the east, and a portion of Polperro on the
west. There was in early days within this parish a cell of
Benedictine monks, subject to the Abbey of Glastonbury.
During many generations the manor of Talland belonged
to the family of Morth or Murth, of which Carew has a
story to tell in his ** Survey." He writes : — "In the same
parish where Killigarth is seated, Master Murth inheriteth
a house and demaynes. Hee marfed Treffry, his father
Tregose. One of their auncestors, within the memorie of
a next neighbour to the house, called Prake (burdened with
1 10 yeeres age) entertained a British [Breton] miller, as that
people for such idle occupations prove more hardie than
our owne. But this fellowes service befell commodious in
the worst sense. For when not long after his acceptance
warres grewe betweene vs & France he stealeth over into
his countrey, returneth privily backe againe, with a French
crew, surprizeth suddenly his master and his ghests at a
Christmas supper, carrieth them speedily unto Lantreghey,
and forceth the Gent, to redeeme his enlargement with the
sale of a great part of his revenewes." The Harleian
Society's ** Visitation of the County of Cornwall in the
year 1620" contains the pedigree of this Morthe family,
which does not appear to have risen beyond mediocrity.

The church of Talland cannot boast of architectural
parts. It is a modest building that has doubtless served
its purpose well — that of providing for the religious needs
of a scanty and scattered population.* The tower is,
however, more than usually interesting, both from its
venerable appearance and the fact that it stands away from
the church itself, being connected with it by a covered
porch and arch — shown in the plate — fourteen or sixteen
feel long. The two steps that lead to the basement of the
tower are hewn out of the solid rock which forms the
foundation of the ancient structure. In the porch are
preserved as a terror to evil-doers — if such exist in the
parish of Talland, which, of course, is an improbable
supposition — the old parish stocks, whose four eyes look
maliciously on the curious inquisitor ; but the stocks have
had their day and have held their last prisoner. Within

* The writer once witnessed a Sunday morning's con-
gregation file out of church. It consisted of one faithful
warden and three young men.

the church there is some fine old carving. The ends of
the oaken pews in both aisles are quaintly and deftly carved
in three or four patterns, one of which is shown on the
accompanying plate. Rarely is such a prodigality of
beautiful carving to be found in a modest country church.
In the south-east comer of the church is an interesting
table-monument of old date. It is to the memory of the
Bevylls of Killygarth, and the top and sides of the tomb
are inscribed with family names. On an upright slab above
the tomb and resting against the south wall, is a coat of
arms, and in a panel on either side are doggerel rhymes.
Two helmets hang in the south aisle, and these are believed
to have reference to the tomb. In the "Visitation of
Cornwall," already referred to, there is mention (pedigree
Bere) of "Johes Bevill de Killgarth in Com* Comub.
armigero fil. & heres apparens Phillippi Arundell," etc.,
and also (pedigree Grenvill) of Elizabeth, daughter and
heiress of " Phillippi Bevile de Kellygarth in Com.
Cornwall, £^.," this lady being married, to Sir Barnard
Grenvill of Stow, July loth, 1592. The living of Talknd,
which is not by any means a wealthy one, is in the
presentation of Mr. T. Gundry.

W. Harbutt Dawson,

Author of ** The History of Skipton,'' &(.

[For the interesting and admirably drawn series of

sketches of Talland Church which accompany the present

numl)er, we are indebted to Mr. R. B. Dawson of London.

Editor.]

THE LEY ARMS.

The second plate which accompanies this number con-
sists of the arms of John Ley alias Kempthorne, of Tona-
combe (who died in 1591), impaling Courtenay. If our
readers will refer to the interesting article on the "Leys of
Beer-Ferrers," by the Rev. William Waddon Martyn, on
page 1 1 2- 1 14 of the present number, they will find some
particulars of this worthy. He married Katherine, the
daughter of Sir Piers Courtenay, Kt., of Ugbrook, in
Devon. Our engraving of the Ley Arms is copied from an
old sketch (a painted panel) now in the possession of the
Rev. W. W. Martyn, the present owner of Tonacombe,
who is preparing for publication in our next issue, the
" Pedigree of Ley alias Kempthorne, of Kempthorne in
Devon, and Tonacombe in Cornwall."

* * *

OUR CHRISTMAS NUMBER.
Contributions for the Christmas Part of the Western
Antiquary f to be published on or about the 20th of Dec.,
arc solicited by the Editor, who will be glad to receive notes
of Yule-tide customs prevalent throughout the West of
England, or anything of uncommon interest appertaining
to the festive season. He will do his best to publish ail
such as may come to hand before the lOth of December.

All communications to be addressed to

W. H. K. WRIGHT,

Editor Western Antiquary^

8, Bedford Street, Plymouth.

TALLAND CHURCH, CORNWALL.

—Tower and Porch. H,— Inlerior of Forehand Belfry, III.— End of Carved Oak St:
IV.— Base of Column and pan of Sliaft, V,— Capilal of Column,

a

PUBLIC L.l

I V . *!. ^ *

ArrdR, LENOX and

^-5- sTJi=>:pxjE:M:EisrT -^^-^

TO THE

Western Antiquary. Part VL Fourth Series.

NOVEMBER, 1884.

Genealogical Notes on the families of Clarke^ Creemer, Gater, Ncrthcote, Partridge^ Kelland,
Mitchell, Saunder, and c>^A^rs.- -Contributed by W. H. Kelland, Barnstaple.

m

HE Pedigree of John Creemer Clarke,
Esq., M.P., J.P., of Abingdon, Berks.,
and of Yarnscombe, Devon.

1. John Clarke of Yamscombe, died at Yarnscombe,
1751 ; married Rachel, died 1 771, and had issue.

2. Robert Clarke of Bideford, who was born at
Yamscombe, 1725, died at Bideford, 1774; married at
Bideford, 1757, Grace Baker, and had issue.

3. John Clarke of Higher Kingscot, St . Giles-in-the-
wood. Great Torrington, North Devon, born 1764 ; died
1833, at St. Giles; married Elizabeth Taunton of Merton,
and had issue.

4. Robert Clarke of Cranford, St. Giles-in -the- wood,
N. Devon, bom at St. Giles, 1787 ; died 1864, at St. Giles;
married at Exbourne, 1821, Gracestiana (bom 1796, died
1840), daughter of John Creemer of Exbourne, and
Frances his wife, n^e Mitchell, of Cockshole, Exboume.

5. John Creemer Clarke of Waste Court, Abingdon,
and of Fitz-Harris, Berkshire, m.p. for Abingdon, 1874-80 ;
re-elected 1880; j. P., Abingdon, 1870; appointed a magis-
trate for Berkshire, 1884; Mayor of Abingdon, 1870.
Married — 1st, 1845, Anna Maria, daughter of John Avis
of Minehead, Somerset; she died 1848, leaving issue as
below. 2nd, 1849, Elizabeth, only daughter of John Joyce
of Allercott Timberscombe, Co. Somerset, and by her has,
with other issue, Henry Thomas, bom 1856 ; educated at
at Qucen*s Coll. Ox on.

6. John Heber Clarke of The Chestnuts, Abingdon,
and of Fitz-Harris, Berkshire, J.P., Abingdon, Mayor of
Abingdon, 1884-85, born 1846; married 187 1, Charlotte
Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Badcock of Barton Court,
Abingdon, and has, with other issue,

7. Helen Noel Clarke, born 1872.

The sister of the grandfather of the present member,
Elizabeth Clarke, married William Goss, Esq., by whom
she had issue, John Goss of Hatherleigh, who married in
1813, Lady Harrington. This Lady Harrington was
widow of Sir Edward Harrington, who was knighted.
May 27th, 1795, ^° ^^ occasion of presenting an address
to the Prince and Princess of Wales on their marriage,
and died in 1807.

The next brother of the member, Mr. Robert Clarke
of Towenhorst, Stoke Bishop, Co. Gloucester, carried on an
extensive business as a clothier at Truro, but afterwards
removed to Bristol, where he died, universally and deeply
regretted, in 1880.

Mr. Clarke of Abingdon has a cousin, Dr. Mitchell
Clarke, of CliAon, son of the late Mr. Thomas Clarke of
Bodmin, who died there in 1877.

An uncle of Mr. Clarke's, Mr. James Clarke of Hels-
ton, was mayor of that borough and died there in 1864.

In January, 1876, Heralds' College granted to Mr.
J. C Clarke, M.P. for Abingdon, a crest and arms, with
the most appropriate inscription *' Carpe diem."

The name of Clarke appears in the Yamscombe
registers as early as the year 1658, but the earlier steps
being somewhat doubtful are only recorded at Heralds'
College.

The late Joseph Risdon, Esq., of Exbourne Manor,
married one of the Tauntons, sister of the third Mr.
Clarke. The present lord of the manor of Exboume,
is George Arnold, Esq., who married a grand-daughter
of the above-mentioned Joseph Risdon, Esq. The owner
of Exbourne Court is J. Arnold Tattershall, the nephew
of George Arnold, Esq.

In August last the Lord Chancellor, on the recom-
mendation of the Lord-Lieutenant, appointed Mr. Clarke
a magistrate of the county of Berkshire. The recommend-
ation was strongly backed by Sir Robert Lloyd Lindsay,
the Conservative member for the county, who wrote: —
'* Mr. Clarke does not hold the same political views as
myself, but I think him highly eligible for the commission."
The North Devon Herald (the organ of the Conservatives
in North Devon), in noticing the appointment, says: —
"The appointment, which has been anticipated for some
time, has caused the liveliest satisfaction to all parties."

It may be remarked that Mr. Clarke still retains some
associations with his native county ; in fact, in granting the
crest, the family is described as of ** Waste Court, Berk-
shire, and of Yarnscombe, Devonshire," and he possesses
votes for each of the three divisions of the county.

126

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

The descent of Sir S. H. Northcote, c.b.,
M.P., from John Kelland of Painsford, Devon,
High Sheriff of Devon, i656, who died 1679.

1. John Kelland alias Kellond of Painsford, Devon,
J. P., High Sheriff of Devon, 1666, married Susanna,
daughter of Thomas Fownes, Esq., by Joan, daughter of
Walter Hele. She died February 3rd, 1648, aged 33, and
was buried at Ashprington, Febniary 22nd, 1648. He
died June 6th, 1679, aged 71.

2. John Kelland (his son) of Painsford, Esq. (High
Sheriff of Devon, 1683). He died October 7th, 1692,
aged 58. He sat as M. p. for Totnes both with Sir Edward
Seymour and his son, Charles Kelland. His wife, Bridget,
was buried at Ashprington, June 2nd, 1696. He had,
with other issue,

3. Charles Kelland of Painsford, Esq., died 1695 •
married twice and had, with other issue, all of whom died
without issue, John, bom 1690, died 17 12, s,p, ; and

4. Bridget, 2nd daughter and co-heiress, who married
Hugh Stafford of Pynes; she was declared heir of her
father, John Kelland, and also heir of her nephew as by
indenture September 29th, 1734; she had issue—

5. Bridget Marie, sole daughter and heir, married
(ist) Sir H. Northcote, Bart., M.P., Exeter, who died
1743, leaving with other issue —

6. Sir S. Northcote, 6th Bart., born 1736; died 1771 ;
married 1756, Catherine, daughter of the Rev. George
Bradford, Rector of Upton Pyne and Tallaton. She died
1802.

7. Sir Stafford H. Northcote, 7th Bart., born 1762;
died 185 1 ; married 1791 Jacquetta Baring, and had issue —

8. Henry Stafford Northcote. M.P., Heytesbury, bom
1792; died 1850; married 1815, Agnes Mary (died 1840),
daughter of T. Cockbum, and had issue —

9. Sir S. Northcote, born 1818; married 1843.

The Descent of James Kelland, Esq., m.b.,
of Audley House, Salisbury, Wiltshire, from
the Blood Royal of England (in descent from
King Edward the Third). Born 1849 :—

1. Edward HI. married Philippa Hainault.

2. John of Gaunt married Katherine Swinford.

3. Ralph Nevill married Joane de Beaufort.

4. Sir Edward Nevill married Elizabeth Beauchamp.

5. Sir George Nevill married Margaret Fenn.

6. Sir Edward Nevill married Eleanor Scrope.

7. Frances Nevill married Sir Edward Waldegravc.

8. Mary Waldegrave married Sir John Petre.

9. William Petre married Catherine Somerset.
10. Mary Petre married John, 3rd Lord Teynham.

11. Christopher, 4th Lord Teynham, married PhiU-
delphia Mill.

12. Christopher, 5th Lord Teynham, married Elizabeth
Browne.

13. Henry, 8th Lord Tejmham, married Catherine
Smythe.

14. Henry, loth Lord Teynham, married Catherine
Powell.

15. Hon. Philip Roper married Barbara Lyttleton.

16. Barbara Roper married Sir Samuel Chambers.

17. Catherine Angell Chambers married Captain John
Donaldson Boswall, r.n.

18. Janetta Alexandrina Donaldson- Boswall married
Philip Kelland.

19. James Kelland of Audley House, Wiltshire, in
descent from King Edward IH.

The Descent of James Kelland, Esq., of
Audley House, Wiltshire, from Richard Kel-
land of Lapford, living a d. 1567 : —

1. Richard Kelland of Lapford, living A.D. 1567.

2. John Kelland of Lapford, died 1647, married
Charity Snell.

3. William Kelland of Lapford, died 1685, married
Mary Partridge.

4. Richard Kelland of Lapford, died 1720, married
Mary Quicke.

5. William Kelland of Lapford, died 1757, married
Mary .

6. Robert Kelland of Coleridge, died 1804, married
Charity Stoneman.

7. The Rev. Philip Kelland of Landcross, died 1847,
married Rachel Fish.

8. The Rev. Philip Kelland of Edinburgh, died
1879, married Alexandrina Janetta Donaldson- BoswalL

9. James Kelland, M.B., of Audley House, Salisbury,
Wiltshire, born 1849.

KELLAND FAMILY.

Extracts from Parish Registers :

Lapford.

** 1 57 1. W^illiam Kelland was buried June loth.

*' 1579* Christopher Kelland and Margaret t Knight
were married June ye 14.

** 1617. Christian the daughter of Christopher Kel-
land was baptized ye 28th of September.

Yarnscombb.

*' Richard Kelland of Monckton Zeal (Zeal Monacho-
rum ?) and Eleanor Loveband of this parish were married
by licence in this parish on Feb. 6, 1765 by me Willxam
Palmer Vicar.

" Richard Kelland. Eleanor Loveband.
" In the presence of Anthony Loveband."

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

127

Sandford.

"John Kelland of the parish of lApford, bachelor,
and Mary Anne Kelland of this parish, spinster, were
married in this church by licence, this April 17th 1823 by
me, Hugh Bent, chaplain. This marriage was solemnized
between us John Kelland and Mary Anne Kelland in the
presence of Richard Kelland and William Morgan."

MoRCHARD Bishop.

" May I, 1786. Henry Pope and Sarah Kelland, both
of Morchard Bishop, were married by me, Peter Tucker,
Curate. This marriage was solemnized between us, Henxy
Pope and Sarah Kelland in the presence of us, Richard
Kelland and Hugh Davey."

Lapford.

*' Philip Kelland and Anne Morris of this Parish, were
married in this Church by Banns Dec. 18, 1786 by me,
John Radford, Rector. This marriage was solemnized
between us, Philip Kelland and Anne Morris, in the
presence of Edmund Moon and William Cook.

Extracts from Parish Registers:

Lapford.
BAPTISMS.

''John, Sonne of Richard Kelland, was baptized July
19, 1588.

'* William, sonne of John Kelland, was baptized 1 6th
July, 1626.

" Richard, sonne of William Kelland, was baptized
2nd day of February, 167!.

'* William Kelland, the son of Richard Kelland, was
baptized the ninth day of February, 1707.

" Richard, the son of Richard Kelland, was baptized
the 28th day of February, 1709.

" Robert, the son of William Kelland and Mary, his
wife, was baptized the 23rd of April, 1744.

"John, son of John and Mary Anne Kelland, was
baptized Feb. I, 1824.

"John Saunder, son of John and Loveday Elizabeth
Kelland, was baptized Oct. 3, 1850.

" William Henry Kelland, son of John and Loveday
Elizabeth Kelland, was baptized Feb. 19, 1854.

"William, son of William Gater, was baptized the
25th day of June, 1709.

MARRIAGES.— Kellan'ds.

" 1579* Christopher Kelland and Margaret Knight
were married June ye 14.

" 1612. John Kelland and Charity Snell were married
together Feb. 10th, 1612.

" 1655. Richard Densham and Margaret Kelland
were married ye 8 day of May.

" 1703. Richard Kelland was married to Mary
Quicke Feb. 28, 1703.

" 1778. Matthew Kelland of this parish, and Anne
Partridge of this parish, spinster, were married in this
church by Banns this eleventh day of May in the year
one thousand seven hundred and seventy eight.

" 1786. Philip Kelland and Anne Morris, both of
this parish, were married in this church in the year one
thousand seven hundred and eight six, by me, John
Radford, Rector. This marriage was solemnized between
us Philip Kelland and Anne Morris in the presence of
Edmund Moon and William Cook.

" 1821. Philip Kelland of this parish and Mary Anne
Kelland were married by licence this thirty first day of
October in the year 1821. This marriage was solemnized
between us Philip Kelland and Mary Anne Kelland in the
presence of Frances Kelland and Matilda Kelland.

BURIALS — Kellands.
" Richard Kelland was buried March 28, 1602.

"John Kelland, senior was buried loth day of July,
1647.

" John Kelland, Clerk, was buried the eleventh day
of December, 1662.

"William Kelland, Senior, was buried 6th day of
April, 1685.

" Richard Kelland of Kelland was buried the 24th
day of Sep., 17 10,

" Mary Kelland, widdo, was buried the 24th day of
May, 1720.

" Mary Kelland was buried 14th day of Feb., 1738.

" Frances Kelland was buried the 14th day of May,
1760.

" Richard Kelland was buried ye 6 of June, 1764.

" Robert Kelland was buried Oct. 29, 1804.

" Eleanor Kelland was buried May 16, 1807.

" Richard Kelland was buried Jan 26, 1822.

" Mary Anne, wife of John Kelland, was buried
March 31, 1830, aged 42.

" Philip Kelland of Lapford was buried Nov. 16,
1850, aged 80.

'< Loveday Elizabeth Kelland of Kelland Barton was
buried Dec. 18, 1858, aged 34.

"John Kelland of Kelland was buried Nov. 12th,
1859, aged 80.

"John Kelland of Kelland was buried Jan. 8, 1862,
aged 38.

"John Saunder Kelland of Barnstaple Was buried
April 24, 1868, aged 17."

BURIALS.— Radfords.

" 1663. The Rev. Mr. William Radford, Rector ol
this parish, was buried the loth day of February, 1763.

" 1770. Mrs. Joanna, daughter of Mr. J. Lane of
Sandford, and wife of the Rev. J. Radford, Rector of this
parish, was buried Jan. 6.

128

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

51798. Dec. 3. The Rev. John Radford, Rector of
this parish, was buried.

*' 1824. The Rev. William Radford, Rector of Lap-
ford, was buried Oct. 6, 1824. aged 56.

" 1861. The Reverend John Arundell Radford, 36
years Rector of Lapford, was buried May 23, aged 62."

BURIALS.— Gaters.

** William Gater was buried 22nd of September, 1741.

" Margaret Gater was buried 15th of June, 1762.

"The Rev. Mr. William Gater was buried August
25th 1770."

The first Richard Kelland, whose burial in 1602 is
quoted, purchased in 1 591 the estate of De Bathe from
Lady Poulett, widow of Sir Amias Poulett, direct ancestor
of the present Earl Poulett. In the old Manor House on
this property, was born the celebrated Lord Chief Justice
De Bathe, who died in 1252.

I rebuilt the old Manor House and sold the estate in
1877 to my friend, General Sir Henry Perceval De Bathe,
Bart., lineally descended from a brother of the Chief
Justice.

The Rev. William Gater, who was buried in 1770,
was a grandfather of Mrs. Harcourt, who died in 1879.

The Rev. John Radford, who died in 1798, married in
1763, for his first wife the daughter of Mr. Lane of Sand-
ford, and step- daughter of Mr. Philip Kelland of Bowerthy
in Lapford, and of Sandford.

extbacts from parish registers :
Chxttlehampton.

BAPTISMS.

"James, son of Geo. and Elizabeth Saunder, was bap-
tized May 6, 1757.

"James, the son of James and Mary Saunder, was
baptized April 6, 1791.

" George, son of James and Mary Saunder, was bap-
tized August 8, 1792.

" Elizabeth, daughter of James and Mary Saunder,
was baptized April I, 1794.

"John, son of James and Mary Saunder, was baptized
Dec. 28, 1802.

"James Kelland, son of James and Matilda Saunder,
was baptized June is, 1823.

" Philip, son of James and Matilda, was baptized Dec.
12, 1826."

MARRIAGES.

"John Kelland, Lapford, Gent., married Loveday
Elizabeth Saunder, daughter of James Saunder, April 28,
1849.

"Abraham Clarke of Timberscombe, Somerset, married
Mary Saunder of Chittlehampton, daughter of Geo. Saun-
der of Chittlehampton, March 21, 1854."

BURIALS.

"Arthur, son of Anthony Saunder, Yeoman, was
buried, April 13, 1706.

John Saunder of South Molton was buried May 3,

1771.

"Mary Saunder of Collatown was buried May 12.
1828, aged 62.

" Arthur Saunder of Collatown was buried August 22,
1834, aged 25.

"James Saunder of Callytown was buried March 30,

1839.

"Jane Saunder of Loxhore was buried August 4,
1843, aged 37.

"Susan Saunder of Brightley was buried April 19,
1849, aged 52.

"John Saunder of Loxhore was buried Sep. 14*

1849, aged 46.

"Geo. Saunder of Brightley was buried Sep. 15,

1850, aged 58.

"James Saunder of Langaton was buried Nov. 7,
1850, aged 59.

"William Saunder of North Newton was buried
August 6, 1863, aged '63."

Extracts from Parish Registers :

exbournb.

MARRIAGES.

Marriage solemnized in the parish of Exboume, Co.
Devon, in the year 18 1 3.

"William Brook, of the parish of Honeychurch, and
Frances Creamer of this parish, were married in this
Church, with consent of parents, this 24th day of October,
1813, by me, H. Bate, Minister.

" This marriage was solemnized between us, ^Iliam
Brook, Frances Creamer,

" In the presence of Mary Brook, Richard Creamer,
Ann Creamer, Jonathan Cauker.

" I hereby declare that the above are correct and true
copies from the Marriage Registers of the parish church of
Exboume, Co. Devon,

" Witness my hand this 23rd day of September, 1884.

" D. W. Oldham, Rector."

"Marriage solemnized in the parish of Exboume, Co.
Devon, in the year 1821.

" Robert Clarke, of the parish of St. Giles, County of
Devon, and Gracestiana Creamer, of this parish were
married in this Church by license, being of age, this 2Qd
day of February, a.d. 1 821, by me, Thomas Upjohn,
Curate.

"This marriage was solemnised between us, Robert
Clarke and Gracestiana Creamer. In the presence of John
Creamer and Grace Clarke.*'

/

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

129

BAPTISMS.

Extracts from the Baptismal Registers of Exboame
Church, Co. Devon.

*' 1762. Sally, daughter of John and Ann Mitchell
his wife, bap. July 17th.

*' 1764. Frances, daughter of John and Ann Mitchell
his wife, was bap. July 31st.

" 1767. Frances, daughter of John and Ann Mitchell
his wife, was bap. March 7th.

** 1770. Thomas, son of John Mitchell and Ann his
wife, was bap. February 4th.

" 1772. William Arcoll, son of John Mitchell and
Ann his wife, was bap. July 15th.

CREAMER ENTRIES, 181O A.D.

" i8ia Sarah and Elizabeth, daughters of John
Creamer and Frances his wife, were bap. June 19th, 18 la

" 1812. Mary, daughter of Christopher Mitchell and
Grace his wife, was bap. January 19th."

BAPTISMS, A.D. l8ia

" 18 10. Damans, daughter of Christopher and Grace
Mitchell, labourer, Exboume, November 5th, H. Bate.

" 1819. Charlotte, daughter of Christopher and Grace
Mitchell, labourer, Exboume, March 28th, T. Upjohn,
Curate.

" 1827. John Hatch, son of Richard and Susanna
Creamer, Exboume, farmer, January 22nd, T. Upjohn,
Curate.

'* 1839. Elizabeth Hatch, daughter of Richard and
Susanna Creamer, Exboume, labourer, April 29th, C. Car-
penter, Curate.

** I hereby declare that the above are true and correct
copies from the Baptismal Registers in the parish church
of Exboume, Co. Devon.

" Witness my hand this 25th day of September, 1884.

" D, W. Oldham, Rector of Exboume.''

BURIALS.

Extracts from Burial Registers of the Parish Church
of Exboume, Co. Devon.

" 1765. Frances Mitchell, buried June y* 3rd, a.d.

" 1773. William Mitchell, buried August 12th, A.D.

" 1774- John Mitchell, buried March nth, A.D.

*' 1819. Charlotte Mitchell, Exboume, 2 weeks of
age, April 13th, A.D., T. Upjohn, Curate.

" 1827. John Creamer, Exboume, 66 years of age.
May 5th, T. Upjohn, Curate.

*' 184a Grace Mitchell, Exboume, 59 years of age,
I>ecember nth, C. Carpenter, Curate.

" 1853. Christopher Mitchell, Exboume, 69 years of
age, March nth, H. Brailsford.

'* 1856. Frances Creamer, Black Torrington, 89 years
of age, September 6th, a.d., H. Brailsford.

'* I hereby declare that the above are trae and correct
copies from the Burial Registers of the parish church of
Exboume, Co. Devon.

" Witness my hand this 25th day of September, 1884.

"D. W. Oldham, Rector of Exboume."

Monumental Inscriptions in Nymet
Rowland Chubch, North Devon.

** Sacred to the Memory of Roger Partridge of Queen
Anne Street, Cavendish Square, LondcHi, second son of
the late John Partridge of Nymet Rowland Barton in this
parish, who died May 27th, 1 851, in the 79th year of his
age. This tablet is erected by his affectionate and grateful
children.'*

** In memory of Elizabeth, wife of Sylvanus Partridge,
who died June 30th, 1867, aged 60 years.

" Also of James Partridge, son of the above, who died
29 June, 1867, aged 27 years.

** Also of Sylvanus Partridge, died Nov. 27, 1874,
aged 69 years.

" Also of John Partridge, who died Dec. 4, 1876,
aged 49."

" In memory of James and Susanna Partridge of
Nymet Barton: the latter died 7 April 1799 aged 51 years;
and the former 26 May 1805, aged 64.

" Also James Partridge, son of the above, who died
April 9, 1850. Aged 75 years."

Monumental Inscriptions at Exbourne.

" This stone is erected as a tribute of affection to the
memory of Gracestiana, the wife of Robert Clarke of St.
Giles*, Yeoman, who departed this life on the 14th day of
September 1840, aged 44 years.

*' Also to the memory of Ellen, daughter of the above,
who departed this life on the 25th day of April 1838, aged

" Happy souls our days are ended.
All your mouming days below.
Go 1 by angel-guards attended.
To the sight of Jesus, go ! "

'* Sacred to the memory of Frances, wife of the late
John Creamer, Yeoman, of this parish, who died on the
31st day of August in the year of our Lord, 1856, aged 90
years.

As yott pass by, pray cast an eye.
As you are now, so once was I,
As I am now, so you must be
Prepared for death, and follow me.**

it

130

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

" Underneath lieth the Body of Mr. John Mitdiell of
Cockshole, in this parish, who was here buried the nth
day of March, 17749 in the 50th year of his age. Also here
lieth the bodys of his children : —

*' Francis, was here buried the 2^nd day of June 1766,
aged 2 years ; also, William was here buried the 9th day
August 1773, aged 2 years; also, Thomas was here buried
the 24th day of May 1774, in the 4th year of his age."

" This stone is erected as a tribute of gratitude to per-
petuate the memory of John Creamer, of this parish, who
died the 22nd of May, 1827, aged 66 yean.
" Afflictions sore, long time I bore,
Physicians were in vain ;
Till God alone, did hear my moan.
And eased me of my pain."
4f ^ 'h

* Supplementary ©ueriee. *

BuRGOYNES, Dukes of Norfolk. — Can any of your
readers advise me where information can be obtained of
this family, and how they were related to the Tattershalls,
of Exboume? Walford's County Families^ i860, gives a
lengthened account of the late John Searle, Esq., who is
quoted as having married in 1829, lAdy Harriett, sister of
John, 17th Earl of Shrewsbury. The editor in a footnote
sa3rs, that '* Mr. Searle*s great-grandmother was a Tatter-
shall, of Exboume, through whom the family became
connected with the Burgoynes, Dukes of Norfolk." It is
on this point that I desire information. I may add that
there is an error on the part of the editor with regard to
Lady Harriett Searle. She was a half-sister of the i6th
Earl, not a sister of the 17th Earl ; who was a cousin of
the i6th Eari.

ToRR OF Wkstleigh. — Can any reader of the IVest-
erti Antiquary, inform me of the relationship of between the
Torrs, of Weslleigh,and theTorrs, of Snydale, Co. York? I
have heard that both families descend from Odo de Turn,
who held large possessions in Warwickshire, temp, Henry I.
I have also heard that the late Rev. John Torr, of West-
leigh, and the late Mr. Torr, m.p., for Liverpool, were
both descended from Thos. Torre, of Haxey and Belton,
who died in 1650. But I never heard whether this is well
founded. Perhaps some of your readers could inform me.
Barnstaple. W. H. Kblland.

•S "p 'S

Parr Family, of Chudleigh, Exeter, Ashcombe,
SiLVERTON, AND ExMiNSTER. — ^Can anyone give me
further information relating to the following ? —

Parr Family , of Ckudieigh,

From the Parish Registers of Chudleigh, through the
kindness of Lieut-Colonel Vivian, k.s.a., Editor of the
Visitations of the Counties of Devon and Cornwall ; Co-
Editor of the Harliian Societyy 7, Clifton Road, Camden
Square, London, N.W. : —

"iith Octolier, 1559. John Parre married Grace
Stook,"

Parr Family^ of Ashcombe and Chudleigh,

From the Marriage Licenses in the Register of Bishop
Valentine Carey, of Exeter, who was 5Kst Bishop of
Exeter, from November, 162 1, to loth June, 1626, through
the kindness of Robert Dymond, Esq., J.P., f.s.a., of
Exeter: —

** 1626, May I si. John Wichalse, of Ashcombe, and
Elizabeth Parr, of the same.

'< 1626, October 13th. William Fryer, of Chudleigh,
and Hellen Parr, of the same place."

These may have been two sisters. The marriages prob-
ably took place a few days later.

Ashcombe is between Exminster and Chudleigh. Can
anyone inform me if the Parr or Parre femily, of Ex-
minster, is from the same branch as Chudleigh and Exeter?
See Western Antiquary, Vof. iii., pp. 19, 20, 47, 48, 61, 62.

Parr Family, of Exeter.

I shall esteem it a fevour if any of the readers of the
Western Antiquary, will forward me a copy of the will of
Richard Parre, of Exeter, 1552, to be seen in the Probate
Court, Exeter.

Any copies of the wills of the Parrs or Parres, of Devon,
will be esteemed a favour by the writer.

Can anyone inform me if any wills exist relating to the
Parr or Parre family, of Devon, prior to 1550?

Parr Family of Silverton,

Parr and Luxmore. — Deed between John Luxmore, of
Okehamptoh, Co. Devon, Gent., and John Parr, of Silver-
ton, in same county. Clerk ; relates to land, &c., called
Mogfords, with signature and seal of John Parr, 1738.

Can anyone give me any information relating to the
family of John Parr, of Silverton, in 1738?

Any information respecting the Parr or Parre family, of
Devonshire, will be esteemed a ^sivour by the writer.
Ledbury, Herefordshire. John Frank Parr.

4* 41 41

[Parr, of Liverpool. — A very copious account of
the Parr family is given at pp. 1003-05 of the original
Burke.

The Rev. Henry Parr, of Toxford, Suffiolk, formerly

Vicar of Taunton, who is a perfect mine of antiquarian lore,

will no doubt be able to supply, if anyone can, information

respecting the Devonshire Parrs. W. H. Kbllanix]

Barnstaple.

/

THE

OR,

H)evon anb Cornwall IRote^^Book.

No. 7.]

DECEMBER, J884.

[Vol. 4.

CHRISTMAS IN THE SEVENTEENTH

CENTURY.

(Compiled by Howard Harris, Porthleven,

Cornwall.)

mo one of the old-time poets of Devon-
shire is due the merit of penning a
complete contemporary picture of the
Christmas season. Previous to the time of
Robert Herrick — for it is to him we refer —
there had been carols and hymns descriptive
of the Yule-tide. Chaucer, in his ** Franklin's
Tale," has : —

"Janus sits by the fire with double beard.
And drinketh of his bugle horn the wine !
Before him stands brawn of the tuskM swine,
And NowEL crieth every lusty man."

It is not from Chaucer we derive our im-
pressions of bygone Christmas Customs ; the
materials are to be culled from more fugitive
sources. Religious feelings, unmingled with
worldly considerations, may have influenced
the primitive Christians when celebrating the
festival of the Saviour's Nativity ; but under
Norman rule it became an occasion of revelry.
The guests at that period sometimes had
30,000 dishes set before them. Days of feast-
ing and nights of masques and mummings,
varied with the tricks of jugglers and mounte-
banks and games of chance, formed the chief
features of the entertainment.

The earliest existing Carol known to anti-
quaries is in the Anglo-Norman tongue. Its
date is probably that of the 13th century,
and was evidently in use amongst the minstrel
fraternity of that period. A translation of the

original has been made, of which the following

lines are. typical : —
J.

" Lords, by Christmas and the host
Of this mansion hear my toast —

Drink it well —
Each must drain his cup of wine,
And I the first will toss off mine."

In many of the poems of the 14th and 15th
centuries, reference is frequently made to the
part played by the ** Boar's Head " in these
festal celebrations. One is entitled: — **A
Carol, brynging in the Bore's Head : *' —

" The boar's head, I understand,

Is the chief service in this land ;
Look wherever it be found,
Strvite cum cantico,**

*****

Leaving the consideration of compositions
referring to the ancient usages of Christmas
in the country generally, let us pass in review
the more direct references to our own im-
mediate ancestors. In the reign of Charles I.,
the living of Dean-Prior was held by Herrick,
who, for about 20 years led the retired life of
a country priest. During that period he wrote
many descriptions of the ceremonies, super-
stitions, and festivities of Christmas. At the
age of eighty-three, Herrick died, regretted by
his parishoners, who styled him their *' ancient
and famous poet,*'

The first quotation is descriptive of the
ceremony attending the bringing-in the Christ-
mas or Yule Log — a custom of ancient date ;
yet Herrick's mention seems to us to be the
earliest, as we have failed to discover a prior
reference : —

" Come bring with a noise,
My merry, merry boys.

132

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

The Christmas log to the firing ;
While my good dame, she
Bids ye all be free,

And drink to your heart's desiring."

[Vidg Uisure Hour, Vol. ii., 1876, p. 827.)

In Cornwall, the Yule Log goes or went by
the name of " Mock.'' One old ceremony
connected with it is to kindle the fire with a
brand of last year's burning.

In the subjoined selection from ** True Hos-
pitality," the reader can gather the nature of
the entertainment afforded in the good old
days of the early Stuarts. The poem is dedi-
icated to Sir Lewis Pemberton : —
" Where laden spits, warped with large ribs of beef,
Not represent, but give relief
To the lank stranger and the sour swain,
Where both may feed and come again.
For no black-bearded vigil from thy door
Beats with a buttoned-staff the poor ;
But from thy warm love-hatching gates, each may
Take friendly morsels, and there stay
To sim his thin-clad members, if he likes,
For thou no porter keep'st who strikes."

As may be surmised, " The Wassail Bowl"
is associated in Herrick's songs with the sea-
son's good cheer. The last verse of an address
to «• His Friend, John Wickes," reads :—

" Thus, till we see the fire less shine
From th*embers than the kitling's eyne,

We'll still sit up,
Sphering about the Wassail cup,

To all those times
Which gave me honour for my rhymes ;
The coal once spent, we*U then to bed,
Far more than night beweari^."

The custom of throwing the dregs of the
Wassail-bowl against the stems of the best
bearing fruit-trees, on the eve of Twelfth-day,
has been already referred to in previous vol-
umes of the W.A . I do not remember seeing
the following inserted in its pages : —

<'A SPBLL.

" Wassail the trees, that they may bear
You many a plum and many a pear ;
For more or less fruit they will bring.
As you do give them wassailing."

Herrick gives us a good account of the
games connected with Christmas-tide. One
very old pastime was called : — ** Fox-i'th'hole,"

and was played by a part of the company

hopping on one leg, while the others, with

leathern thongs, beat the upraised leg, with

a view, we imagine, of forcing the raised leg to

touch the ground. We read of ** Bhndman's

BuflF," " Shoe the mare," " Twelfth-tide cake,"

in the latter of which a bean and a pea were

placed, and the person who obtained the piece

containing the bean was chosen king, whik

the queen was the chooser of the portion with

the pea in it : —

" When as ye choose your king and queen,

And cry out * Hey for our town green';

Of ash-heaps, in the which ye use,

Husbands and wives by streaks to choose ;

Of crackling laurel, which fore-sounds

A plenteous harvest to your grounds.
• • » • •

And to the bagpipe all address,

Till sleep takes place of weariness.

And thus, throughout, with Christmas plays,

Frc^ic the full twelve holidays."

To the same poet is due an early, if not the
earliest mention of the mistletoe, in its quality
of a Christmas evergreen. It occurs in a
poem, entitled : — ** Ceremonies for Candle-
masse Eve:" —

" Down with the Rosemary and Bayes,
Down with the Misleto ;
Instead of Holly, now up-raise
The greener Box (for show).

In another poem, entitled : — " Ceremony
upon Candlemas Eve,'' the maids are told to
beware of leaving any of the decorations of
holly, &c., on the wall: —

*' Down with the Rosemary and so

Down with the Bales, and Misletoe ;
Down with the Holly, Ivie, all

Wherewith ye drest the Christmas Hall :
That so the superstitious find

No one least Branch there left behind :
For look, how many leaves there be

Neglected there (maids trust to me)
So many Goblins you shall see."

The Puritanical party did their utmost to
"keep Christmas Day out of England," as
Taylor, the water-poet, quaintly expressed it.
Their efforts were unattended with success,
so far as the rural districts were concerned.
He brings forward old Father Christmas, who

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

133

informs us that certain "hot, zealous brethren
were of opinion, that from the 24th of
December at night, till the 7th of January
following, plum pottage was mere Popery, that
a collar of brawn was an abomination, that
roast beef was anti-christian, that mince pies
were relics of the Woman of Babylon, and a
goose, a turkey, or a capon were marks of the
beast.'* ** Christmas" proceeds to describe his
journey into the country, where he meets with
a free welcome from some kind country
farmers. He observes : — " I will describe one
(farmer) for all the rest in Devonshire and
Cornwall. The good man, with the dame of
the house, and everybody else, were exceeding
glad to see me. With all country courtesy
and solemnity, I was had into the parlour.
There I was placed at the upper end of the
table, and my company about me. We had
good cheer and free welcome, and we were
merry without music.

" After dinner we arose from the board and
sat by the fire — where the hearth was em-
broidered all over with roasted apples, piping
hot, expecting a bowl of ale for a cooler (which
presently was transformed into warm lambs-
wool). Within an hour after we went to
church, where a good old minister spoke very
reverendly of my Master, Christ, and also he
uttered many good speeches concerning me,
exciting and exhorting the people to love and
unity, one with another, and to extend their
charities to the needy and distressed.

"After prayers we returned home, where
we discoursed merrily, without either profane-
ness or obscenity; supper being ended, we
went to cards ; some sung carols and merry '
songs (suitable to the times); then the poor
labouring hinds and the maid-servants, with
the plough-boys, went nimbly to dancing, the
poor toiling wretches being all glad of my
company, because they had little or no sport
at all till I came amongst them ; and therefore
they leaped and skipped for joy, singing a
catch to the tune of " Hey!" —

" 'Let's dance and sing, and make good cheer.
For Christmas comes but once a year.' "

" Thus at active games and gambols of hot-
cockles, shoeing the wild mare, and the like
harmless sports, some part of the night was
spent ; and early in the morning we took our
leaves of them thankfully ; and though we had
been thirteen days well entertained, yet the
poor people were very unwilling to let me go ;
so I left them, quite out of hope to have my
company for a twelvemonth's space, that, if I
were not banished in my absence, they should
have my presence again next 25th December,
i653."*

The Watchman and Bell-man of that period
were one and the same. Later, the Bell-man
became a Christmas character, and the office
was frequently usurped by the beadle or parish
constable. It was customary, according to
Herrick, to procure a wild (crab) apple with
which the hearth was crowned, thereby pro-
pitiating the Larr, or elfish spirit, preparatory
to the use of the " Wassail Bowl." Besides
apples, the good folks roasted chestnuts, and
partook plentifully of lamb's- wool, while others
drank ale, to which sugar, nutmeg, and ginger
were added. They feasted and otherwise
enjoyed themselves until St. Distaff's Day,
when they were enjoined : —

" Partly work and partly play
Ye must on St. Distaff's Day."

The farmers were advised to free their horses
from the plough at an early hour. If the
maids were discovered " a-spinning " the men
were to "bum the flax, and fire the tow."
On Candlemas Day, the festivities were to
conclude with an anticipation of next Christ-
mas-tide : —

" Kindle the Christmas Brand, and then
Till Sunne-set let it bume ;
Which quencht, then lay it up agen.
Till Christmas next returne.

" Part must be kept, wherewith to teend
The Christmas hog next yeare ;
And where 'tis safely kept, the Fiend
Can do no mischiefe (there)."

* Ckristma* In and Out ; or, Our Lord and Sammtr
ChrUfs Birthday^ 16^2,

Note. — I am indebted for the compilation of this
paper to a choice volume, published by Messrs. Ward,
Lock, &; Tyler, entitled i— Christmas with the Poets. H. H.

^34

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

ON SOME POINTS IN NATURAL

HISTORY FIRST MADE KNOWN

BY SIR FRANCIS DRAKE.

BY JAMBS B. DAVIDSON.

^yi I 'HEN Captain Francis Drake, on the
^J^J^^ 26th of September, 1580, sailed
into the port of Pl)mtiouth, having
in two years, ten months, and a few days
(actually in 1,045 days), accomplished the feat
of sailing round the whole globe, the fame of
his exploit resounded throughout the civilized
world; and when, in April of the following
year, the Queen, accepted the results of the
voyage, and celebrated the event by dining
in the ** Golden Hind," at Deptford, knight-
ing Drake on board the same ship, not an
English voice, probably, was heard, which did
not join in the universal congratulation. And
yet Drake was not the first navigator who
performed this achievement. More than fifty
years before, in 1520, Magalhaens, or as we
call him, Magellan, after sailing through the
Straits which bear his name, crossed the Pa-
cific, and discovered the Ladrone and Philip-
pine islands, at the latter of which he was
killed. His second in command, however,
Juan Sebastian del Cano, brought his ships
home in safety to Spain. So that Drake was not
the first of circumnavigators ; but he was the
first commander of an expedition, who was
successful; and what made his performance
the more dazzling was the fabulous amount
of treasure he brought back with him. No
less a sum than ;^56,8oo in gold, silver, and
jewels, was safely landed firom one weather-
beaten craft of 100 tons burden, and the co-
adventurers realized £\^ for every £1 they
had embarked in the enterprise. It is not sur-
prising, therefore, to find that foreigners were
attracted to this country, to hear the details
of this wonderful voyage, and to study the
prospects which it laid open to commerce and
adventure of all kinds. Amongst these was one
who was not influenced by political intrigue,
or the desire of wealth, but solely by the thirst
for scientific knowledge, with its beneficial
results as affecting the happiness and comfort

of mankind. This was L'Escluse, or L6cluse,
better known by his Latin name of Clusius,
a native of Arras, in the Pas-de-Calais,
hoxn in 1525, a naturalist, and especially a
botanist, of great eminence in his day. In
1 58 1, L6cluse came to London, where he
received much hospitality and assistance firom
Master Richard Garth, an oflScer of the Court
of Chancery, firom Master John ** Ritzius,"
(probably Rich) druggist to the Queen, and
firom a friend named Morgan. His object was
to hear the story of the voyage told by the
men themselves who took part in it. In
February of the following year, he published,
at Antwerp, the result of his inquiries in the
shape of a tract, in Latin, of 83 pages, called —
Notes to Garcia' s Treatise on Aromatic Plants.
In the preface, he says that he got an
introduction to Drake, and conversed with
him frequently, obtaining firom him and others,
principally firom a gentleman named Eliot,
a great deal of valuable information, relating
particularly to botany.

After devoting some 20 pages to matters of
interest firom other sources, he comes at last
to the curiosities described to him by Drake's
ship-mates.

BREAD FRUIT.

In the island of Temate, just south of the
equator, was found a tree, in thickness- about
the size of a man's thigh, in height about ten
feet, with a head growing in a rounded shape
like a cabbage. In the stem of this tree, says
the writer, there is a white meal, which serves
as food for people of slender means. This is
collected, steeped in water, pounded, and
shaped into forms like bricks, which are laid
in a row, covered with live coals, and thus
cooked. Cakes of Hke material are made,
which are softened in water, and eaten like
pulp. With the addition of a little pepper or
cinnamon, says L6cluse, the insipidity of this
substance may be remedied.

GRASS-EATING CRABS.
Before they arrived at Ternate, they came to
a desert island, abounding in lofty trees, where
they stayed for the purpose of watering, and

y

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

^¥

ta refresh the crew who had been suffering
from want of food. Here in some thick woods,
they found a number of crabs, and also of
cray-fish feeding on grass, and Uving in the
hollow parts of trees split by the wind, or at
the foot of the trees themselves. These, when
cooked, they ate greedily, and satisfied the
hunger caused by many days privation. It
was found that these crabs differed in nature
from others by Uving constantly on dry
land, for whenever they were taken to the
sea-side and plunged in the water, they im-
mediately fled back to the grass. This island
is situate under the equator between the
Greater Gate (Gilolo Passage) and the Mo-
luccas. They called it Crab Island.

BERETINE FRUIT.
In the same island they found lofty trees,
bigger than oaks, with leaves like laurel, thick,
shining, and slightly serrated, yielding a some-
what long shaped fruit, like small acorns of
the ilex, but without cups, enclosed in a rind
of an ash-white, sometimes black, colour, con-
taining a rather long kernel, of no perceptible
flavour, whilst it remained hard, covered with
a thin skin. With these trees the island of
Beretina (Batjan), which they visited after-
wards, abounded ; where the natives declared
the fruit to be edible. When soaked in water,
like beans, or when pounded into meal, and
cooked and thickened like pottage, it was used
as food, both by the islanders in a time of
scarcity, and by the famished sailors. All the
Molucca islands produced these trees.

JAVA PAPYRUS.
By the kindness of Messrs. Garth & Morgan,
the author became possessed of a specimen of
the whitf bark of a tree, consisting of a very
slender membrane, which took every kind of
writing exactly Uke papyrus. This the com-
panions of Drake obtained in the island of
Java, in exchange for other commodities.

CACAO.
Of this fruit, says L6cluse, which is re-
nowned throughout America, and abounds in
useful quaUties, Drake's sailors, whilst coast-
ing along the shores of Peru, brought several

specimens away with them. The writer then
introduces a description of Cacao, from an
earlier traveller, a soldier, named Benzo. He
(Benzo) says that in Nicaragua there grows a
peculiar sort of apple, unknown in Hispani-
ola (i.^., Hayti or S. Domingo), or any other
part of the West Indies. In appearance it
resembles a pear, of rounded woody texture
within, about the thickness of a nut, and half
as big again— of a most excellent and gratify-
ing flavour. The tree is tall, covered with
small leaves. When the Spaniards first con-
quered this region they named it Mahomet's
Paradise, on account of the rich abundance of
everything they found. Two products of this
country are not to be found in any other part
of the West Indies, except Guatemala, the
borders of Honduras and Mexico, and the
whole tract of New Spain. These are — a
kind of peacock, commonly known as the
Indian GalHna — and cacao seeds, which the
natives use as money. These latter are pro-
duced by a tree of moderate size, which only
grows in warm shady places. As soon as the
sun touches it, it withers ; so that it is com-
monly reared in woods — in sheltered and damp
situations — and when it is planted, they plant
also by the side of it, another kind of tree, the
top of which, as it mounts up, is shortened
and adapted in such a way as that when full-
grown it affords protection to the cacao tree,
and screens it from the heat, and from the rays
of the sun. The fruit, resembling an almond,
is enclosed in sheaths, like gourds, of about
the thickness of a cucumber. It matures in
the course of a year. The fruit, when ripe,
is extracted from its pods, and dried on mats
in the sun. To make a beverage of it, they
heat it on the fire in a pipkin, and having
crushed and pounded it with stones, they pour
it into bowls, made of gourds, which grow in
abundance throughout the Indies, adding
water by degrees, and a little pepper, and thus
use it as a drink. ** Rather," says the indig-
nant Benzo, *' a swill for pigs, than a beverage
for men. When I travelled in that country,
for nearly a year, I refrained from such miser-
able dregs, but when wine failed, not to drink

i

X36

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

water only, I learned to imitate others. This
kind of beer is of slightly bitter taste. It
satisfies and cools the body, and is not intoxi-
cating. This is the principal and most valuable
product of the country, nor is there any one
thing that the Indians value more." Thus
far Benzo. L6cluse goes on to remark — after
describing the fruit — It is of an astringent and
unpalatable flavour, so that it is not surprising
that those who taste it for the first time
should not like the decoction made from it.
" I (L6cluse) certainly should far prefer plain
water. It is offered, nevertheless, on cere-
monial occasions, to distinguished persons,
like aromatic wine, if the report is to be
trusted of those who brought home a few
specimens, of which I had two."

WINTER'S BARK.

Captain William Winter, who sailed from
England with Drake, returned, as we know,
in 1579, without having accompanied his com-
mander through the Straits of Magellan. He
brought home with him some bark, which
L^cluse describes as resembling the commoner
sort of Canella, in substance and colour, but
frequently thicker— of not unpleasant odour,
but of pungent taste, irritating to the tongue
and throat, like pepper. Of its properties he
Jhad made no proof, but his fellow-voyagers
having partly mixed it with honey, to neutra-
lize its pungency, and having partly dried and
nibbed it in meal, made use of it as a substi-
tute for canella and other aromatics in food.
** I afterwards," says Lecluse, " understood
that it was foimd to be of great use in cases
of stomachic complaints, and scurvy, in the
course of the same voyage."

DRAGON ROOT.

L6cluse describes this root as about half an
inch thick, swelling out in knots and irregular
protuberances, and at its extremity ending in
surfaces resembling scales, blackish outside,
inside white, and ftimished scantily with slen-
der fibres, sometimes, however, thick and
tough, and having other knots hanging on to
them inodorous; in taste, at first astringent
and biting to the tongue, but, after a time.

leaving a faint and agreeable bitterness in the
mouth. He was informed by Mr. Eliot, that
the Spaniards in Peru valued this root very
highly, and would not part with it at any
price, affirming that the leaves of the plant
were an active poison, but that the root was
an antidote to that, and every other kind of
poison, that it strengthened the heart and
vital powers, if ground up like meal, and taken
in the morning mixed with a little white wine;
and that the water in which it had been
soaked was a remedy for fever. It excels, the
author considers, other curative roots, in its
aromatic flavour and warmth.

BEZOAR STONE,

Drake himself, L6cluse says, presented him
with a specimen of the Bezar, or as we now
write, Bezoar stone, considered by the Pe-
ruvians to be of great virtue. [This was also
believed to be an antidote to poison.]

VARIOUS FOREIGN FRUITS.

I^^cluse goes on to describe a number of
products of less importance, the details of
which would be interesting only to professed
botanists. Amongst them was — i, the firuit
of a balsam, or balm, obtained by a Portuguese
merchant, Peter de Frias, from the Viceroy of
Peru ; 2, a firuit of the size of a walnut, having
a white interior, succulent, of agreeable taste
and odour, yielding an oil almost like that of
mace; 3, a nut covered with shaggy hair,
which rattled, when shaken; 4, another species
of nut of the size of a filbert, and of the same
colour, — L6cluse had seen similar nuts brought
from Granada, in Spain, and firom Afiica; 5
and 6, two other sorts of nuts. Of these, the
writer obtained the first five from J^mes Gar-
rett, junr., a spice-dealer ; the last firom John
Rich, the druggist above-mentioned, who said
he received it firom one Nicholas Rass*

After L6cluse*s return to Vienna, he foimd
himself in possession of several other seeds of
plants, which he preserved in their capsules.
Three of these he had procured in London
firom his friend Morgan, who collected them
on the coast of Guinea, in the year 1579.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

X37

Five others he describes, but says he found
they had been already discovered. Two others
went by the name of " pepitas del Peru,"
" Peruvian berries." A tenth was called
Mates. The eleventh and last was a kind of
kidney-bean, called the " very long *' Indian
bean.

Most of these descriptions are accompanied
by woodcuts, which cuts or reversed copies of
them occur in Gerarde's Herbal^ and in later
editions of L6cluse*s works, accompanied by
descriptions in English, which, however, say
little or nothing about Drake's voyage and its
results, as shown by L6cluse's pamphlet of 158a.
The earlier portion of the same tract contains
descriptions, not derived from Drake or his
companions, of various other remarkable bo-
tanical objects. Betre, or Betel Nut, Areca,
the Palm, Coccus or Indian Nut, the Arbor
Tristis, Mexican Jasmine, the Indian Fig, and
Mangle.

Of the Ficus Indica, now called the Ban-
yan Tree, L6cluse's description came, as he
says, from a certain Fabricio Mordente, of
Salerno, who had lived many years at Goa.
This description re-appearing in Gerarde's
Herbal f in i597> was adapted by Milton, when
writing his Paradise Lost^ in the years from
1657 to 1663, and was by him poetized in the
well-known lines : —

" The 6g-tree, not that kind for fruit renown*d.
But such as at this day, to Indians known,
In Malabar or Deccan spreads her arms
Branching so broad and long, that in the ground
The bended twigs take root, and daughters grow
About the mother-tree, a pillar'd shade
High over-arch'd, and echoing walks between :
There oft the Indian herdsman, shunning heat.
Shelters in cool, and tends his pasturing herds
At loopholes cut through thickest shade.'*

It is interesting to note that S. T. Coleridge,
whilst in his Biographia Literariaj chap, xxii.,
he extols the grandeur of these lines, and the
force of poetical invention displayed in them,
seems not to have known that for the most
daring flights — such as the '* echoing walks
between'* — ^the "loopholes cut through thick-
est shade," &c., the poet was indebted, not to

his imagination, but to the reports of early
travellers and men of science.

The result seems to be that Drake certainly
brought home on this occasion (i 577-1 580),
the first account of bread-fruit, land-crabs,
Beretine fruit, Java papjrrus, and specimens
(though not the first description) of the cacao
fruit, from which we get our modern cocoa and
chocolate. Fire-flies, also, were noticed in one
of the Molucca islands, a novelty, at least to
the Englishmen. Winter, in 1579, first
brought over the bark which bears his name.
Certainly it was not now that tobacco was
first introduced, for L6cluse speaks of the
plant as well-known, and the use of it was
common in England, in 1573 ; nor the potato,
which was not brought to this country until
from 1584 to 1586.

^ ^ ^

HARBOURS OF REFUGE FOR
CORNWALL.

mHE following is a copy of an Act of
Parliament made in the fourth year
of the reign of Henry VIII., for the
better protection of the Cornish Coasts; which
may be of interest to our readers at the pre-
sent time. The transcript is taken from a
series of Black-letter Acts, printed by T.
Berthelet, 1540, and now in the ** Devon and
Cornwall Collection " of the Plymouth Free
Public Library : —

ANNO QVARTO HENRICI OCTAVL

An acte concerning makyng of bulwarkes
on the sea side. Cap. i.

Prayen the comons in this presente parlya-
mente assembled, that for as muche as the
lande of Bretayne and also the hauen of
Brest lieth streight agaynst the south sea
costes of the countie of Cornwall, and that
the frenchmen oure auncient ennemies and
Bretains ennemies, by reason of theyr fissh-
ing vpon the sea costes, know as wel every
hauen and creke within the said countie,
as every landyng place, in as large maner
as any subiecte of our soueraine lorde the
kynges dothe. And that the sayde countie

138

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

is Ixx. tnyle in lengthe, and the substuance
therof right lyttel more than vi. mile in breade
from the south sea to the north sea: by reason
wherof they also know that great multitude
of people cannot shortly resorte to put them
of at their landyng: and that in diuers and
many of the sayd land3mge places, nother pile,
blokhouse, ne bulwarke is made to greue or
annoye them at their landyng, which con-
oideracions, vnto our said enemies great au*
dacitee comforte and courage, geueth to arryue
and land in the same parties, to the great
anoyaunce of our said soueraigne lorde his
subiects there, and to the vtter vndo)mge of
diuers and many of them, onlesse a remedy
be the sooner prouided.

Therefore be it enacted by the king our
soueraigne lorde, his lordes spirituall and
temporally & the commons in this present
parliament ass6bled and by auctoritie of the
same, that the Justices of the peace and sher-
iffe of the saide countie, do ride and view all
the sayde south coste, from Plymmouth west-
warde to the landes ende. And that done,
incotinent to appoint within them selfe suche
boroughes, townes, and paryshes, as they shal
thinke reasonable to make bulwarkes, braies,
walles, diches, and al other fortificacions for
the same cause, in maner, forme, and facion
as shall be thought by their discrecion in euery
of the sayde landying places betweene this
and the first day of Marche next now ccmynge.
And further be it enacted, by the sayde auc-
toritie, that euery Mayre and constable of the
said countie, by the sayd Justices of peace
or sheriffe appointed, do commaunde all thin-
habitauntes within the precincte of their office,
to be at the sea side, with such instrumentes
as they haue or can get for the makyng of the
said bulwarkes and other the premisses, in
such lading places as shalbe assigned by the
sayd Justices of the peace or Shereffe. And
that the said maire or constables do commit
to warde all suche wilfull persons as will not
obey, come, nor sende any other person to the
sea side, to make the said bulwarkes, and other
the premisses, at the day and time by the sayd
Maire or constables to bee appointed, and

there to remaine without bayle or mainepris6
by the space of z. dales or lesse, at the dis-
crecion of the sayde Mayre or Constables.
And if any of the saide Mayres or Constables
do not their dutie, as is aforesaide : that than
the Justices of the peace nexte adioyninge, do
committe to warde the same Maire or Con-
stable, so ofifendinge, there to remaine without
bayle or maineprise by the space of a moneth,
or els at the discrecion of the Justice of
peace.

And also be it enacted by the saide auctoritee,
that good and substanciall bulwarkes, braies,
walles, diches, and all other fortificacions in
euery ladinge places in maner fourme and
facion as is aforesaid as wel from plimmouth
aforesaid by the sea costes Estward, as in al
other parts within the realme of Englande, be
made there, as the Justices of the peace &
Sheriffe within that shire, where any such
landinge places be, shal thinke nedefuU. And
that euery Justice of peace, Maire, and con-
stable within euery shire, where any such
landynge places be, haue like and as good auc-
toritee by this present act to commaund the
inhabitauntes of euery borough, towne, and
parishe adioyning to the sea side or els where,
after the discrecions of the Justices of peace,
to make the said bulwarkes and other the
premisses: and also committe to warde all
suche wilful persons as wyll not obeye, in like
maner as the Justices of the peace, Maires,
and Constables of the said countie of Com-
wal maie do by any of the actes aforesayde.

And ouer this be it enacted by the said auc-
toritee, that it be lawfull for euery of the
kynges subiectes within this realme of Eng-
Englande, by the aduise and assignement of
the saide Justices of the peace or sherifie to
make all maner of bulwarkes and other the
premisses in euery mannes ground, of what
estate he be of: and also to digge and to delue
as well for erth stones and turfes, as to cutte
and to hewe heth in any mans grounds for the
makynge of any such bulwarkes and other the
premisses, as ofte and as many times as nede
shall require, and the saide erth, stones, turfes,
and heth to take and occupie and cary awaye

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

139

oute of the sayde grounde to any other mannes
ground, for the makyng of any suche bul-
warkes and other the premisses: in whose
grounde so ever the saide yerth, stones, turfes,
and heth happen to be, without any interrup-
cion or let of any person or persons beynge
lorde or lordes of any such grounde, or hauinge
any other interest in the same. And withoute
any maner of pa)anente to be demaunded for
any of the premisses, or any maner of action
by any maner of persone or persones, at any
time hereafter to be attempted, or in any wise
mayteyned against any of the k5mges subiectes
for any such matter or cause. And this acte
to endure to the next parliament.

^ ^ ^

AVENELL FAMILY.

BY J. WHITMARSH.

BIR NICHOLAS AVENIL was Lord
Chief Justice of Ireland, for some time
in the reign of King John. In the
year 12 13, he fell in battle there, while fighting
under De Verdon or Vernon. In 1295 (23,
Edward I.), another Nicholas Avenil held in
the town of Warminster, in the county of
Wilts, — "one hide of the lands of Hugh de
Vernon, by the service of keeping shut one of
the gates of the Lord Hugh Po5mtz, at Cury
Malet." The following extract from the His-
tory of Warminster^ by the Rev. John J. Daniell,
will show that this ancient and widely-spread
family is still commemorated there : —

** Aveners Fee or tithing, or the manor of Fumeaux,
(from Sir Simon de Fumeaux once in possession) consists
of houses and lands * situate dispersedly" over all the
parish of Warminster. The name of the manor still sur-
vives in * Fumax Lane,' and in a field near Coldharlx)ur.
The Lords of Avenel's Fee, are now the President
and Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, in
eleven-fourteenths, and the Governors of Bruton Grammar
School in three-fourteenths of the property; its area is
218 a. or. 36 p. The manor-house is that recently num-
bered 4, in the Market-place, nearly opposite the Savings
Bank ; and whenever a court is held the Marquess of
Bath b under obligation to find food and lodging for five
men, representatives of the Lords of Avenel's Fee, and for
their horaes ; or in lieu thereof, his Lordship may pay a
fee of ;£ la No court has been held, nor its claims exacted,
for the last few years. The college allows fifteen shillings
to its tenants for an annual dinner."

If the Avenells of Devonshire owned a com-
mon ancestor with the Avenils of Warminster,
it must be at a very remote period indeed, and
too obscure through the tortuous and misty
maze of genealogy to determine or certify. The
Vemons above-mentioned, held extensive
landed estates in Wiltshire, some as grants
from the Crown and others from the Canons
of Lisieux, in France. Robert de Vernon
founded the Chapel of St. John Baptist,
Horningsham, to which Humphrey de Bohun,
ist Earl of Hereford, and Constable of Eng-
land, was a benefactor in the reign of Henry II.
Joan, daughter of Richard Vernon, of Horn-
ingsham, married in the reign of Edward II.
William de Stourton, of Stourton, co. Wilts.
Their grandson, William, and Elizabeth, his
wife, were generous donors to the Carthusian
monastery of Witham, near Frome, co. Somer-
set, founded and presided over by the great
St. Hugh, of Lincoln, until called upon to
quit his retirement for the dignity and ofiBce
of Bishop. Here in the monastic chapel,
William Stourton's body was laid to rest on
or about the Feast of St. Lambert, April 16,
141 3, in the same tomb where reposed the
remains of the late Lady Elizabeth, his wife.
This old English family have only very slight
connections with the counties of Devon and
Cornwall, but they are interestingly com-
memorated. Margaret Stourton, daughter of
William, the second Baron Stourton, became
the ist wife of Sir James Chudleigh, of Ashton,
CO. Devon ; his second was, Margaret, daugh-
ter of John Tremaine, Esq. On the font in
Ashton church, are four shields, and two of
these signify the above alliances, viz. — ermine^
three lions rampant, impaling, sable, a bend or, he*
tween six fountains proper, (for Chudleigh and
Stourton), and, ermine, three lions rampant, im-
paling, gules three dexter arms conjoined at th$
shoulders and flexed in triangle, or, fists proper (for
Chudleigh and Tremaine). In St. Columb
Major Church, co. Cornwall, may be seen on a
fine monumental brass, the figure of Anne,
wife, first of Charles the seventh, and unfortu-
nate, Baron Stourton, and secondly, to Sir
John Arundell, Knt., of Lanheme. Her son.

140

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

John Stourton, recovered by act of parlia-
ment in 1575, the honours and dignities which
his father had forfeited in 1557. From her,
in whose veins ran the blood of Stanley and
Hungerford, the house of Stourton maternally
descends. But tracing back this genealogical
course to the early part of the 14th century,
we find that Joan Vernon, of Horningsham,
is the source from which flows a long and
unbroken descent of Esquires, Knights, and
Barons, whose names, honours, fortunes, and
vicissitudes are borne and represented at this
time by the Right Honourable Baron Mow-
bray and Stourton,

The arms of the above-named and extinct
Vemons were : —

Azure, two hendhts or, between six lioncels ram-

panif argent.

Note,— For an account of the Arundell Brasses in the
church at St. Columb Major, see Pre/ace to Registers of
that church, by A. J. Jewen, F.S.A.

•p *x* T

YE CHRISTMASSE OF OLX)E.
A POEME.

By E. L. T. Harris-Bickford.

•-p^OT now is Christmas as it was,
rl-6 In honored days of old ;
When men reposed 'neath wilder laws,

And every heart was bold ;
When hope of life was held in hand,

And eyes flashed fiercest fire ;
While stout retainers took their stand.

Behind the grey old squire.

The goblets streamed with ruby wine,

The mirth resounded wide ;
The Boar*s-head, decked with holly-shine,

Stood steaming in its pride.
The earth snow-prest, with sheeny breast,

Reflected fire- light's glow,
That full on front of knightly crest,

Blazed red, and gleamed also.

O 1 Christmas then was Christmas real,

But those gay days are dead ;
Their spectres glide— The Bard*s ideal—

Their substance— lo ! hath fled ;
The rattling sword, the haughty word,

The Chieftain's lofty mien ;
The cheer, the spear, the mirth then heard.

Are gone with what " has been."

The yule-log flared ; the yule-log glared,

And cracked, and snapped, and beamed ;
Men felt its warmth, who oft had dared

The foe, — where foemen teemed ;
The maid's glad eye, the wistful sigh,

The mellowing — ^mounting tear,
These form but part of the dead **gone-by,''

The days of Christmas cheer.

The berries hun£ ; the bow was strung

By Cupid, swift and sure ;
And soldiers stern, with tender tongue.

On hilt of sword love swore ;
The dance was led ; the board bespread.

Glad faces beamed around ;
** Waits '* sang ; while grey and golden head

Unfolding fun were found.

Not now is Christmas as it was.

In honored days of yore.
Then men reposed 'neath wilder laws.

And brave blows gave and bore ;
Then hope of life was held in hand,

And maiden's eyes flashed fire ;
While serfe and jesters took their stand.

Behind the grand old squire.

* * *

OLD CORNISH CUSTOMS AND INCIDENTS
AT YULE-TIDE, &c.

By Abraham Harris-Bickford, m.d.

MulfyoH Cove, Cornwall, on a Christmas day ; or,
How the Parson caught his fish: —

IN '69. At this place the Parson was on his way, with
three of his Choir, to conduct morning service, when
the sound or cry of " Heva I Heva 1" caught their cars
and people were seen running ; and the quiristers chimed
in " Heva ! Heva I Come, lev' us all be gone ! " The Par-
son said, — ''we can't all go. They are fishermen, aod
cry " Heva ! Heva 1 when pilchards come ; but I'm a
fisher of men." Therefore, good men, while I'm at
Church, and you're afloat, I will remember ye." They
quickly reached the cove and three seines of pilchards,
were caught, **as pretty a sight as ever we seed," said they,
" of a Christmas day ; but the Parson said, on his way to
Church this morning, he'd remember we, and now to keep
things straight, lev' us remember he," And then they
hied them to the Vicarage door and laid their glittering
fishes down. ** Well done, well done, my fishermen,**
the Parson said. **'Tis well, you see, both for you and
me, to Labour and to Pray."

Cock fighting in Gwennap Piti^-
The Amphitheatre, in which the Rev. John Wesley
preached, situated about two miles from Redruth, was
before his day used for the cruel amusement of Cock-fight-
ing, formerly one of Cornwall's favourite out-door sporti.
Since his (Wesley's) death, it has continued to be the

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

141

singular and exceedingly convenient site for out-door re-
ligious services, having stone seats, covered with grass, in
circles from bottom to top. It holds on some occasions
about 20,000 people, and when Wesley himself preached
there, to hear this multitude of voices blended in one
sweet song was indescribably grand and never to be
forgotten.

It is a very ancient custom, and still continued, for every
house to be decorated with Laurustinus and Holly with
other green twigs at Christmas; and Mistletoe is much
coveted, any female found sitting or standing under it,
being kissed by right by the opposite sex I In churches,
formerly, large branches of Evergreen shrubs, branches of
trees in fact were used at this season for decoration ;
smaller sprigs are now mostly used with texts of scripture
formed of green leaves, &c. , stitched together or tied with
thread.

The old familiar Christmas Cake is found in every home
at this season — differing from other cake, in being yellow
with saffron ; Imt especially^ by having a depression in its
top, in which is placed a lesser child -cake. When set
on the table this smaller lump is decorated b^ a sprig of
sprig of Holly or other green shrub (insignia^

A drink, made up of hot beer and nutmeg, with rum
added and slices of lemon, sweetened with sugar, commonly
called Chtnagrum^ is much used and especially welcomed
tiy Carol Singers ; this, with a supply of cake, is deemed
in most instances a sufficient remuneration for the render-
ing of a selection of carols at the dwellings of the well-to-do
folk, altho' mostly a small money offering is proffered and
accepted for festive expenses elsewhere.

The death of " Old Dolly " the Mousehole Celebrity,
the last person who was known to have spoken the
Old Cornish language, took place at Christmas, 1777, and
is recorded in the parish registers of St. Paul. What
Christmases and cheer have died since then !

Dean Swifl*s Latin-English love song may not be too
well-known to find a place in the Western Antiquary
Christmas. No. as follows : —

The Song — The Key—

Mollis abuti Moll is a beauty,

Has an acuti Has an acute eye,

No lasso finis No lass so fine is ;

O mihi de armistres Oh I my dear mistress,

Cantu disco ver Can't you discover

Meas alo ver. Me as a lover.

The following receipt is believed in by the superstitious,
viz.— That you may secure so many happy months in the
coming year, as yon may eat, in difierent houses, mince-
pies during Christmas.

In conclusion, I quote two verses by a modem verse-
writer* of " A Song for Christmas:"

*' Hark I on the air there breaks a sound
Of iberry voices singing ;

* E. L. T. Harris-Bickford, Tuckingmill, Cornwall.

While tunefully the brasen bells

This Jubilee are ringing ;
O 1 Happy, happy, Christmas time,

When daylight doth expire,
To list the carol and the chime, 1

Beside the flaming fire.

Then pile the logs, the old yule-logs

Higher ! higher I higher !
And cluster round on merry ground,

Beside the Christmas fire.

What though the warring winds are high.

And snow lies white and deep ?
What though the brooks are frozen o'er

And birds are hushed in sleep ?
What though the Ladye-moon shines chill.

We can, should we desire.
Or sing, or laugh, or talk at will,

Around the flashing fire ?

Then pile the logs, &c.
ifi ^ 41

<9i flDinor Hotee. ♦

Chrisomers' Hill.— When I was about leaving
school for college, I paid a visit to an old relative,
the Rector of a parish in N.W. Devon ; when one
morning at breakfast, the servant announced that " Dick
Stanlake, the Sexton, wanted to see master."

"Tell Dick to come in."

Dick, a true sturdy Devonian of about 60, made a
respectful obeisance on entering, and "hoped his reverence
and Mrs. were well. "

" WeU Dick," asked the Parson, " what is it?"
"There's a cheeld to be buried this artemoon Sir."
" Where shall you dig the grave Dick ? "

" Why, 'tis cruel rough weather, and I've been thinking
that 'tis so much as ever your Honor '11 be able to stand it,
wi'out your hat, and so I'll dig en in some lew comder, for
your Honor. "

"Thanks Dick,"

This little incident impressed me forcibly with the idea,
that matters of this nature were not conducted with much
regard to order, and when, some years after, I became
Rector, I determined to put things on a more regular
footing. Old Dick had passed away, and was succeeded
by Jack Crocker, a clever thatcher, whose smartness might
have induced the idea that he may possibly have been a
member of the lost family, one of the trio of whom it is
recorded,

" Crocker, Cruwys, and Copiestone.

When the Conqueror came, were found at home."

I had instructed Jack that whenever a grave was to be
dug, I would meet him, with the representative of the
deceased's family, in the churchyard, and select the spot,
10 that the different families might be kept together, and

142

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

the space economized. Some time after he had received
these instructions, Jack informed me that a small unbap-
tized child was to be buried ; and asked if I would come
down and choose the spot for the grave ? The churchyard
was halC-a-mile from the Parsonage, and Jack was evidently
curious to see if I would abide by my own rule. It would
not do of course for me to break it, so I appointed the
time to meet him. Jack was awaiting my arrival, and on
my enquiring where the family of the deceased child lay,
he led me to a secluded spot, at the N.E. angle of the
churchyard.

«• This, Sir," said Jack, "is what us calls *Chrisomers'
Hill ; ** and here the unbaptized children be always buried,
and strangers, that us don*t know if they be baptized or

BO.

n

1

I was struck with the name, and enquired how the
burials were conducted.

** That depend'th *pon circumstances, Sir. If 'tis a
stranger, the Parson read*th the service, the same as
he would else. But, old or young, if he know'th he
hath*n a-been baptized, he doth*n dare, you know, sir, to
open his book for*en. If *tis a cruel small cheeld, the old
nurse bring*th the little coffin under her arm, a-covered by
her cloak, so that nobody would'n take her for a funeral at
all ; but when the cheeld is come to some size, he's carried
by four children like any other corpse, and then most times
the Parson comes, and though he dothen open his book,
he saith a few words to they that be there, about neglecting
baptism and that."

This was all interesting, but I expected there was
something behind still more so, nor was I disappointed.

"Well now. Jack," I asked, "what did you call this
place."

" Chrisomers' HiU, Sir."

" What does that mean ?"

"I can't rightly say, but I've heard tell that 'twas
something the old Romans used to do to the children, be-
fore they were baptized, to help 'em towards heaven— like."

«* And did it help them ? "

" I can't tell that, Sir. I dare say 'twas better than
nort, but 'twasn't like baptism, or else they would'nt have
been buried up here, I s'pose."

" Now Jack, is there any idea of what becomes of the
souls of those poor little unbaptized creatures ? "

«* Well, Sir, 'tis said they becom'th Heath-hounds, and
hunt the Devil 'pon Dart^rmoor, because he keep'th *em
out of Paradise."

"Why on Dartmoor, Jack? Is not he to be found
nearer than Dartmoor ? "

"Oh! yes Sir, he's to be found everywhere, except
inside the churchyard gates. He doth'n dare to show his
nose there."

" But why Dartmoor ; can you tell me ? "

"Well, Sir, Dartnnoor was always accounted the Devil's
head -quarters, in these parts; and I s'pose it takes a
brave lot of they little creatures to hunt he, and so they
meet'th there all together, to do it. I've heard tell of they
that have a-see'd hundreds of they little Heath-hounds in
full cry after *en 'pon Dart^noor, Sir. You'd see the
Devil's temples, and his images, and his signs 'pon the
rocks all over the moor if you was to go there. I s'pose *tis
wonderful how he used to be worshipped out there, in old
times — I have a-heard that Belstone parish is called after one
of his names — you'd be surprised, Sir, at the stories that
I've heard old folks tell about 'en, and his doings, and how
they used to worship'en out upon Dart/moor, but I've just
forgot *em all. I've told'e most of what I can mind about
it. Twas never nort but a parcel of lies, and p'raps the
sooner 'tis forgot the better."

So ended my introduction to "Chrisomers' Hill,"
which I think may not be uninteresting, as a remnant of
ancient folk-lore, to the readers of the Western Aniiqucay,

It may be an interesting enquiry, if a " Chrisomers'
Hill " exists in any other other churchyard of these western
parts?

Notes. — Chrism — Chrisme, F. ; Chrisma, L. ; Chrisnia^
Or.—- A mixture of oil and balsam, consecrated by a
Popish Bishop, on Easter-even for the ensuing year, to
be used in Baptism, Confirmation, Extreme Unction,
Coronation of Kings, &c

Chrisoms. — Infants that die within the month of birth,
or while they wear the Chrisom-doth. — Bailey's Dictum>-
ary.

Heath and Heathen, have the same derivation from
Saxon and Teutonic, J. C. D. Yulb, m.a.

Bradford, Brandis Corner, N. Devon.

41 ifi tSi

Storing Potatoes in Ilchester Church. — If it
is not going beyond the limits of the IVesiern Antiquary^
it may be interesting to note the storing of potatoes in
Ilchester Church. During the first week in October some
people living at Ilchester remembering the kindness
received by patients from their parish at the Yeovil Hos-
pital in past years, determined to send a hamper of potatoes
to the Hospital.

Their plan, that of contributing a peck each, got wind
in the parish and at Northover, and the result was that 124
pecks of splendid potatoes, as well as £1 6s. in cash from
those who had no potatoes to give, but contributed 6d.
each instead, were collected.

It was found impossible to send such a quantity without
previous notice to so small a hospital and the question arose
"what shall we do with them." It was decided to ask
permission to place them in the porch or tower of the
church, and as the Western Gazette, for October loth,
says: — "There they stood (20 bags) all Sunday, decorated
with flowers and other vegetables, the admiration of all
who passed.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

H3

They were chiefly Magnum Bonums and Champion
Rocks, of a very high class and were fully worth £4.

The greatest enthusiasm prevailed about the collection,
as the donors vied with each other in the excellence of
their samples." P. F. Rowsbll.

Exeter.

^ ^ fh

Local Superstition Relative to Witchcraft. —
The Plymouth and Exeter Gautte, for September 30th,
18S4, records the following instance of gross superstition
which occurred upon the preceding Friday, (September
26th), in one of the principal towns in the neighbouring
county of Dorsetshire : —

At Sherborne on Friday an old woman named Sarah
Smith, aged 83, in receipt of parish relief, was violently
attacked by a next door neighbour, in order that the latter
mig|it "draw blood" from the poor old lady, on the ground
that she had bewitched her daughter, a confirmed invalid,
suffering from rheumatism. The poor woman who is
well known as a quiet inoffensive person, was in her
garden, when she was set on by the woman, who drove a
darning-needle into her hands and arms several times,
telling her she was a witch, and she would draw her blood
for witching her daughter. Harry Hems.

Fair Park, Exeter.

* * *

Mary Davies, Daughter of Sir Jonathan
Trelawny. — I send you the following from Gale's ffis-
tory of Winchester Cathedral^ I7i5f P^ 54» — ^^ Southward^
on a large black marble stone, with these arms, viz,^ j
Boars* heads co'iped, empaling a chevron in a lozenge^ and
this iiiscription : —

" Here lieth the Body of Madame Mary Davies^
Daughter of Sir Jonathan Trelanxmy^ of Trelauny^ in the
County of Convntall^ Baronet. A Lady of excellent en-
dowments and exemplary Virtue, of Courage and Resolution
above her Sex, and equal to the generous Stock whence
she sprang.

" She was a Maid of Honour to Mary Princess of
Orange and Relict of Lieut. -Col. Davies^ who, at the siege
oiNamury mounting the Trenches at the head of the Grena-
diers of the first Regiment of Guards, was the first that
threw the Fascines (which the others used to cover them-
selves with in their attiick) over the Ditch, and with his
men passed it, beating the French out of their Works ;
which was a gallant Action, and greatly contributed toward
the taking of the Town. In performing of which, he
received the wound, of which he died ; and gained so just
an esteem, for the Boldness and Success of it with the
King, that he design*d him the great Honour of a Visit the
Morning of which he died ; and being informed of his
Death, in kind and honourable Terms, expressed his Concern
and Sorrow for the loss of so brave and deserving an
officer. She died the xxiiiith of September^ in the year of
our Lord, MDCCVII. J. S. Attwood.

Exeter.

A Courtenay Monumental Inscription in St.
Mary Magdalene Church, Taunton. — On a tablet
therein is the following : —

"P. M. S.
'' Gulielmi Courtenay^ e gente Cornubiorum honestissimd
oriundi, cujus exuviae propter hunc parietem sepultae sunt.
Crat autem Filius natu maximus et idem haeres Gulielmi
Courtenay de Tremeer in Comitatu Comubiensi Arm : et
Susanna (que paucis ab hinc annis diem suum obijit)
Joannis Kellond^t Painsford in Com : Devon: Arm: Filiae
natu maxime. Cuinq : annum aetatis jam decimura terti
ageret, et apud nos erudiendi gratii versalerur, optimse spei
adolescens, morbo varioiarum implicitus ingenti omnium
maerore, et vita decessit ad xviii Calend : Decemb : anno
Salutis Humanae mddccixx."

The tablet is of marble carved with cherubs, &c. — over,
are the arms of Courtenay, or^ three torteauXy a label of
three azure, crest, a dolphin asBure :

The boy was probably at school there, and died of

small-pox — ^some leaAei will probably supply the genealogy

that connects him with the Cornish Courtenays.

Viator.

The following is offered as a translation of the above: —

Sacred to the memory of William Courtenay, sprung
from a most honourable Cornish family, whose remains are
buried near this wall. Pie was the eldest son and heir of
William Courtenay, Esqre., of Tremeer, in the County of
Cornwall, and Susanna eldest daughter of John Kellond,
Esqre., of Painsford, in the County of Devon ; she died a
few years after. When he was in the thirteenth year of
his age and dwelling among us for his education, being
a youth of the greatest promise, he was taken with
small-pox, and to the great grief of all, he departed this life
on the xviii Calend. Decemb. in the year of man's salvation

MDCCXIX.

* * *

* ©ucrice* ♦

The Deer Park at Werrington.— Your corres-
pondents A.F.R. and Francis Drake Pearoe, have rightly
pointed out that **the Vanquisher of the Armada" could
not have ^* petitioned Charles I. for a License ;" but they
do not seem to have seen anything wrong in the other
part of the sentence they quote, viz. — ^that ** the Van-
quisher of the Armada made a Park at Werrington."

Is it a fact, however, or is there not some mistake
also as to the Drake who made the park, as much as con-
cerning the petitioner for the license ? Devs. Junr.

* * *
Holm an Family, of Hatherleigh, Co. Devon. —
Can any of the numerous contributors to the JV.A, give me
information respecting the Holman Family, of Hather-
leigh, previous to the year 1794?

More particularly of Harry Holman and Benjamin
Holman, grandfather and father respectively of Benjamin
Holman (2), who was bom in 1794. S. H. Holman.
Exeter.

144

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Old Exeter Newspaper. — At the sale of books
fonning the library of the late Mr. Crossley, of Man-
chester, was included a vol. of the Weekly Journal^ pub-
lished in Exeter, l)etween the years 1729-31, and believed
to have been edited or published by Mr. And. Brice, of
that city, a well-known bookseller. It is said to be of
local news, accounts of murders, robberies, &c., com-
mitted in Devonshire and the surrounding districts; and
also to contain many singular advertisements, so that it will
be familiar to local historians. I shall be glad to know dates
of first and last issues; also such other facts about the
history of the paper and its editor or publisher as any of
your correspondents can furnish. CorneLius Walford.
Belsize Park Gardens, London, N.W.

lii lit ifi

BONYTHON. — In Cyrus Redding*s Illustrated Itinerary
of the CmtUy of Cormuall I find the following state-
ment: — "Of Hebrew words, proving an intercourse
with the Jews, there are names of places strikingly in
point — Paran-zabulon, Phillack, Menachan, Zephni, Boni-
thon, and Marazion." What justification is there for men-
tioning Bonython in this connection ? Perhaps your corres-
pondent, the Rev. W. S. Lach-Szyrma, will express an
opinion. John Langdon Bonython.

Adelaide, South Australia.

« li* A

Paris Street, Exeter. — ^What is the origin of this
name ? I find in the Churchwardens* Accounts of St. Pet-
rock's Church, published by Mr. R. Dymond, that a tene-
ment and garden has been held by them in " l^arystrete "
since 1422. It is subsequently spelt "Parystret" and
"Paristrete." P. F. R.

Exeter.

4* •» ^

Armorial Shields in Exeter Cathedral. —
Some repairs having been found necessary in the great east
window of Exeter Cathedral, and a printed description
having been referred to for information, it appears that
there are two shields of arms unnamed in that description ;
they are : —

Quarterly ist and 4th or an eagle displayed, double-
headed sa, 2nd and 3rd gu. a lion rampant arg.

Arg. a cross between 4 crescents gu.

If any of your heraldic correspondents can supply this
omission it will make the description complete. G. T.
Exeter.

* * *

Sir John Narborougu. — Can any of your readers
give information as to the date of birth, and any particulars
concerning the early life and career of the navigator Sir
John Narborough, who perished by shipwreck together
with Sir Cloudesley Shovel] and above 2,000 officers and
men, on the Gilstone rocks at Scilly Isles, on 22 October,
1707? (Sir John was buried in the chancel of St. Mary
Church, Scilly.) L. A. C.

Werringtgn, Co. Devon. — I shall be much obligeti
for information concerning the history of the Parish of
Werrington, Devon, in the past ; together with any par-
ticulars concerning its formerowners— especially the Drakes
and the Morices. B. K.

Werrington Vicarage, near Launceston.

* * *

A Quillett or Quillet of Land. — What is the
origin and exact meaning of these pieces of land found ia
North Wales, Devonshire, and Somersetshire. In North
Wales they are very small, seldom exceeding half or three-
quarters of an acre in extent each. They are situated in
fields, sometimes two or more in one field, but are not the
property of the owners of those fields unless they have
been bought by those owners. Rent for them is usuaHy
paid by the owners of the fields. Their owners can fence
them round, and they have a right of way to them,* no
matter in whose property they may be situated. Do these
customs in respect to Quilletts, appertain to those situated
in Devonshire and Somersetshire ? C. Mason.

29, Emperor's Gate, London.

« >» III

Hand Book to Cornwall. — I have just come across
a very interesting little Hand-book to Comvmil^ with Run-
deirs Map and Illustrations, by J. T. Blight, published by
W. Wood, Fore Street, Devonport, containing 158 pages.
Can any of your correspondents give me the date of pub-
lication ? I should imagine that it is about 20 years old«
Exeter. P. F. R.

•p iji ^p

Ichabod Walcott Chauncey. — An American cor-
respondent has asked me for information respecting him.
Can your readers assist me ? He was a graduate of Yale
College Conn., and is said to have died near Bristol,
between 1730 and 1740. He went to Bristol in 1726 to
live with his uncle, Robert Chauncey, a physician there.
The nephew was certainly dead in 1742, and my friend
wishes to ascertain the precise date and place of his death.
The family is said to have owned property in '' Lambeth,
near BristoL" Can this locality be identified ?
Exeter. J. S. Attwood.

* * *

HoGNBR Bread— Culprit's Clothes. — I find in a
series of Churchwardens' accounts, temp, Eliz., receipts for
" Hogner bread," " Hognor bred," and " Hogener bread.'*

Sometimes the sum paid by separate individuals is 2d.,
3d., or 4d. ; sometimes the entry, in a lump sum, amounts
to 6s. or 7s. Can any of your readers say what this Hogner
biead was?

In the same parish, the prisoners who were hung, at
assizes held in the adjoining town, were buried. Credit
is regularly given, for proceeds of sale of the culprit's
clothes ; the sums vary from 4 or 5 to 12 or 15 shillings.
It never appears who bought the clothes. Can your
readers tell whether the County paid the price ? Cephas.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

145

Anthony, of Littleham Manor. — Can anyone
give me a pedigree ot this family? The Lysons inform us that
they purchased Littleham for the Bassetts, also the living.
I am informed, however, that they have sold the manor to
Sir Geo. Stucley, and the living to Capt. A. H. Morse, of
Copdock, Ipswich. W. H. Kelland.

Barnstaple.

* ^ ^
The Marquis db Montcalm in Devonshire. —
Is anything recorded or known of an incident that must
have aroused considerable exitement at the time, and is re-
lated in the Afemoria/s of the Merivale Faniifyy recently
printed for private circulation, and reviewed in the cur-
rent number of the Edinburgh ? The Rev. Samuel Meri-
vale, then a dissentii^ minister at Tavistock, refers to the
arrival of the news of the surrender of Quebec and the
death of General Wolfe. Then, in allusion to the death of
Montcalm, who was defeated by Wolfe on the Heights of
Abraham, being wounded on the 13 September, 1759, and
died next day, Mr. Merivale adds this remarkable pas-
sage: — " Montcalm's death gives me the more pleasure
because he was (if I mistake not) the very Rogue that shot
the poor boy that was driving him from Tavistock, to Ply-
mouth at the beginning of the War, for which Crime he
by his greatness evaded the deserved Punishment." It is
scarcely necessary to add, that, in the current phrase of the
day, the term "boy " meant the postboy. R. D.

Exeter.

* * *
PowLETT Family. — I find that Lady Powlett, erron-
eously described as Lady Margarett Powlett, sold in 159I1
large estates in Devon, one the manor of Abbotsham, to
the Luxtons, another, De Bathe, as previously stated, to
my ancestor. She was the daughter of Anthony Harvey,
of Columb John, an expert surveyor. Can anyone tell
whence the property was derived by the Harveys ?

Barnstaple. W. H. Kelland.

^ ifl »X4

Dixon-Hartland (of Hartland?). — In a note in
Kelly's Official Classes, as in Walford*s C<mnty Families^ it
is stated under the present popular m.p. for Evesham.
''This family formerly possessed extensive estates at Hart-
land, Devon." I do not find, however, in Lysons' or the
other county histories, any mention at all of a family of
Hartland, of Hartland. This year (1884), I have heard
that the Hartlands formerly owned what is now known as
Stoke Manor, now the property of the Rev. W. W.
Martyn. W. H. Kelland.

Barnstaple.

ii i{i ifi

GiFFORD, OF Cliff End House. —A Mr. Charles
Gifford, of Cliff End House, Devon, is quoted in one of
Walford's Couniy FamilitSy as a Deputy-Lieutenant of
Devon. Can any of your readers give information as
to this family, where Cliff End House is, and whether this
Mr. Gifibrd was related to Lord Gifford.
Barnstaple. W. H. Kelland.

Rev. John Quick.— The Rev. J. Quick was bom in
Plymouth in 1636. '* He was a Nonconformist minister
of eminence, and was ejected from the living of Brixton ;
after suffering imprisonment at Plymouth, he became pas-
tor of the church at Middleburgh in Zealand."

He was the author of Synodicon in Gallia RefamuUa\
or, the Acts, Decisions, etc, of the National Councils of the
Refortned Churches in France, Published in 1692.

Can any of your correspondents give information

with regard (i) to his ministry at Brixton and the date of

his ejection ; (2) to the date and place of his death, and

(3) to any other works published l^ him ?

Exeter. P. F. RowssLL.

♦ "Repliee. ♦

Sir Francis Drake.— In the Register of Marriages
of Bereferrers, occurs : — *' 1661, Feb. 6, Francis Drake,
Baronet, and Dorothea Bampfield." This Sir Francis
Drake, of Buckland Monachorum, M.p. for Tavistock,
temp, Charles II. ; married, 1st Dorothea, daughter of Sir
John Bamfylde, Bart., of Poltimore; he was son of Thomas
Drake, who was grandson of Thomas Drake, brother of
the great Sir Francis Drake. Francis Drake Pearce.
Kingsbridge.

ijp 'V ^

Roger Massey- ('4 S., pt. 6, p. 116).— This gentle-
man was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. A. B. ,
1783 ; M.A., 1786 ; Prebendary of Exeter, 24 June, 1785;
collated Archdeacon of Barnstaple, the 3rd, and installed
the 14th November, 1791. He died 22nd February, 1798,'
A reference to the Admission Register of St. John's Coll.,
will most probably supply the county in which he was bom
and the name of his father, (cf. GraducUi CanteA. Le Neve's
Fasti, by Hardy, i., 408,431.) J. Ingle Dredge.

ijp ^ w

The Ven. Roger Massev— ( ff^^., 4 S., 116.) If
no fuller reply to Mr. Kelland's query is forthcoming, the
following may be of use to him : —

" Roger Massey, M.A., Rector of Lawhitton and Cheri-

ton Bishop. Collated [to Archdeaconry of Barnstaple]

3rd November, 1791, on whose death, 22nd February,

1 798, " &c. Oliver's Lives of the Bishops of Exeter, p. 295.

Exeter. J. S. Attwood.

* * *

The Late Archdeacon Massey (who died in 1798,
at the early age of 37, and whose daughter, Julia, was the
first wife of Admiral-of-the- Fleet, Sir Provo Wallis, G.c.B.),
was a son of the Rev. William Massey (of Pool Hall, near
Namptwich, Cheshire, and for 50 years Rector of Ditching-
ham, Norfolk). The Massies [Massey or Massy], of
Cheshire, claim a common descent from Hamon de Massy,
one of the Barons of Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester. The
General Massey, celebrated in history, was one of them.

R.

146

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Deer Park, Buckbrbll. — In answer to Mr. E. A.
Fry, in Western Antiquary for November, Deer Park in
Buckerell is now the property and occasional residence of
the Hon. Colin Lindsay, son of the 24th Earl of Crawford
and Balcarres, the well-known author of The Evidence for
the Papacy and De Bcclesia et Cathedra,
Barnstaple. W. H. Kelland.

•p T 'X'

Log. — If Mr. Shelly will refer to this word in the new
Imperial Dictionary, a very good authority, he will find it
is an English word, meaning " to rock." Some of the
words in use in Devonshire are very good English, but in
the reports on Devonshire verbal proviQcialisms issued by
the Devonshire Association, there are ludicrous instances
of good old English words mistaken for Devonshire Pro-
vincialisms. Such, for example, as a " cry of hounds,"
which any reader of Shakespeare ought to know is good
English for a pack of hounds. W. F. C.

Log. — On reading this query, the word Log appeared
so familiar as a verb, that I expected it would be found in
any ordinary dictionary or glossary, which is not the (act.

I find it, however, in Ogilvie*s Imperial Dictioncuy
1850 — "Log* v,i, to move to and fro ; also in the dictionary
supplement, 1855 — Log. v,i, to move or rock. In Halli-
well 5th edition, 1865, it is given as a Cornish word — to
oscillate.

I have frequently heard it used in North Devon,
applied in two forms : —

1st. — ^A rustic, addressing a person who is shaking
his head, would say — " What are you logging your head
for ;" or *• why do you log your head like that."

2nd. — ^A wheel vibrating, owing either to being badly
made or with loose spokes, is said to log — when going
round fast, the felly and tire appear to oscillate, which
hereabouts is frequently called logging, and I have often
heard it so used.

Both these instances are in accordance with the mean-
ings of ** log " given above.

I have never myself heard the word used in reference
to a cradle or any other cases. J. R. Chanter.

Barnstaple.

* * *

John Bonython, m.d., op Bristol.— The following
notices of him are supplemental to those in '*The Bony-
thon Family," Western Antiquary^ i., 201, 203, 214: —

"... Let us praise God for that amiable Pattern of
Piety and Goodness, the Rt. Rev.' Dr. Joseph Butler, some-
time Bishop of the Diocess. . . . And John Bonython^
Dr. of Physic, a Man deservedly held in universal Esteem
for his known Piety and Humanity, and for the Support
which the Infirmary of this City received from his general
Benefactions, and the unwearied and uncommon Attention
he paid to that humane Establishment." The Com-

memoration of Founders & Benefactors to the City of
Bristol, made in the Prayer before the **Serfn4m Preached
before the Grateful Society^ at the , , , Church of AH
Saints t Bristol, on Monday, November /^, lydS,'** by James
Rouquet, and published with it. Bristol, 1768, pp. 33*36.

As both the father and the brother of Dr. Bonythoo
committed suicide [W.A.t i-> 201), it is gratifying to find
the doctor mentioned in a Bidding Prayer, in which ncfa
men as Canynges, Thorn, Whitson, Colston, Bishop Bat*
ler (author of the "Analogy "), and more than thirty other
benefactors of Bristol are commemorated.

"Mr. James Bonython, M.D., Bristol." List of sub-
scribers to Astley's Collection of Voyages, 4 vols., 4to,

1745.

'• Dr. Bonjrthon, £1 is." — Subscribers for the relief
of 1,240 French Prisoners, confined at Knowle, near
Bristol, 1756, MS.

The will of " Elizabeth Bonython" was proved in the
Bristol Court of Probate, in 1744. Wiluam Geoegb.
Clifton.

The Late George Odger. — The correspondent
who contributed the article on the late George Odger ^a-s,
I apprehend, found a new meaning for the word "Cobbler,"
or he never would have used in the title of his paper a
term which is usually regarded as one of disrespect.

Two dictionaries, which I have before me, define the
word " Cobbler " in almost identical terms : —

" A mender of shoes.

"A botch.

"A clumsy or indifferent workman.

" A mean person."

Neither of these terms can be applied to the subject of
your correspondent's remarks. George Odger was not a
mender, but a maker of shoes, not only a good, but a
superior worhtnan ; he learned his business with an excel-
lent old shoemaker of Plymouth, and subsequently worked
during several years for a local tradesman who had a veiy
select and high-class business. In London, also, he was
afterwards employed at some of the best West End estab-
lishments, sudi as Mr. Lobb's, of Regent Street, wheie
good workmanship was indispensable.

No one who knew him would say he was "a mean
person," his time and talents were often generously given
to aid and elevate his fellow-workmen, by whom he was
held in high esteem. I knew him well, and while I am awaze
that by some he was regarded simply as an " Agitator,**
yet his disinterested unselfish devotion to the welfare of the
working classes entitles him to our honour and respect.

Your correspondent is substantially correct in his state-
ments, and the paper is interesting and useful. I am sorry
that the title somewhat disfigures it. John Taylor.

Plymouth.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

H7

Arms of the County of Devon. — I observe
that one of your correspondents asks a question which has
often occurred to me, "why has Devon no County Arms?"

Other counties appear generally to possess anns, or
at least a crest or badge. Thus, Kent boasts the White
Horse, Buckinghamshire the Swan, and so on. In Devon-
shire, I have never heard of anything of the kind. The
Devonshire Regiment used to bear a Rose, as do a great
many other regiments, but this has recently been changed
for a Castle, derived from the arras of the city of Exeter.

Is there any reason to suppose that Devon ever had any

county arms, or crest? If not, why should we not adopt

some heraldic bearings without further delay? It is obvious

that the county arms should resemble those of the Earl.

The dolphin crest would be very appropriate for a maritime

county, and the word dolphin has a certain resemblance to

thd name of Devon. A. H. A. Hamilton.

Fairfield Lodge, Exeter.

^ ^ ifi

Conant Family. — (IVth, S. 96 p.) — For the infor-
mation of Mr. Conant, of Portland, Maine, in North
America, I beg to send a few memorials of this family. I
am inclined to derive the name from the Keltic Conon, of
Wales, Cornwall, and subsequently of Armorica or Britany,
where its more Gallic termination is likely to have been
assumed. In the centre aisle of Sidmouth parish church,
in the county of Devon, six short miles east from Budleigh
Salterton, there is a stone slab bearing the following
inscription : —

Here lyeth y« Body of

Henry Connant, Gen* who

Dyed y^ io«h day of Jvne,
anno Dom. 1684.

Close to it the following : —

Here lyeth y* Body of John
Conant Esq. who died y* I3'>» of
Jan. 1736. Aged 38.

This last is surmounted by a coat of arms incised in the
slab, which may be heraldically described thus, though
without the tinctures : — Paley of six: on a chief, an Eagle
displayed. This is impaled with the armorials of the old
family of Duke, of the adjoining parish of Otterton,
namely — Per fess, ar. and az., three wreaths 2 and I,
counterchanged. The tinctures of course are not on the
stone. The place of the crest is occupied by a death's
head between two wings.

I have not noticed the name, as occurring in the Subsidy
Rolls relating to Sidmouth, earlier than 1623, when, in
that year a John Connatt, (as it is spelt), is rated nearly as
high as the principal family in the parish. Although
occupying a good position in that day, the present repre-
sentatives are very different. Henry Conant. aged about
70, is a fisherman, and has a grown-up family. He
formerly had a younger brother, John, who went off one
calm evening to board a collier brig that lay at anchor
half-a-mile from the shore, but was accidentally drowned
by falling between the boat and the vessel. His son is the

present sexton of the parish church. Relatives of these
have been boat-builders, and the name is not unknown at
Honiton, nine miles north. The prevailing orthography
is Conant, but the common pronunciation is Cunnet or
Connett.

In the records of Massachussetts, it appears that in
1768, the Rev. Sylvanus Conant, A.M., was Pastor of
the First Church in MiddleborouG[h, for in that year he
preached the Funeral sermon of Daniel Oliver, eldest son
of the Hon. Peter Oliver, Chief Justice, who was younger
brother of the Lieutenant Governor of the Province. This
sermon was printed in Boston soon afterwards, and a copy
of it lies on my table. P. O. Hutchinson.

* * *

Egg Buckland. — One of the back numbers of the
IVestetn Antiquary ^ will explain that Egg here is not
derived from Heche at all, but means simply the Church,
and Egg Buckland is nothing more or less than Church-
booked -land, as before explained by me. W. F. C.

•?« * *
French Prisoners op War in Devon and Corn-
wall. — ^The following may be of interest as it relates to
this subject : —

"A little south of the high road, about 7 miles east of
Tavistock, is the wildly secluded hamlet of Tor Royal, or
Prince Town, and the extensive but now ruinous and de-
serted Dartmoor Prison of War, which was erected in
1808-9 for the residence of prisoners of war, of whom it
had often from 5,000 to 10,000, guarded by from 300 to
500 soldiers." (White's Devonshire, 1850, p. 39.)
Exeter. P. F. Rowsell.

ib 'h "^

French Prisoners of War — Extract from a letter,
dated Bide ford, August 26. 1759 : —

" This Town is at present made very brilliant by one-
half of the Somerset Militia, who are sent to guard the
French Prison as need requires; for there are about a
thousand poor fellows confined in a very close place, with-
out any hope of being sent home till Peace is concluded —
none having ever yet been exchanged from hence, which
makes them sometimes almost desperate. The officers are,
almost universally, persons of large property and great dis-
tinction ; and they have, most of them, their wives and
families with them, at private lodgings, where they are
pretty well accommodated, and give two guineas, and two
guineas and a half for them." A. W. M.

Exeter.

* * *

Egg Buckland = Heche's Buckland. — "W.S.B.
H." will, doubtless, be glad to know that in 1291 (Taxa-
tion of Pope Nicholas, Oliver's edition), this parish is
described as '* ecclesia de Hekbocland," which goes far to
prove his theory. In Bishop Stafford's Register (7 Dec,
1402), the word is written "Eckebokelond," which is very
much the same. F. C. Hingeston-Randolph.

Ringmore.

l^

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

MS. History of Devonshire. — ^The Rev. H. Friend
enquired in the Western Aniiquary, May, i8Si (First
Series, p. 29), concerning the whereabouts of some MSS.
of the late Rev. J. Pike-Jones, on the History of Devon.

He had been informed of the existence of the above
MSS., by Mr. Pike-Jones*s sister, who died in the early
spring of 1883. The question elicited a reply from your
valued correspondent, ** R. D." (First Series, p. 39.)

We are, however, able to add to the information given
by "R. D." at the above reference, having recently pur-
chased the MSS. described as under in our current Decern*
ber catalogue of second-hand books : —

" Unpublished MSS. relating to the Antiquities, His-
tory, Natural History, and Topography of Devon, etc., by
the late Rev. J. P. Jones, of Chudleigh : —

" (I. ) The Historical and Monumental Antiquities t/f
Devonshire. — Hundred of Teignbridge^ consisting of up-
wards of 500 closely written pages, 4to. vellum, (1824.)

"(II.) Observations of the Counties of Devon and
Comivall^ relating principally to their Scenery, Antiquities,
and Natural History: including Collections for the Parish
of Chudleigh, Cranmere Pool, Lustleigh, Cranbrook
Castle, Drewsteignton, Chagford, N. Bovey, Grimspound,
etc., with copious biographical, genealogical and heraldic
memoranda relating to the county, also a list of the works
of the Devon clergy, and a Supplement to the Flora Devon*
iensisy in 9 closely written 4to. books, and 2 8vo., sewn,"
201, High Street, Exeter. S. Drayton & SoNf.

V v v

Bardrick, the Kino of the Teign. — Having seen
the reply of Mr. Partridge, under the above head, in the
June number of the fVestern Antiquary, I have been en-
deavouring to obtain a copy of Mr. Parfitt*s enquiry which
led to its publication, and have just received one from a
friend. Mrs. Potts is inaccurate in several particulars.
The bones were found, surrounded by the remains of twigs
or wickerwork, during the cutting of the trench for the
formation of Hackney Canal, and not for the diversion of
the river. The then district Coroner caused much amuse-
ment by insisting on holding an inquest on them, and after
holding it he directed that they should be buried in the
churchyard. They had been temporarily placed in the
church tower, and when the sexton went to bury the bones
the skull was missing and he had to inter the other lx>nes
without Though I had nothing to do with the removal
of the skull I was cognisant that it was sent to a well-
known museum in London, and where, if preserved, it may
probably be seen now. Two casts were taken from the
skull, one being for myself, which I kept by me several
years until by an unfortunate accident it was destroyed.
The forehead did not indicate the "very superior intellect"
stated by Mrs. Potts. There was not the slightest evi-
dence of the name of the deceased, and why Mrs. Potts
gives him the fanciful title of ** Bardrick, the King of the
Teign," is best known to herself. Dr. Radley, who saw
the bones in situ, believed them to be the remains of a

Danish chieftain, who had been killed in battle and in-
terred on the spot. Further partimilars of finding and oot-
respondence relating thereto, may be obtained by anyone
who has access to a file of the 'Western Times of the
date mentioned by Mr. Partridge. James Barrt.

Newton Abbot.

* * *

Frog-marsh, Tkignmouth.— Having just read the
interesting article on " Some instances of the name Fro^
applied to Streets, Lanes, and Places," by Dr. J. H. Pringi
in the October number of the Western Antiquary, I am
reminded of a district not far from the railway station at
Teignmouth, called Frogmarsh. This name doubtlea
owes its origin to Anglo-Saxon times, the marsh coming
firom the A.S. mersc ; the original meaning of the name
being a marshy district noted for frogs. As Dr. Prii^
does not mention a Frogmarsh in his list of places (althou^
he suggests that Frogmary, at South Petherton, should be
Frogmere), it may be well to note its existence at Teign-
mouth, for as he says and shows, there appears to be a
growing tendency to supersede this name (as well as
others) substituting some other in its stead. It seems more
than probable, that when a new railway station is placed
there, many of the houses will be rebuilt, and then it is
possible that the name Frogmarsh will give way to a
more modem title. P. F. Rowselu

Exeter.

** FrOGSTRETB " AND ** FrOGLANE," BRISTOL —

( Western Antiquary , iv., 90-91^, are William Wyrcester"
two names for one thoroughfare, the lines of which are now ^
indicated by Frog-lane, Frogmore-street, and Trenchard-
street. Before Wyrcester compiled his Itinerary, about
1480, the site on which Frog-lane and Frogmore-street
are built, was, as an antiquarian friend informs me, caUed
Frogmore.

"Longitudo venelUe vocata Frogstrete." The length
of the lane called Frog-street. This in reply to ** J.H.P.'s"
query as to the meaning oivenella, which occurs in the above
quotation from Wyrcester. Du Cange gives several ex-
amples, e^, — " Venella, via strictior." See also Dalla way's
W. Wyrcester, p. 34. William George.

Clifton.

* * *
Bereferrers.— (4 S. pt. 6 p. 117.) of William Blount,

Lord Mountjoy, the friend of Erasmus and Sir Thos. More,
and " who was called the most noble amongst the noble,"
a concise notice will be found in Cooper's Athena Canta*
brigiensis, i. p. 50. He died about the close of 1534,
having been thrice married : —

1. Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Wm. Say, by whom he
had Gertrude second wife of Henry, Marquis of Exeter,
and Mary wife of Henry Bourchier, Elarl of Essex.

2. Alice, daughter of Sir Hen. Keble, by whom he
had Charles his successor in the barony, and Catherine
married successively to Sir John Champernon, Esq., and
Sir Maurice Berkeley.

t__..

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

H9

3, Dorothy, daaghter^of Thomas Grey, Marquis of
Dorset, and widow of Robert Lord Willougliby de Broke,
by whom he had John, Dorothy wife of John Blewett,
Esq., and Mary wife of Sir Robert Dennys.

The last of these wives I assume to be the lady whose
burial 17 Sept., 1553, occurs in the Register of Bereferren.

Robert Wakehoffi was the son of the Rev. Thos.
Wakeham, of Fliford-Flavel, in Worcestershire, and was
bora in that county. Early in 1590, he entered Balliol
College, Oxford, aged 14, B.A. 6 Feb., 1593 ; Chaplain-
fellow of his college 17 July 1596; M.A. 6 July, 1597;
B.D. 22 Feb. 1604-5 ; D.D. 6 June, 1608 ; Prebendary of
Exeter, 1616 ; Rector of Bereferrers, and afterwards of
Chariton, in Devon. He died Sept. 1629, and was buried
on the south side of the chancel of the church at Bere^
feners, 19 of the same month. Ant a Wood, enumerates
six of his publications^ and from local tradition gives a
little curious information about his children, (cf. Aih,
Oxon. ij. 470, Fasii, i. 262, 275, 303, 327).

John Tindali B.D. of this rector, I know nothing
except that he was the father of Dr. Matt. Tindal, the
Deistical writer. J. Ingle Dredge.

T T W

Derivation of Buckfast, Buckerell, &c. — I
should like to ask W. F. C. how he explains the second
syllable in this name, if he proposes to derive the first from
the same source as the Buck in Buckland ? Not that the
latter, as I venture to think, signified that the land was
booked or given to the holder, as W. F. C. explains it, but
rather, as I anderstand, was left on iht evidence of a *'BooJk^
or register^ containing also the names of various other
occupants of similar character.

As the word ,^/= secure? Again how would he explain
such names as Buckerell, Bucknall, Buckford, and Buckish
Mills? All in Devon.

A writer in your current number (part 6), appears to
connect the first syllable of Buckerell with the name of
the animal, but he does not elucidate the latter part.

W. S. B. H.

* * *

The Trelawny Papers, Edited and Illustrated
with Historical Notes and an Appendix,
by James Phinney Baxter, a.m. Published
by the ** Maine Historical Society.** Port-
land (Mass) : Hoyt, Fogg, & Donham, 1884.

This volume, which comes to hand just as
we are going to press, is of too important a
character as regards its local interest and
general historical value to be dealt with,
either briefly or hurriedly ; we therefore defer
a more extended notice for the work to our

January number, merely indicating in thtB
place one or two of its chief features. First,
the Trelawny Papers relate to the family whose
residence was at Ham, near Plymouth, and
they chiefly concern Robert Trelawny, a
Plymouth merchant, to whom was granted (in
163 1 ) a patent *'fbr the planting, riding, and
governing of New England." The Trelawny
PaperSy which had been in the old house at
Ham for nearly two and half centuries, were
presented to the Maine Historical Society, by
the Rev. C. T. Collins Trelawny, arfd having
undergone the necessary sorting, sifting, and
arranging, are now presented to the public in
a handsome, well-printed volume of more than
Ave hundred pages, together with sketches,
maps, facsimiles, and other interesting relics.
The Editor of the Western Antiquary will be
pleased to place himself in conmiunication
with any persons desirous of procuring a
copy of this valuable historical document.

Family Memorials, Compiled by Anna W.
Merivale. Printed for Private circulation.
Exeter : Thomas Upward, 1884.

To this interesting volume is prefixed a
Preface, by the Dean of Ely, the Very Rev.
Charles Merivale, who tells us something
of the sources from which the memorials
were collected. The work consists of an
Introduction on "The Merivale Family and
Name;" a ** Memoir of Samuel Merivale;'*
** Memoir of the Katenkamps,** by Ann Meri-
vale;" "The Meri vales in Exeter;** "Memoir,
by Louisa Ann Merivale;" "Diary of John
Herman Merivale ; " and other matters. The
family is of Northamptonshire origin, but
several of its members have been located in
Devonshire. Samuel Merivale was a Presby-
terian minister, and in 1743 accepted a call
from a congregation in Tavistock, where he
remained for more than twenty years. His
correspondence, particularly with Pentecost
Barker, of Plymouth, is exceedingly interest-
ing, as throwing much light on the position of
Noncomformity in those days. A long chap-
ter is devoted to the Katenkamps, a German
family, with whom the Merivales intermarried.

I50

•THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

But the most valuable and interesting part of
the book is that devoted to a Memoir of John
Herman Merivale, with copious extracts from
his diary. As he and his family have been
closely associated with Exeter, it may be
gathered that the work is of considerable local
interest. As such we commend it to our
readers. It may be further noted, in this con-
nection, that the Dean of Ely, who presided
at the meeting of the Devonshire Association
last year at Exmouth, contributed a paper on
** Herman Merivale" to the Transactions of
the same Association this year at Newton
Abbot.

Historic Notices, with Topographical and other
Gleanings descriptive of the Borough and County-
Town of Flint. By Henry Taylor, Town
Clerk, Clerk to the Borough Magistrates,
and Deputy Constable of Flint Castle.
Illustrated. London : Elliot Stock, 62,
Paternoster Row, E.C. mdccclxxxiii.

The author of this valuable volume modestly
disclaims for his work any pretension to be
classed as a complete History; nor does he
** presume to pose as a littSrateur; but, in this
amateur attempt, he has endeavoured to
weave together, in chronological order, the
information he has collected during the last
nine years, from the Records and Authorities
relating to the subject, which have come to
his knowledge." Would that every gentleman
holding a similar office to that of Mr. Taylor
could be induced to follow his laudable exam-
ple ; then the work of the actual historian would
be very much lightened, albeit the professional
efforts of the littSrateur would be less needed.
But Mr. Taylor has shown himself to be both a
good compiler of historical records and an
expert literary man ; he has carried out his
labours in true workman-like style, with credit
to himself and honour to his town. We may
further add that the work is admirably printed
and turned out of hand in that very superior
manner for which the productions of Mr.
Elliot Stock's press are becoming famous. In
our last number we drew the attention of our

readers to the fact that Mr. Henry Grey,
Antiquarian Bookseller, of Manchester, had
secured the few remaining copies of this
volume,

/, Benjamin Holbeek; or, how I fared at the Siege of Ply-
mouth, A Story of the CivU War. By M. A. Paull.
London : Sunday School Union, 1884.

In a very happy manner our talented local authoress
has woven some of the chief incidents in the ever-remaik-
able " Siege " into a pleasing story. The chief character
is a young Yorkshireman, who has been sent into the west
to join the division of the Parliamentary army quartered
in these parts. Here he is thrown in to contact with a young
lady — Lucy WooUcombe, the daughter of a Cavalier or
"malignant," as the phrase went in those days; and of
course some complications ensue. But it is not our pro-
vince to tell the tale, but rather to make a brief comment
upon the work in its bearing upon local history. With
little data to guide her. Miss Paull has very cunningly
turned the chief events of the time into a tale, and has
moreover, given her readers a very good idea of the town
of Plymouth, its defences, and -general surroundings in the
middle of the seventeenth century. We detect one or two
errors in the street and place-names, but this is very pardon-
able, considering the manner in which the street nomen-
clature has been served, not only by our ancestors, but by
the authorities in more recent times. Miss ]^aull has well
told a chapter of Plymouth history, one of the most exciting
chapters, perhaps, that could have been dealt with ; and we
are sure that the youth of Plymouth will find the tale of
intense interest ; and we are equally certain that the work
will considerably enhance the reputation of the authoress.

The Yorkshire Annual, 1884. Edited by WiLUAM
Andrews, f.r.h.s. Hull: Brown & Sons, 1884.

An interesting little volume of Tales, Sketches, Tra-
ditions, and Poems suitable for Christmas Public Readings
as well as for the home circle. Amongst the contributors
are several well-known names. The compilation is another
proof of the Editor's industry, and also proves that he b
well-supported both in his antiquarian and general literary
work.

Sonu Notes on America, By W. H. Alger. (Reprinted
from the Western Morning News, October, 1884.)
Plymouth : W. Brendon & Son.

Mr. Alger's notes are those of a man who went to
America for the first time, but with his eyes open. He
went with an unbiassed mind, and made careful observa-
tions under conditions peculiarly favourable for observing
accurately, and he has recorded his impressions fearlessly
and freely. Mr. Alger is a practical man, well acquainted
with the leading principles of commerce, and he has given
us his opinions of American institutions, its trade and
manufactures from an original stand -point.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

«S^

We have received the first number of Book Lon : a
Magazine devoted to Old Time Literature (with which is
incorporated Tk^ Bibliographer), Although sorry to part
with our old ftiend The BikliographiTf we are yet pleased
to find in the magazine before us so worthy a successor.
In size and style it is almost uniform with its predecessor,
and fully as interesting and useful. Book-lovers, book-
buyers, and booksellers, in fact, all who are in any way
interested in the byways of literature are deeply indebted
to the publisher — ^Mr. Elliot Stock, for the many valuable
books and periodicals which emanate from his press.

Also received : — IVie Antiquary for December, in
which we observe " Notes from Cornwall," from our
valued conrespondent, Rev. W. S. LAch-Szyrma, amongst
other interesting articles.— 714^ Antiquarian Magazine and
Bibliographer for Decemhety contains, in addition to other
valuable papers, " The Legend of King Arthur in Somer-
set," Part IL, by Mrs. C. G. Boger, and the "Suffix
•Ham,*" by J. H. Pring, u.D.—The Palatine Note-Book
(No. 47, Vol. iv., December) is as usual replete with in-
teresting matter, but contains nothing of special local
interest. — Parodies^ Collected and Annotated by Walter
Hamilton, P.R.H.S., has now reached its second volume,
and the current number contains many interesting items.—
Northamptonshire Notes <&• Queries^ Part iv., October,
1S84, 18 an e^ccellent number of a capital publication.

«

»

Bntiquartan an^ Bibliograpbical

Hotee. ♦

Smith's Plymouth Almanac for 1885 contains a
series of brief biographical sketches of "Notable Plymouth
Artists," compiled by the editor of the IVestem Antiquary^
and including the names of Reynolds, Eastlake, Haydon,
Hart, Northcote, Prout, Rogers, Johns, the Condys, and
others. It is contemplated publishing a second series
in the next issue, to include other artbts of a past
generation, as well as a notice of those who are still prac-
tising their art in the town which boasts of having given
birth to a larger number of painters of the highest order
than any other provincial city or town in the Kingdom.
Some nicely engraved portraits accompany the sketch.

Sir,— The appearance of the bic^raphy of Mr. Edmund
Yates, reminds me that his grandfather, a merchant, highly
respected, was living at Plymouth in 1829, at which time
I happened to be reporter for the Plymouth Journal^ and
had the pleasure of being acquainted with Mr. Yates. He
resided in Cobourg Street, with his daughter, and had a
grandson Walter, sent from India for his education. The
old gentleman I should think had seen some seventy years.
He had a great experience of life, and one of his anec-
dotes made a deep impression on my mind. He told me
that he had known a merchant, who unfortunately became
bankrupt. Mr. Yates, had much respect for him, as he
believed him to be honest but unfortunate. He was agree-
ably surprised one day to meet him "hi good cokiar,"

with a "respectable exterior," and "all serene" within,
judging by the glow on his face. His fallen friend re-
counted the cause of the change. He had been at college
with William Pitt. He had the luck to meet the great
minister near Whitehall, who recognized him, expressed
regret at seeing his old college friend in so forlorn a con-
dition, told him to call on him, etc. He did so. In the
meantime Mr. Pitt had been seeking about for a berth for
the merchant, but there was none vacant. Mr. Pitt
thought that the Government stationary would bear look-
ing after, and created the office of "Comptroller of
Stationary " for the fallen merchant. This is the kind
of minister for a crisis. Vast is the number of people
who would like to be provided for in that off-hand way.

I place the story at your service as a record of remark-
able statesmanship, and remain yours truly, T. LatIMBR.
Exeter.

Wb hope to publish shortly a paper, or series of papers
OB the "Philosophers of Somerset, of the 12th and 13th
centuries, including Adelard of Bath, 1130; Roger Bacon,
I2T4 ; Robert Bacon, circa 1 198 ; and Adam de Mansio,
1257. These arcticles are by Mrs. C. Boger, who is pre-
paring for publication a work on " Myths, Legends, and
Lives of Somerset and Somerset Folk." This lady recently
contributed to the "Antiquarian Magazine and Biblio-
grapher," a most interesting article on "King Arthur in
Somerset," which is shortly to be followed with a paper on
" King Alfred ia Somerset."

Mr. W. H. K. Wright, Editor of the WesUm
Antiquctryt has in contemplation the publication of a
work on " Plymouth Streets, their names and associations,"
being the substance of lectures delivered at the Plymouth
Institution and elsewhere. The work will contain, in
addition to the letter-press, a number of sketches of nooks
and comers of old Plymouth, by Mr. John McDonald.
The author (Mr. Wright), will be pleased to receive the
loan of any engravings or drawings of Plymouth streets or
buildings, with permission to copy for this purpose.

Thb subscribers to the fVestem Antiquofy, may be
interested in knowing of the existence of a high^-class
Antiquarian Journal, published in America, under the title
of The American Antiquarian and Oriented /oumal.
The editor, the Rev. Stephen D. Peet, is a great authority
on antiquarian matters, general as well as American, and
will be glad to receive communications from anyone in-
terested in his work. His address is Clinton, Wisconsin,
111. U.S.A. See further particulars in Advertisement.

We are glad to call the attention of our readers to an
announcement on the cover of the present number, of a
forthcoming work on " Exeter during the Religious Perse-
cutions and Rebellions." The author, Mr. T. J. Northy,
has revised the lecture delivered by him on several occasions
at Exeter, and purposes issuing the same forthwith. Mr.. W .
H. Luke, the publisher of the Western Antiquary^ is the
publisher.

152

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

In our last issue we called attention to the forthcoming
publication of the Suffolk Antiquary and East Anglian
Archaological Notes and Queries, We are now enabled
definitely to announce that the first number of this periodi-
cal will be published early in January next, and that its title
will be The East Anglian Notes and Queries, The
Editor, the Rev. C. H. Evelyn White, Ipswich, will be
happy to receive communications, and the names of sub-
'scribers. For further particulars we would refer our
readers to our advertising columns.

Porthlevt^n Past and Present. — Scenes from the History
of a Cornish Fishing Village, by Martin Veall. Edited by
J. Howard Harris. The alx)ve little volume will be pub-
lished during 1885, by subscription, at 1/6. The book will
contain interesting facts relatmg to Porthleven — its early
history and subsequent development as a seaport : smug-
Tgling incidents : noteworthy local wreclcs : and its social
moral prepress. Orders received by the author and
editor — Porthleven, Helston, Cornwall.

Promptly, with the first day of November year by
year comes the annual volume of Transactions of the
Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science^
Literature^ and Art, The volume for the current year
(Vol. xvi. ) is a bulky contribution to our Devonian Litera-
ture, consisting of 836 pages. Its production in so short
a space of time (the Newton Meeting took place at the
latter end of July) is highly creditable both to the editors
and the publishers, Messrs. Brendon & Son. We reserve
a review of the volume to our next number.

The Devonshire Domesday, Part I. comes to hand
with the above-mentioned volume. The thanks of all
Devonians is due to the Devonshire Association, for this
first instalment of such a valuable document, and to its
learned editor — Mr. J. Brooking Rowe, F.S.A. A more
detailed notice will appear next month.

♦ (Benealofiical IRptee* ♦

KELLAND, OF KELLAND.

In illustration of the pedigree given in your last issue,
I am enabled to give the following pedigree in answer to
numerous enquines, of Mr. Kelland, the writer of the
notes, from original material in my hands.

1. Richard Kelland, of Lapford, living A.D. 1567,
married and had issue.

2. John Kelland, of Lapford, b. at Lapford 1588,
died 1647, married 1612, Charity Snell, who died 1658,
and had issue.

3. William Kelland, of Lapford, b. at Lapford 1626,
married Mary, daughter of Richard Partridge, of Lapford.
She died 1720 ; he died 1658, leaving, with other issue.

4. Richard Kelland, of Ermington, of Lapford, b.
at Lapford, 1 67 1, died at Lapford 1720; married 1703,
daughter of Robert Quicke, of Morchard Bishop.

5. Richard Kelland, of Lapford, b. at Lapford 1709,
buried at Lapford 1764; married 1737, Frances, daughter
of William Wreford, of Morchard Bishop. She was
buried at Lapford 1760, and had issue.

6. Richard Kelland, of Lapford, bom at Zeal Mona-
chorum 1737; married 1765, Eleanor (d. 1807), daughter
of Matthew Loveband, of Yamscombe, Devon. He was
buried at Lapford, 1822, and had, with other issue,

7. John Kelland, of Kelland and of De Bathe, Devon,
bom at Morchard Bishop 1779, died at Kelland, and was
buried at Lapford 1859 ; married 1823, Mary Anne (d.
1^30)9 youngest daughter of the late Philip Kelland, di
Loosebeare Manor, and of Sandford, and had issue, an
only child.

8. John Kelland, of Kelland, and of De Bath, Devon,
born at Lapford 1824, died at Kelland 1862 (buried at
Lapford), married — ist, 1848, Loveday Elizabeth (d. 1858),
only daughter of James Saunder, of Chittlehampton,
Devon, and grand-daughter of Philip Kelland of Lapfofd
Court and Rudge, Devon ; 2nd, 1861, Harriett, fourth
daughter of the late Geo. Thome, Cobbaton, Swymbridge,
and had, with other issue,

9. John Kelland, of Kelland, and of De Bath, Devon,
born at Lapford 1850, died at Barnstaple 1868, and was
buried at Lapford ; and

10. William Henry Kelland, of Kelland, Devon, boiu
at Lapford, 1853. Dk Castro F. Lyne.

19, Coleridge Road, Seven Sisters Road, N.

^ ^ ^

«» "Wote to 3Uu0tration. *

The illustration which accompanies the present num-
ber is of an ancient font in the church of St. Mary Mag-
dalene, Stoke-Canon ; a parish, in the union of St. Thomas,
hundred of Wonford, Wonford and Southem Divisions in
the County of Devon, about 3^ miles N.N.E. from
Exeter. The church and manor were given by King
Athelstan to the Cathedral Church of Exeter. The church
has been restored, and the font is the most interesting relic
of the ancient edifice. The living is a perpetual curacy,
in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Exeter.
We are indebted to the kindness of Mr. Octavius Railing,
M.S. A., Architect and Surveyor, of 6 and 7, East Gate,
Exeter, for the drawing of this curious font.

* * *

4» Corrcsponbence. ^

Sir, — Will you allow me — as a native of Somerset, to
protest against Mr. Rashleigh's quotation from Churston's
British Church Historyy which identifies Caer Bardon (or
Badon) with Bath. It was not till after the death of
Arthur that this portion of Belgic Britain became Saxon
Somerset. From the hill fort of Camalet or Camelot—
now Cadbury — in the East of Somerset, he successfully
kept the Saxons at bay as long as he lived.

Camden and Leland both doubt the identity of the
places, and Dr. Freeman, in his Old English History for
Children^ says : — " He (Arthur) won a battle over the
English, at Badbury in Dorsetshire, in 520, not Mods
Badonrius or Bath, as used to be thought.

And it is quite certain that the W&st Saxon Kings did
not conquer any part of Somersetshire till after the time
when Arthur is said to have died.
S. Saviour's, Southwark. Charlotte G. Bogbr.

* * *

^ £Mtorial flote. i§.

P.S. to Mr. Davidson's article in the present number. —
By way of correction it should be stated thatCapt. Winter
did, hi fact, sail through the Straits of Magellan with
Drake, but, becoming separated from him in a stoim on
the Western side, re-entered the Straits, expecting to find
his commander there, and, failing to do so, returned to
England. Also, that *' Beretine Island was not Batjan,
but probably Boeton, or Bouton.

( ^

J
I

y

^"'&%A.

ANCIENT FONT IN THE CHURCH OF ST. MARY MAGDALEN,
ANCIENI rw g^^QKE CANON, DEVON.

THE

niesTei?]}

OR,

Bote^Book for Devon, Cornwall anb Somerset

No. 8.]

JANUARY, 1885.

[Vol. 4.

THE TRELAWNY PAPERS.

BY THE EDITOR.

• 1^ ISTORICAL and genealogical re-
JLJf search is, in these days, conducted
upon the most liberal and widely-
spreading principles, by men whose industry
and perseverance is not to be excelled in any
other professional or business pursuit. And
if this sign of the times be noticeable in the
mother-country, it is still more apparent in
America, where the sons and daughters of
Old England, rejoicing in much of the history
and literature they have inherited from the
parent stock, are now busily employed in
making, moulding, and adapting their own
history; producing therefrom a literature
highly interesting to themselves and of price-
less value to us. The history of the United
States, inseparable as it is from that of the
old country, is for the most part reliable,
authentic, and not difficult of credence, inas-
much as it is chiefly based upon documentary
evidence of the most genuine kind, unmixed
with the traditions and legends which apper-
tain to the histories of old countries, and
which make them at once so attractive to the
ordinary and superficial reader, and so full of
doubts and discrepancies when perused by
the critical historical student. These remarks
are called forth by the examination of a
volume of a most interesting and valuable
character which we have lately received, and
which we noticed in our Review pages in the
last number of the Western Antiquary. The
Trelawny Papers to which we refer (a work of
more than five hundred pages) form a most
interesting connecting link between old Ply-

mouth history and the rise and progress of
one of the great American States — Maine.
These papers, after quietly reposing in an old
chest for two centuries and a half, in the
ancient seat of the Trelawnys, at Ham, near
Plymouth, are now brought to light at a most
opportune time, when the history of Devon-
shire and her notable sons has taken a more
chan ordinarily firm hold upon the public
mind. Henceforth the name of Robert Tre-
lawny, with that of Sir P'erdinando Gorges
(another Plymouth merchant of note, and
also a pioneer in the great work of American
colonization) must rank with those of the wor-
thiest of her worthies, and occupy a position
in the annals of peace and commerce equal to
those of Drake, Hawkins, and Raleigh in other
no less important though less pacific relations.
It appears that in 1620, King James I. of
England granted a charter to the Earls of
Arundel and Warwick, Sir Ferdinando Gorges
and others, who were styled ** The council
established at Plymouth, in the county of
Devon, for the planting, governing, etc., of
New England in America." From this coun-
cil Robert Trelawny, aii enterprising and
successful merchant of Plymouth, obtained a
grant of land, including Richmond's Island
and Cape Elizabeth, bearing date Dec. ist,
1631. Associated with Robert Trelawny in
this enterprise was Moses Goodyear, also a
Plymouth merchant. Both, it seems, had
expended large sums of money in explorations
on the New England coast, and on this ac-
count, and for the furtherance of their pur-
poses in the establishment of a colony, the
grant was made.

154

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Mr. John Winter, " a grave and discreet
man," who had made earlier voyages to the
New England coast, became the agent of the
patentees, and on July 21st, 1632, having
reached New England, he was placed in pos-
session of the grant by Richard Vines, of Saco.
He estabUshed himself at Richmond's Island,
close to the south-eastern part of Cape
Elizabeth. Here he had a fishing and trading
station, employing a large number of men,
while a fleet of vessels passed between Ply-
mouth and Richmond's Island, bringing over
such commodities as the colonists needed for
their own use, also for barter with the Indians,
and returning pipe-staves, bear skins, fish,
oil, etc. Some of these vessels were of con-
siderable size, and for a while the venture
was a prosperous one. In the progress of
affairs frequent letters passed between Mr.
Winter and his employes in reference to
matters pertaining to their interests.

Mr. Winter died in 1648, and the plantation
and all of its appurtenances were assigned to
Robert Jordan by a decree of the General
Assembly of Ligonia, to secure the payment
of a claim which Winter's estate had upon
the proprietors. Robert Trelawny, who, on
account of the troublesome times in which he
lived, had suffered not a little in person and
property, had died probably early in 1644,
and as his executors failed to meet this claim,
the property was lost to the family. Subse-
quent efforts were made to regain it, but they
were without avail.

Robert Trelawny, the chief personage in
these memoirs and papers, was, as stated above,
a Plymouth merchant, descended from a young-
er branch of the ancient and distinguished
family of Trelawny which had long flourished
in the county of Cornwall, and was consequent-
ly connected with one of the most ancient,
eminent, and honourable families in the West
of England. The father of Robert Trelawny,
(also called Robert) had settled at Plymouth,
in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, where he
had become a successful merchant, and by
his ability and integrity rose so high in the

estimation of his fellow townsmen, that he
was thrice called upon to fill the civic chair.
He was also a great benefactor to the town.
He died in 1627, and was buried in St. An-
drew's Church. In 1597 he married Elizabeth,
daughter of Alexander Mayne, Esq., of Exeter,
by whom he left three sons, Robert, Edward,
and John, and two daughters, Elizabeth and
Eleanor, besides other children of his second
wife. Robert, who succeeded to his father's
business and property, married Ann Voga,
of St. Michael Caerhayes, Cornwall. It is
said that he not only inherited his father's
estates in Devon and Cornwall,but also his fath-
er's reputation as a successful and enterprising
merchant, for early in 1630, he appears to
have directed his attention to speculations
with American or New England adventurers,
the result of which we have seen in the
patent granted by King James I. Robert
Trelawny was bom at Plymouth in the year
1598. In addition to a town-house and place
of business not far from the Old Guildhall in
Whimple-street, the Trelawnys had a country
residence at Ham, in the parish of Penny-
cross. This mansion Robert Trelawny rebuilt
in 1639, and its present appearance indicates
the liberahty and wealth of its founder.

Thus much about Robert Trelawny and his
family. We now proceed to a brief notice of
the volume before us, with a short detail of
the interesting circumstances which led to its
publication.

The Trelawny Papers, which are edited by
James P. Baxter, Esq., of Portland, a member
of the Maine Historical Society, consist of
copies of the various patents granted to Robert
Trelawny and others, as well as a huge mass
of correspondence between Trelawny, John
Winter, and many others, including various
members of the Trelawny family. As it will be
interesting to our readers to know something
ol the history of these papers, we here
give a short extract from the introduction to
the volume, which will furnish the desired in-
formation : —

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

IS J

*' As I have often been asked how the Maine Historical
Society came into possession of the Trelawny Papeis,
perhaps it may be well for me here to answer the question.
Some time in the year 1872, the late John Wingate
Thornton, of Boston, Massachusetts, while looking over
an English catalogue, noticed a document advertised
therein, which was said to bear the autograph of Robert
Trelawny,—^ name in which he was interested on acoount
of its associations with the locality where he was bomi
which he knew had once been held by Robert Trelawny,
a Pl3rmouth merchant, under a patent from ' The Council
established at Plymouth, in the County of Devon, for 'the
planting, ruling, and governing of New England.' The
original patent was not supposed to be in existence, as we
know from Willis, the historian of Portland, who informs
us that the wife of a descendant of Robert Jordan,
'needing some paper to keep her pastry from burning,
took from a chest of papers Trelawny's patent, and used
it for that purpose, which thus perished, like many other
ancient and valuable manuscripts.' ( Vide Willis's History
0/ Portland^ ed. 1865, p. 33.) Mr. Thornton, being an
indefatigable antiquary, at once wrote to the bookseller to
forward him the document named, but was informed that
it had been sold to the Rev. C. T. Collins Trelawny, of
Ham, near Plymouth. With this gentleman Mr. Thornton
opened a correspondence, and learned that he was a
descendant of Robert Trelawny, and that in his ancestor's
old house at H.im, still owned by the family, was a chest
containing his papers. A list of these papers was shortly
after sent to Mr. Thornton, who found that they comprised
the original patent, and a voluminous correspondence
between John Winter, the * Governor ' of Trelawny's
plantation, and the proprietor, with valuable letters from
others, throwing new light upon the early history of Maine.
At the urgent solicitation of Mr. Thornton, the Rev. C
T. Collins Trelawny presented to the Maine Historical
Society these important papers. Thus it will be seen, that
but for the perseverance of the antiquary in following up
an old document of uncertain value advertised by a
London bookseller, these papers, which had been in the
old house at Ham for nearly two and a half centuries,
might never have seen the light. "

It may be further added that the volume
contains a sketch of Ham, the Plymouth
residence of Robert Trelawny, and also of
Winchester House, where he was imprisoned
by the Parliament . There is also a copy of the
Siege Map of Plymouth, dated 1643, an
engraving of the arms of Trelawny, be.<iides
fac-similes of patents, maps, seals, merchants'
marks, and documents of more or less interest.

**It was a difficult task," says an American reviewer, "to
trrange and copy these time-worn memorials of the begin-
nings of our Maine history, and the result shows that it

could not have been intrusted to better hands. By his full
and learned historical notes, also, Mr. Baxter has added
greatly to the value of the work. Points that required
elucidation have received the most careful attention. Too
much cannot be said in praise of the style in which the
volume appears, and of the illustrations that enrich it
The appendix contains important matters, and especially a
noteworthy monograph b^ Mr. Baxter, on "The great
seal of the council of New England." An impression of
that seal is attached to the patent of the Plymouth colony,
but in the lapse of time it has been so broken and defaced
that the device is now undistinguishable. Years ago Mr.
Charles Deane believed he had discovered the device in
the embellishment of the title page of two of the publi-
cations of Capt. John Smith, and this view was adopted by
historical writers. From the fragments of the seal that
remain in the patent granted to Trelawny, however, Mr.
Baxter is of the opinion that the seal on Smith's title page
was not the seal of the council, but of the Northern Vir-
ginia Company."

In concluding this notice of a work of
supreme interest and importance, we cannot
do better than add a few facts relative to the
life and death of Trelawny. We mentioned
above the fact that he was imprisoned by the
Parliament at Winchester House, which came
about in this way. In 1639, Trelawny was
returned by the commonalty of Plymouth as
their representative in the Parliament then
assembled. At this eventful period party
spirit was waxing warm, both in politics and
religion. Trelawny was well known to be
loyally attached both to the Throne and to the
Church, although he was personally popular
with all parties. Shortly after Trelawny took
his seat in the House of Commons the surge
of disaffection, which had been rapidly rising
towards the Established Church and the
Throne, made itself painfully felt, and it is
well known how bitter was the feeling exer-
cised by the House of Commons against all
who manifested the slightest opposition to its
tyrannous edicts. Trelawny did not escape,
good and cautious man though he proved
himself to be. He soon became a marked
man. His well-known loyalty brought him
into trouble, and gave occasion in his case for
an exhibition of that bitter spirit of persecution
which at that time pervaded the Parliament
of England.

156

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Lord Clarendon in his •* History of the Re-
hcUion,^' makes a faithful record of the treat-
ment Mr. Trelawny received, from which we
quote the following extract ; —

" In this particular, (in oppressing all those who were
of different opinions from them,) their carriage was so
notorious and terrible, that spies were set upon, and
inquiries made upon all private, light, casual discourses
which fell from those who were not gracious to them : as
Mr. Trelawny of the House of Commons, and a merchant
of great reputation, was expelled the House, and com-
mitted to prison, for having said in a private discourse in
the city to a friend, * that the House could not appoint a
guard for themselves without the King's consent, under
pain of high treason :' which was proved by a fellow, who
pretended to overhear him ; when the person himself with
whom the conference was held, declared that he said, * it
might be imputed to them for high treason ;* and it was
confessed on all parts, that the words were spoken long
l)efore the discovery, and some days before the House had
resolved 'that they would have a guard.' And afterwards,
upon the old stock of their dislike, when the war began to
break out, they again imprisoned this honest gentleman ;
seized upon all his estate, which was very good, and
suffered him to die in •prison for want of ordinary relief
and refreshment."

Trelawny was, as we have said above, im-
prisoned in Winchester House, formerly the
palace of the Bishops of Winchester but con-
verted into a state prison by the Parliament.
How long he remained in confinement does not
appear. Clarendon says that he was im-
prisoned twice ; certain it is, however, that
he made his last will, dated 24th August, 1643,
whilst a prisoner in that house, as his sub-
scription to that will testifies Plymouth at this
time was enduring all the miseries of the
*• great Siege."

Where Trelawny was buried has not been
ascertained. It certainly was not at Plymouth,
though in his will he requested to ** be laid as
near his deceased wife as may be." The will
was proved in London, on the 19th of Nov-
ember, 1644, so that, in all probability, he
died in the early part of that year.

•• By such an early death, his country lost an
enterprising and devoted citizen, and the
Church an attached and faithful son. It is a
happy circumstance that by the two wills he
left behind him we can form a very sufficient
estimate of his character, as it was influenced

and directed in those disastrous da)^ by the
love of God and an earnest desire to benefit
his fellow-creatures. In reading these wills,
we cannot but notice the spirit of genuine
piety which breathes through both of them,
leaving no doubt whatever, that a strong
religious faith was the basis of his whole
character, and the real secret of his commer-
cial success through life. At the very time
he was writing his last will in Winchester
House, — at the very moment he was enduring
all the sufferings of imprisonment, aggravated
as they doubtless must have been by his wife's
untimely death, by the confiscation of all his
estates, and by the barbarous withdrawal, as
Lord Clarendon testifies, of * even ordinary
relief and refreshment,' — at such a time, and
smarting under such provocations, not a word
escaped of wrathful indignation : his pen gave
utterance to only those few plaintive words,

* a prisoner, according to the sadness of the
times.' " *

We hope in an early number to publish the
two wills here referred to.

We have nothing further to add at this time,
but simply to commend the volume to the
careful attention of all who are interested in
our early American settlements, and particu-
larly to those who are interested in the history
of Plymouth men and their connection with
the world's history. We shall be pleased to
supply copies of the work to any of our
Subscribers who may sead us their names.

* Extract from the Memoir of Robert Trelawny in

Trelarumy Papers,

P.S. — Respecting the Trelcnvny Papers: —

The Rev. Edmund F. Slafter larites :—*"The work
possesses all the great qualities that give value to such a
publication. Its rich illustrations will always be valuable,
and more so as time goes on. The notes are clear, brief,
and direct. It is a most valuable contribution to our his-
tory, and the thorough and critical manner in which it is
done will reflect lasting credit upon the author.'*

Dr,John S. H, Fogg^ the ^vell-knantm historiographer^
says: — ** I have read the Trelawny volume with a great
deal of pleasure and information. What a vast amount of
labor it must have cost. It will be a lasting tribute to the
keen and indefatigable research of the author, and give him
a place among the first of our provincial historians."

John Ward Dean^ vhose judgement of such work can-
not be excelled y writes: — " It leaves nothing to be desired
for careful editing."

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

^57

RICHARD FERRIS : HIS TRAVELS,

1590.

BY ERNEST E. BAKER.

BEYER, in his History of Bristol, 1823,
Vol. II., p. 252, quoting from several
MS. calendars, says ; —

" One Richard Ferris, a London wherry-man, under-
took for a great wager to sail his wherry from London to
Bristol. He set out June 24th, 1590, having twelve
months allowed him ; but he performed it in eight weeks
and four days, and arrived safely in Bristol on August
23rd, at half-ebb, with his wherry under sail, and landed
at the further slip on the Back. And presently his wherry
was brought on men's shoulders up to the Tolsey, and so
put into the store-house under the Guildhall."

The above is a very prosaic, matter of fact

report, but a full, true, and particular account

of Mr. Richard Ferris's trip and adventures

is given in a quarto tract of 1590, from which

we purpose giving extracts having a West of

England interest. The tract is entitled : —

"The most dangerous and memorable adventure of
Richard Ferris, one of the five ordinary Messengers of Her
Majesty's Chamber ; who departed from Tower Wharf, on
Midsummer Day last past, with Andrew Hill and William
Thomas ; who undertook, in a small wherry boat to row,
by sea, to the city of Bristow ; and are now safely re-
turned. Wherein is particularly expressed their perils
instained in the said Voyage : and the great entertainment
they had at several places upon the coast of England, as
they went ; but especially at the said city of Bristow."

It was published by Richard Ferris, Lon-
don, and

** Printed by John Wolfe for Edward White and are to
be sold at his shop, being at the Little North Door of
Paul's, at the sign of the Sun.'*

After two pages of dedication to Sir Tho-
mas Heneage, a Privy Councillor and Vice-
Chamberlain, Richard Ferris commences his
" Travels to Bristow " thus : —

** After that I had rashly determined to pass the seas
in a wherry, and to row myself in the same to the city of
Bristow, though with the evil will of sundry my good
friends ; and especially full sore against my aged father's
consent, now dwelling in the city of Westminster, where
I was born : I thought it convenient to seek out some one
expert pilot, to direct me and my companions by his skill,
the better to pass the perils and dangers, whereof I was
foretold. Whereupon I took unto me one W. Thomas,
a man of sufficient skill and approved experience ; by
whom I was still content to be advised, even from my
first going forth, until my last coming home.

To Seaton
To Teignmouth
To Dartmouth
To Salcombe
To Plymouth
To Low,* in Cornwall
To St. Mawes, in Fal-
mouth

" The' lx)at wherein I determined to perform my
promise was new built ; which I procured to be painted
with green, and the oars and sail of the same colour, with
the Red Cross for England, and Her Majesty's arms, with
a vane standing fast to the stern of the said boat : which
being in full readiness, upon Midsummer Day last myself,
with my companions, Andrew Hill and William Thomas,
with a great many of our friends and well-wishers accom-
panying us to the Tower Wharf of London, there we
entered our boat . . . And having obtained leave
before . . for my departure I took my leave and so
departed . . , And first we took our way to Grave-
send; and from thence to these places hereafter mentioned,
namely : —

To the great bay at Penzance,

called Mount's Bay.
To St. Ives, at the further side

of Land's End.
To Godrevy
To Padstow
To Bottrick's Castle, which is

in the race of Hartland a/ias

Harty Point.
To Clevelley t
To Ilford Coume X
To Mynett high clifrs.§
And, lastly to the City of

Bristow.

After recounting his experiences from
Gravesend to Lyme Bay, he .says that he
passed

"Thence to Seaton. At which place, we were com-
pelled to carry and lift up our boat on shore, by extremity of
foul weather ; for we were there in great danger, by
reason of frets, sands, and foul weather, which greatly
troubled us. From thence, we went to Teignmouth ; and
so to Dartmouth. There we remained two days, and had
good entertainment and great courtesy offered us by the
inhabitants thereof. And upon the next day morning,
being Sunday, we put to sea again. There being a fair
wind and tide, we came to the Start, where the wind
rose and hemmed us in round about into a very dangerous
race [this was on the i$th of July]; where we were in such
an extremity that we had like to have been drowned ;
yet it pleased God so far to work for us, that we escaped
the danger thereof. Which done, we went to the West-
ward, to Salcombe. There, we were constrained to haul
up our boat in a cove called Sower Mill, behind a rock,
near to Sir William Courtney*s, a very bountiful knight ;
at whose house we lay all that night, and he would have
us to have stayed longer. But from thence, having fair
weather, we came to Plymouth. Here we met with Her
Majesty's ships, where Master Captain Wilkinson gave us
great entertainment especially, for that they saw we had

• Looe. t ClovcUy. t Ilfracombc. § Minehead.

158

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

leave given us from the Right Honourable Her Majesty's
Council, for our quiet and safe passage. And for that I
was Fler Majesty's Messenger, they gave us the greater
entertainment. We stayed there one night. From thence
we went to Lowe, and there stayed one night. And from
thence to St. Maws, with ver}- calm and good weather,
until we came to the Lizard, being a place well known to be
most dangerous, and full of rocks and races : where, God
be thanked ! we passed in the current of the tide, with
great swiftness but with wonderful danger ; where, had it
not been well looked unto, of the Master, we had been all
cast away. Then we did cut over the Mouse Bay to
Mouse hole ; which is four miles beyond the Mount,
where we were constrained for want of necessary victuals
to come back again to Penzance ; where we lodged all
night. The next morning, we set out to go for Land's
End ; where setting from Penzance with an half tide, to
recover the first of the tide at Land's End, we being in
our boat a great way from the shore : our Master descried
a pirate, having a vessel of four tons : who made towards
us amain, meaning doubtless to have robbed us. But
doubting such a matter, we rowed so near the shore as we
might. And by that time, as he was almost come at us,
we were near to a rock standing in the sea ; where this
pirate thought to have taken us at an advantage. For
being come close to the outside of the said rock, called
Raynolde stones *; he was becalmed, and could make no
way, and so were we. But God (who never faileth those
that put their trust in Him !) sent us a comfort unlooked
for. For as we rowed to come about by this rock,
suddenly we espied a plain and very easy way to pass on
the inner side of the said rock ; where we went through
very pleasantly : and by reason thereof, he could not
follow us. Thus we escaped safely ; but he was soon
after taken, and brought in at Bristow. Here we found
great breaches, races, and rocks ; the wind being then
northerly and altogether against us : which was wonderfull
painful, troublesome, and dangerous to us. Nevertheless,
God be thanked ! we escaped in safety ; and recovered
St. Ives ; where we were well entertained. The next day,
we put to sea again : but being within five miles of St.
Ives, we were constrained to seek for a cove ; which we
found called St. Dryvey, in Cornwall.

" Here, for that we wanted victuals, our Master was
constrained to go climb the great cliff at Godrevy which is
at least forty fathoms high and wonderfull steep. . . .
At this place we stayed two days, at Master Arundel's
bouse ; where we were greatly welcomed. And from
thence we went to Bottrick's Castle, where dwelleth a
Gentleman called Master Hynder. There we were weather-
bound, and constrained to stay full seventeen days; where
we had great entertainment. . . . But upon the
eighteenth day, the foul weather ceasing; we did again put
to sea, through the race of Hartland alias Harty Point ;
which is as ill as the race at Portland : which we escaped,

* Rundlestone.

and recovered to Clevelley where we were entertained \tf
a very courteous Gentleman, called Carey.* And from
thence we came to II ford Coume ; which was on Saturday
at night, the ist of August last past. . . . But being
at sea, the wind arose very sore from the land ; which pat
us all in great fear : whereby I myself was constrained to
row four hours alone, on the larboard side ; and my fellow
lower was compelled to lade forth water (so fest as it came
into the boat) which bwtil upon me and over me very aore,
the wind then being £ast-and-by-South. Thus was I
constrained to labour fof life, and yet had almost killed
myself through the heat I took in that time : rowing, as is
aforesaid, until we came to Mynette. This done, we went
from Mynette ; and so between the two homest came to
Bristol, in one tide ; and arrived at the back of Bristow,^
about six of the clock at night."

Mr. Ferris then narrates how the Mayor of
Bristol, ** welcomed us most lovingly," and
feasted them '' and spared for no cost," and
finally he thanks God for preserving him and
his '* fellow mates'' from the imminent dangers
into which they had so voluntarily and spon-
taneously thrown themselves.

Then follows " A New Sonnet upon the

arrival and brave entertainment of Richard

Ferris with his boat," etc., of which we will

give one verse only, a good sample of the

whole : —

'* Come, old and young ! Behold and view 1
A thing most rare is to be seen I
A silly wherry, it is most true 1
Is come to town, with sail of green ;

With oars, colour of the same ;

To happy Ferris' worthy fame."

* "He turned down the hill towards Clovelly Court to
obtain, after the hospitable humane foshion of those days,
good entertainment for man and horse from Mr. Gary, the
squire." — Kingsley's Westward Ho !

+ Steep and Flat Holm.

X A part of Bristol quay is known as the Back.

•ii « «

JOHN PRINCE, AUTHOR OF THE
"WORTHIES OF DEVON.''

BY EDWARD WINDEATT.

mHE readers of the Western Antiquary
will no doubt be interested to see
a copy of the original agreement,
entered into between the Corporation of Tot-
nes, and John Prince, the learned author of
the Worthies of Devon, on his becoming Vicar
of Totnes.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

159

The original document is preserved among
the muniments of the Corporation of Totnes.

Prince was born in 1643, at Newnham Abbey,
in the parish of Axminster ; he was first curate
at Bideford, then at St. Martin's Church,
Exeter, and then at Totnes.

He became vicar of Totnes 1675, and left
1681, on being presented to the adjoining
living of Berry Pomeroy, where he continued
until his death, 9th September, 1723.

** Articles of Agreement indented had and made the
thirteenth day of December, in the seaven and twentieth
yeaie of the Raigne of our Soveraigne Lord Charles the
Second over England as Kinge, Defender of the fiaith as
Betweene the Maior and Burgesses of the Borough of
Totnes in the County of Devon of the one pt* and John
Prince of St. Martyns within the City of Exon Clerk of
the other pt* in manner following.

*' Imprimis the said Maior and Burgesses in pursuance
of a verball agreement heretofore had and made betweene
the said Maior and Burgesses and the said John Prince of and
concerning the satisfyinge and payinge unto the said John
Prince the annuall sume of Fifty pounds of lawful money
of England as a Salary or Stipend for officiatinge in and
exercising of the office of a Vicar or Minister of the word
of God att Totnes aforesaid for the terme hereafter men-
coned from the ffive and twentieth day of December now
next ensueinge and in such manner and forme as hereafter
is expressed doe for themselves and their successors cove-
nant, promise ^raunt and agree to and with the said John
Prince his Executors and Administrators that they shall
and will satysfye and paye or cause to bee satysfyed and
payd unto the said John Prince or his Assignes the full
sume of ffifty pounds yearely for the terme of seaven
years from the ffive and twentieth day of December now
next cominge quarterly att the ffower most usual ffeasts or
dayes of payment in the yeare (that is to say) the ffeast of
the Annunciation of the blessed Virgin Mary, St. John the
Baptist, St. Michaell the Arch Angell and the Birth of our
Lord God or within twenty dayes next after every of the
said ffeasts or days of payment by even and equall portions
during the said terme if the said John Prince shall and
doe soo long remayne Vicar of Totnes as aforesaid.

^Itetti the said Maior and Burgesses doe for themselves
and theire successors, covenant promise and agree that
they shall and will with speed and in convenient time att
theire own costs and charges procure for the said John
Prince a presentation institution and induction unto the
Vicarage of Totnes aforesaid and shall and will from time
to time and at all times hereafter upon request discharge
free save harmlesse and keepe indemnyfyed the said John
Prince his Executors and Administrators of for from and
concerning all suits actions troubles charges demands matters

and things both for dilapidations and otherwise of and con-
cerning the Vicaridge house belonging to the said Vicaridge,
And of for from and concerninge all tenth ^bsidies or
other duties w*''' are or shall bee due or payable out of and
for the same att or before the day of the date hereof. As
also for and duringe the terme of seaven yeares as aforesaid.

Sum the said John Prince dothe for himselfe his Ex-
ecutors and Administrators covenant and agree to and
with the said Maior and Burgesses and theire successors
that hee the said John Prince his Executors and Ad mo",
shall and will permitt and suffer the said Maior and Bur-
gesses and theire successors to receive and take as well
rents dues and profitts of the said Vicaridge house and
gardens thereunto belonginge with all dues and pay-
ments whatsoever out of the Rectory of Totnes as aforesaid.
As also the profitt advantage perquisitts and benefitt of all
such gifts graunts assignements and bequests as heretofore
have beene given graunted assigned and bequeathed towards
the better maintainance and livelihood of the Vicar of
Totnes aforesaid and to such person as shall bee Lecturer
or Curate there duringe the said terme and to graunt and
dispose thereof att theire wills and pleasures without the
lett hindraince or denyall of the said John Prince his
Executors or Admo*. And also that hee the said John
Prince shall and will imediately after hee shall bee legally
presented instituted and inducted to the said Vicaridge
reside and inhabitt within the said Towne of Totnes and
shall and will duringe the said terme by himself or other
sufficient person to be allowed by the Maior of the said
Borough for the time beinge exercise the said office of a
Minister of the word of God accordinge to the rites and
ceremonies of the Church of England And shall and will
upon request to him made make and as his Act and Deede
scale and deliver unto the said Major and Burgesses and to
such other person and persons as were are or shall be con-
cerned a generall release of the profitt of all fine gifts graunts
and assignem^ and bequests as aforesaid and of all other per-
quisites whatsoever due to the Vicar or Lecturer of Totnes
aforesaid since the resignation or goinge off of Mr. Phineas
Pett the last Incumbent untill the ffive and twentieth day
of December now next ensuinge and not otherwise.

31!rem it is mutually agreed by and betweene all the
parties to these presents That it shall and may bee lawful
to and for the said John Prince att any time duringe
the said terme of seaven years to resigne or yield up the
said Vicaridge or leave the officiatinge and excerci-
singe of the Ministery at Totnes as aforesaid and doo live
or reside elsewhere out of the Towne of Totnes aforesaid
That then and in such case the said John Prince doth
hereby for himself his Executors and Admon". covenant
promise and agree to and with the said Maior and Bur-
gesses and theire successors that hee the said John Prince
shall and will soe much as in him lyeth soe resigne and
leave the same as that the said Maior and Burgesses and
their successors shall or may have the liberty or opportu-
nity to procure another fitt Minister to bee presented unto
the said Vicaridge, And that without the lett hindrance or

i6o

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

denyall of the said John Prince And also that if the said
John Prince doe or shall at any time within the space of
seaven yeafes resigne or for any cause shall leave the said
Vicaridge and depart from Totnes aforesaid to settle else-
where that then hee shall and will satisfye and pay or cause
to beesatysHed and payd unto the said Maior and Burgesses
and theire successors all such costs and charges as upon
account it shall appeare they have expended disbursed and
layd out for the procuringe of such presentation Institution
and Induction to and for the said John Prince.

Sftettl it is also mutually agreed by and betweene all
the parties to these presents That if in case duringe the
terme aforesaid by any Act or Ordinance of Parliament or
by any other lawfull wayes or meanes there shall bee settled
or established any salary stipend or duty unto or for the
better maintainance or livelihood of the Vicar of Totnes
aforesaid the yearely sume of ffifty pounds or lesse that
then for soe much as shall bee settled or established as
aforesaid these presents and the said Maior and Burgesses
and theire successors shall be freed and discharged but not
for any more or otherwise then for soe much as shall bee
soe settled as aforesaid any thinge herein contayned to the
contrary in any wise notwithstandinge. %n Witnts^t
whereof to the one part of these presents remaining with
the said John Prince the said Major and Burgesses have
put theire common seale and to the other parte remaining
with the saide Major and Burgesses the said John Prince
hath putt his hand and seale Geoven the daye and yeare
first above written 1675— John Prince."

ENDORSED.

" Sealed & Delivered
in the presence of
Jo. Way mouth
Thomas Vernon
Phillip Codner."

" Mr. Prince's Articles."

Pinned to the Deed are two pieces of Paper, on the
the first is written as follow? :—

Ffor Mr. Prince's presentation to the Clark

of the Office, Clark of the Kings Duty,

private seale, secretary, under Clarks,

porter, carriage, fees and solis ... 15 ^3 4

Charge of the Institution and Induction ... 05 00 00

Charges on the Commission for his first

fruits ... ... ••• 01 18 02

For the first fruits 120900

35 00 06

I doe acknowledge the particulars alx)ve to
have beene disburst and expended by
the Major and Burgesses of Totnts for
my presentation. Institution and In-
duction to the Vicaridge of Totnes and
also for the first fruits in all ;f35

John Prince Vic.

... Jo. Waymouth

Provided always that if either of the first fruits pay<
ments shall remaine unsatisfied at the time of Mr. Prinoe
his departure from Totnes then it is agreed that soe much
as shall then remaine unsatisfied shall he allowed Mr.
Prince. Edw. Sbarle, Maior.

On the second paper is : —

Received 06 00 00

Institution 03 15 00

Certificate 00 05 00

Registery Clark .. 00 01 00

King's Duty 00 05 00

Induction 00 15 00

The charge of my journey to Exeter and

attending time of Induction 00 19 00

The second paper is endorsed : —

** Mr Prince his note how he disburst the £6 wh. be
rec^ of Mr. Robert Symons."

Mr. Waymouth the witness was the Town Clerk.

^ Dotes. *

Lord Exmouth. — After the successful l)ombardment
of Algiers, and the liberation of the captives there, by the
fleet under the command of Lord Exmouth, the latter was
much f§,ted on his return home. The newspapers contained
many anecdotes of the hero, amongst others, TrnvmofCs
Exeter Flying Post of Oct. 3, 18 16, contained the follow-
ing which appears well worth reproducing on account of
its local interest : —

** Lord Viscount Exmouth. It must be in the recol-
lection of many of our readers, that on the 26th of
January, 1796, the Button East Indiaman, in the transport
service, was wrecked under the Citadel of Plymouth, and
totally lost. Lord Viscount Exmouth, (then Sir Edward
Pellew) was with many others a spectator from the shoze
of the dreadful calamity; and after offering a most liberal
reward to any one who would convey a rope on board, but
which none could be found to undertake, he boldly resolved
to attempt the hazardous enterprize himself, and instantly
dashing into the foaming waves, swam to the sinkini;
wreck which, he never quitted until he kad completed his
work of humanity, by saving the lives of nearly 500 of his
fellow-creatures, who, but for his exertions, must inevitabljr
have perished ; the freedom of the Borough of Plymouth
was presented to him in an elegant silver box, and at a
public entertainment given on the occasion, the following
stanzas, written by a Gentleman of Plymouth were recited ;
an insertion of them at this time perhaps may prove inter*
esting : —

" While o'er the reeling wreck, the savage storm

Poured all its lightnings, thunders, blasts, and hail ;
And every horror, in it^ wildest form,

Smote the firm heart — that never knew to fail.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

i6i

*VwBS thine, Pellew, sublimely great and good 1
For man, thy brother man, distressed — to dare

The deathful passage of the raging flood,
And join the frantic children of despair.

There, it was thine in comfort's balmy tone,
To soothe their sorrows, 'mid the tempest roar ;

To hush the mother's shriek — the sick man's groan —
And bear the sufferers, trembling to the shore.

So, when this mighty orb, in dread alarm,
Shall crash in ruins, at its God's decree ;

The Saving Angel, with triumphant arm.

Shall, from the wreck of all things — rescue thee."

Budleigh-Salterton. T. N. Brushfield, m.d.

* * *
The Rev. James Way.— The Western Antiquary
should, I think, contain some record of the life of a native
of Devonshire, who has just passed away in South Aus-
tralia, full of years, and honoured by all classes, and leaving
two sons, one of whom, after a distinguished career at the
Bar, is now the Chief Justice of the Colony, as well as
Chancellor of the Adelaide University, and the other is a
leading member of the medical profession. I refer to the
Rev. James Way, a minister of the Bible Christian denomi-
nation, who was born at Morchard Bishop, on the 17th of
June, 1804. He retired from official work in May, 1876,
on the completion of fifty years from the commencement
of his ministry. For the last eight years, so far as the
growing infirmities of age would permit, his labors were
scarcely less incessant than before his superannuation. His
simplicity of character, his consistent life, his earnest and
self-denying zeal, and his sympathetic nature won for him
a large circle of friends in England and America as well as
in Australia, and he was reverenced and beloved within
and beyond his own denomination. All classes of his
fellow-colonists, including many who had come from remote
distances for the purpose, united in paying his remains the
final tribute of respect, and His Excellency the Governor
and the Anglican and Roman Catholic Bishops were re-
presented in the funeral procession. Of the half century
of Mr. Way's more active ministerial work about half was
spent in England and the other half in the colonies. When
he joined the Bible Christian ministry in 1826, the connexion
was only ten years old, and he was thus a co-worker with
the founders and pioneers of the denomination. At the
time of his death his name stood third in seniority in the
list of ** approved preachers." The story of the early
years of his ministry is a narrative of earnest zeal, of un-
remitting and self-denying labors, of great privations, and
of corresponding successes. He was stationed in the
following circuits: — ^Weare and Crewkerne in Somerset-
shire ; Chatham, Faversham, and Tenterden, in Kent ;
Kilkhampton on the borders of Devonshire and Cornwall,
Brighton, Portsea, London, Tenterden (a second time),
Isle of Wight, Exeter, Bideford, and Chatham (a second
time). In the year 1847 he was elected president of the
Conference. Manjr of the early settlers in South Australia
who came from the West of England were Bible Christians.

In 1850 a society had been formed and a small chapel
built at the Burra Mines, and urgent requests were for-
warded to the English Conference that a minister might be
sent out. Mr. Way's energy of character, his devotion to
his work, his administrative capacity, and his abilities as a
preacher, pointed him out as especially fitted for work in
the colonies. Accordingly he was urged to undertake the
superintendence of the new mission in South Australia.
At first he declined, but he ultimately yielded to the
solicitations of his brethren, especially of the late venerable
James Thome. Mr. Way was accompanied by the Rev.
James Rowe as his junior colleague, and they landed in
South Australia on November 13, 1850. For several years
Mr. Way lived in Adelaide or the suburbs, but his labors
extended into most of the settled districts, and he formed
societies and built chapels in all directions. For some
time he had the superintendence of the missions which had
been established in Victoria, and in 1856 and 1858 he paid
lengthened visits to that colony. The rapid extension of
the Bible Christian societies, and the arrival from time to
time of more ministers from England occasioned* the
division of the colony into circuits, and in accordance
with the system of an itinerant ministry adopted by all the
Methodist churches, Mr. Way was for some years stationed
in different circuits. In 1864 failing health induced Mr.
Way to re-visit England. He met with an enthusiastic
reception, and spent more than twelve months in travelling
all over the connexion, on behalf of the Missionary Society.
In 1866 he returned to South Australia ; and in 1876
Mr. Way's ministerial jubilee was celebrated. At a
public breakfast in the Town Hall, Adelaide, over 400
guests assembled to do him honor, and his portrait and a
congratulatory address were presented to him. The
Premier (the Hon. J. P. Boucaut), the Hon. John Colton,
and other leading colonists, as well as most of the ministers
of the city, took part in the proceedings. Mr. Way riveted
the delighted attention of his audience for three hours with
an address describing in simple, in humorous, and in
pathetic language the incidents of his long and varied
career. For some months Mr. Way's strength had been
declining, and he died after a very short illness at Seaview,
Noarlunga, the country residence of the Chief Justice,
who, I believe, is the owner of the farm-house in Devon-
shire, where the Bible Christian denomination had its
origin. The name of the Rev. James Way will live in the
history of South Australia, and, under the circumstances,
it is only proper that he should be included in the roll of
those of whom Devonshire is proud, and who have rendered
the world good service. A South Australian.

Adelaide, S.A.

* * *

Mr. T. J. NoRTHY, of Exeter, recently announced in
our pages and elsewhere, the immediate publication of a
work, entitled — Exeter during the Religious Persecutions
and Rebellions ^ dealing with a period ranging from the
time of Wiclif to the accession of the Prince of Orange.
This work, which is being published by Mr. W. H. Luke,
is now ready, and will be issued to subscribers at once.

l62

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Plymouth Licensed Victuallers in 1812. —A
Curious Document. — The following is a copy of an
official notice issued by the Mayor and Justice of the
Borough of Plymouth in 181 2, as a * 'Caution to Victuallers,"
with comments upon the keeping of disorderly houses in
the early part of the present century. Although, doubt-
less, things have very much improved in later times, yet,
judged by the light of recent events within the town, there
is need for some such wholesome caution even now. Cer-
tainly the law is more stringent now than then, but as
evasions of the law are still common, and many licensed
houses might still incur the condemnation of the authorities
if their doings were known, the publication of this docu-
ment may not only be of historical interest, but also of
service. It needs no further comment : — Editor.

"CAUTION TO VICTUALLERS."

•* Guildhall, July 10, 1812.

" In Consequence of the recent Conviction of one of the
Licensed Victuallers of this Borough, for keeping his
House open at a late Hour at Night, and harbouring
Guests drinking there, and of many Complaints of a simi-
lar nature made to the Magistrates, their Attention has l)een
particularly called to the highly improper Conduct of many
of the Victuallers residing within the Borough, on various
Occasions, more especially in permitting Journeymen,
Manufacturers, Labourers, and others, to remain Drinking
and Tippling in their Houses at late Hours, especially on
Saturday Nights ; frequently breaking in on the Sabbath
and expending their lawful Earnings, in producing Intoxi-
cation, instead of applying the same for the Maintenance
of their Wives and Families : From these highly improper
and immoral Practices, the most mischievous consequences
arise ; the Day which ought to be devoted to religious
Worship is profaned, and spent in recovering from the
Effects of the previous Night's Intoxication, the unfortu-
nate Wives and Families in many Cases suffer the extremes
of Poverty and Distress during the ensuing Week, for want
of the Money expended in scenes of Riot, Disorder, and
Debauchery, to the evil Example and Destruction of the
Morals of the labouring Classes. Many of these pernicious
consequences have arisen from the illegal Conduct on the
part of sundry Victuallers, in Transfering their License
from one Person to another, often without the Sanction,
and more frequently without the knowledge of the Magi-
strates, to Persons without any recommendatory Character,
whom the Magistrates have afterwards in most instances
refused to License, so that the Parties occupying such
Houses, without regular transfers of Licenses, are not
under the controul of the Magistracy, or subject to the
Laws provided for the regulation of Victuallers, and Per-
sons keeping Ale-Houses or Victualling-Houses. The
Conduct and Practices before alluded to, are so pr^;nant
with Mischief and dangerous in their consequences to
Society at huge, that the Magistrates have determined to
use the utmost endeavours for the Suppression of those
evils, by the effectual Prosecution and Punishment of every
Victualler or other Person, who shall hereafter be found

offending in any of the Cases aforesaid. And they give
this Public Notice, that in every Case where a License
shall not be duly transferred according to Law, the same
will be immediately suspended, and the House prevented
from being used as a Publick-House in future.

'* George Bellamy, Mayor.
** Edmund Lockyer, Justice."

Haydon, Clarence Press, Plymouth.

* * *

The Municipal Records of Bath, from Richard I. to
Elizabeth, are being prepared for publication, under the
editorship of Mr. Austin J. King, and Benjamin Watts.
Mr. Elliot Slock, of Paternoster Row, London, will be
the publisher.

* * *

Showing Disrespect to Christmas. — The various
bodies of Dissenters in England for many years agreed in
their ideas as to the undesirability of keeping Christmas Day
as a religious festival, calling it a man-invented observance,
and holding that the Sunday or the Sabbath was the one
and only appointed day for public religious rites. Not
only did they argue that the day should not be observed,
but they also held that it was justifiable and laudable to
show disrepect to the Church's appointment by every
means in their power. So recently as sixty years ago a
Quaker gentleman, who had a shop in Boscawen Street,
Truro, made a special point of keeping open his establish-
ment on December 25, and, to demonstrate his contempt
for the anniversary, placed packing-cases on the pavement
outside his establishment, and then, unpacking his goods,
made as great a litter as possible in the street. In much
more recent times, even within the last decade, a gentle*
man at Plymouth, a Presbyterian, who on the Sunday pulled
down his blinds, disapproved of walking except in going
to and from chapel, and kept the weekly feast with the
greatest rigour, on the Christmas Day would purposely
wear his old clothes, draw up his blinds to the full extent
to permit his neighbours when on the way to church to see
that he was at work, and make a public talk of his dislike
of the appointment of any such days by a Church establish-
ment.

Times are now, very happily, changed and changing ;
the majority of the dissenting religious denominations
have come to consider that keeping another special day of
religious observance is, after all, not such a very wicked
act, and in a large number of places the chapels of the
various bodies are opened on Christmas Day. There is
one very curious circumstance to be mentioned about the
non-observance of the day. During the years whilst the
chapels remained closed, many of the Dissenters, from
curiosity, for amusement, or perhaps from better motives,
attended the Church of England services on the Christmas,
it being the only day of the year on which they entered
the walls of the Church. It is quite possible that this fact
may have had some influence in bringing about the open-
ing of the chapels. I believe that the Wesl^ans from

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

163

tbdr commencement have been accustomed to follow tlie
eotample of the Church of England in celebrating the feast.
The other denominations, without publicly admitting the
fiict, have gradually followed so good an example.
Whether the Quakers have made any change I do not
know, as their numbers have so decreased in the West of
England that some of their chapels are but rarely used
throughout the year. In conclusion it may be stated that
the so-called Ritualistic party have been the means of
bringing about a much closer religious keeping of the
Christmas Day, which under the old Evangelical regime
had d^enerated into a very drowsy observance, and stood
a great chance of falling into disrespect with many of the
rising generation. Gborgb C. Boasb.

15, Queen Anne*s Gate, Westminster.

(From Notis &* Queries, 6th S., X., December 20, 18S4.)

* * *

Jessib, the Maniac Maid of Berry Head. — A
poetical story is told of Jessie the poor maniac maid, who is
said to have been betrayed by her lover, and afterwards to
have wandered over this fine and grand headland of Berry
Head, gathering wild flowers and weaving them in her hair.
Her lover is described as a brave and stalwart knight, but
he deserted her for another, named Gertrude. He, with the
latter in a boat, are leaving England, but Gertrude, before
entirely quitting the beautiful bay, is desirous of once more
hearing the waves break upon her much loved land ; her
father's house being near to the headland, she induces her
knight to stay the progress of the boat ; the day is drawing
to a close, and the wind is freshening to a gale, the knight
is fearful of the danger, and says : —

" The sun is laughing on the bay,
And light is on the wave's quick pulse :
In this bright spot we must not stay.
But, on; — ^but on ! 'Tis madness else."

And in his haste to furl the sail he loses his balance
and falls overboard, and is swept away, but being a good
swimmer makes for the land. The boat with the knight
and his fair Gertrude had, however, not escaped the quick
wild eyes of poor Jessie, who, according to her wont, was
on the headland of Berry, she appears to have recognised
her false lover, and in her wild despair, had thrown her-
self over the cliff, and as the story runs : —

" The Knight long wrestled with the wave.
And while the mighty storm blew o*er.
It flung him from a gloomy grave
Upon the shell-enamelled shore." —
just on the spot where poor Jessie's still warm body lay.

Years have passed away, and the Knight is discovered
fightingy^the leader of a reckless band : —
" He who had broken Jessie's heart,

And sold bis fiuth for Gertrude's hand.

Played in that strife a daring part.

The leader of a reckless band.

He fell beneath a noble foe,
And as he shut his eye of fire.
It was his latest pang to know,
The foe was Jessie's injured sire."

The story on which this poem is founded b composed
of forty-two stanzas and is cleverly worked out, by the
talented author, Edwin Henry Burrington, an Exonian,
and, with others, forming a volume entitled — I^ewlafwns
of the Beautiful and other Poems ^ printed in London, 1S48.
Is anything further known of this story, of poor Jessie,
whether it is founded on fact or not ?

The poet in a heading to this story, says : —

" A house on one side of the road, now inhabited by
the Rev. H. Lyte — a poet of great lyrical skill — was
formerly a hospital. Close by the house a single plain
stone has been erected, on which the inscriber has thus
written : —

**To tlie unknown dead."

Is this stone still extant, and if so, is an}rthing known
to whom it is inscribed ? E. Parfitt.

Exeter.

RoBOROUGH, about 6 miles from Torrington, owns
one of the few old churches built in the Early English
style, to be found in this country. Whether founded by
Alexander Cloigny, who held the. manor in the reign of
Henry III. , or by any of his descendants I cannot determine.
In 1868 the church was carefully restored, and, as far as
possible, its ancient and interesting features were preserved.
Some good old Devonshire names are associated with the
history of this parish, and a few of these are commemor-
ated on its walls. Let the Western Antiquary also enrol
them on one of its pages by publishing the two following
quaint inscriptions I copied from two mural monuments in
the north aisle : —

I. — **To the Lasting Memory of Mrs. Elira
Langford, Daughter of John Fortescue
of Weare, Esquire, and wife of Robert Langford
Esquire. She Died the 3rd of August
1648. AeUtis Suae 61."

" Could walls speake out, or Marbles weepe their due
This epitaph were ended which now's new,
This Shrine which Hides Her underneath entomb'd,
Much cloudes Her Vertues in so Strate a Roome,
This short epitaph speakes but in part
What each man's toung should utter each man's heart.
In a large volume, pious and affable
Discreetly, Bounteous, Humble and Charitable
One Year a wife, the next a widow, Blest
With issue one sonne a post-humous, now at rest
Thus Here Shee rests ; thus Shee Deserves to have
Each heart her Tombe, each toung Her epitaph."

Amongst the decorations on this monument are ibnr
shidds, charged with the arms of Langford and Fortewne.
The principal one bears them empaled : —

164

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Paly of siXf or, and gules ^ on a chief azure a lum pas-
sant argent, (Langford.) Azure^ a bend engrailed^
argent i cotised or, (Fortescue.)

2. —

(I

To the Memory of Sara,

the Wife of John WooUcombe, Esq. and

Daughter of John Fortescue of Weare Giffard.

Esq. who Departed this life

the 26th day of June 1652."

** If God have said the Wicked shall not rott.

His Wills implyed that Good folkes names shall not,

And reason tis that Lieving to God's glory

Theire vertues should be mentioned in Story.

To give theire Soule whose Body here doth lye,

The due report of worth and Piety,

Which she deserv'd will aske more time and space

Then Htly can be used in this place,

Know then by birth that Fortescue was her name

Baptised, in good time it came

She married WooUcombe, with whom she spent

Thirty-five yeares in wedlocke's true content

Theire children ten : but three returned to God.

Fifty-six yeares she lived and some months old

Her time she spent, and bent to choysest ends

Dutyes to God, Her children and her Friends,

Chiefly Her spouse twixt whom twas promised

One Grave should hold them both when both were dead

Her Grace was known, tis vayne, what more annexe

She lived and dyed, A Pattern to Her Sexe,"

There are three, shields on this monument : I, — On
a lozenge, azure, a bend engrailed argent, cotised, or,
(Fortescue) 2. — Argent, three bars gules, a label of the
second, (WooUcombe) 3. — A conjunction of the above
arms in empalement.

I observed that several of the old bench ends are
preserved. Some of these are extremely interesting as
bearing on shields what seems to be a mixture of heraldic
and fanciful devices,— following are a few examples : —

I. — A saltire between 4 pear s^
2. — A cross Jlory,

3. — A bend sinister between 2 ffivls.
4. — /. between 4 crosses pat^e, or/ortnJe,
5. — A Bourchier Knot,
6. — On a bend between 2 nuns' faces a rose
between 4 keys addorsed, 2, «5r* 2,

llie repetition of the Bourchier badge is commemorative
of this once potent, and widely -spread, historic family, one of
whom may have been associated with others, whose names
are unrecorded otherwise than by these devices, in the
benevolent and pious work of erecting or beautifying this
church.

The charges twice repeated on shield No. 6, seem to
be a combination of Spencer and Pridieulx, two families
once connected with this parish. But what of the bend
l)etween two owls found on two bench ends? Not hx from
the church there is an estate called Owlacombe, occupied

by Mr. Wadland. It was once called '* Over Woolla-
combe." For centuries after the "Norman Conquest**
it was owned by the WooUacombes. Did this name in
any way suggest the bend between two owls? Our old
church builders were very imaginative in some of their
ideas, and fertile in inventive projects by which to com-
memorate names, deeds, and events. We owe it to their
genius in this respect, that much unwritten history is in
this interesting manner handed down to us in many of our
old churches, especially in the two most western counties.
The largest of the 6 sweetly-toned bells is the gift of Mr.
Roger WooUcombe, who presented it to the parish in 1706.
My visit to Roborough Church was a brief one, and con-
sequently, my gathered information scanty. However, the
few collected fragments are portions of its tiistory and
existence which may not be lost. J. Whitmarsh,

* Queries. *

Curious Silver Coin. — Can any of your correspond-
ents give me any information concerning a very curioos
sUver coin, in sise a little- larger than a shilling, found
some time ago in Exeter. The obverse side has the bust
of a queeiv^olding a sceptre in the right hand and in the
the othei' a baU and cross, with the legend, "Katerina

•< — Regina." The reverse, a cross patt^ with foar

smalVones, one in each quarter with the legend, '* lerusalem.

n

The dashes mean that the words where they occur are
illegible. P. F. RowsELU

Exeter.

* * *

*' Rearing" Supper.— This name was applied recently
(in a local paper) to a feiist given to a number of workmen
on the completion of some buUding operations in Notte
Street, Plymouth. I had never seen the term before, and
should like to ask your readers whether they are more
familiar with it. Dbvs., Junr.

* * *

Roman Coin.— WiU any reader of the IVestem
Antiquary kindly inform me of whose reign a coin, of the
following description, is ? As far as can be deciphered the
inscriptions are : —

Obv,: AVTBMAVPQE(?)VH

Rev. : AVTOVGT HO

On the latter side is the figure of a female standing :
in her right hand is a garland, while her left holds an
upright standard (?). The figure is draped or winged.

The coin was obtained from a friend who believes it
was discovered in the Loe Pool Valley, near Helston.
Porthleven. Howard Harris.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

165

M. PoGGi, THE Artist, and his connection
WITH Plymouth.— The following copies of letters from
Thomas Pitt, Esq., afterwards first Baron Camelford, refer
to an artist, M. Poggi, who married a Plymouth lady.
Will some of your correspondents say who the lady was,
and give further particulars about her and her husband.
The original letters are to be found in the British Museum^
Egerton MSS,y igdpjf^^ 142^ 1^8,

" Sir,—

'* I take the Ii1)erty to recommend to your protection
the bearer of this letter, who is an ingenious artist well
known to Sir Joshua Reynolds. His name is Poggi ; he
came to England with General Paoli, whose fortunes he
shared, and who has a great regard for him. He hab lately
married an English woman of a very decent family at
Hymouth, and is by that alliance become a sort of country-
man. Your natural disposition will, I know, be a sufficient
inducement to you to favour merit, and I flatter myself you
will not think it a discouragement, that it will confer an
obligation on an old acquaintance, who has the honour to
profess himself,

" Dear Sir,

" Your most obedient and humble servant,
"Oxford street, April 22'" 1776. Thomas Pitt.

"To His Excellency John Strange, Esquire,
"Minister Resident at Venise."

"Feb 1st, 1777.
"Sir,—

" I am to return you thanks for your favour of the 27th
of last moith, as well as for the oblong attention you
have been so good as to shew to my recommendation of
Mr. Poggi. I wish there was anything in this country in
which I could be useful to you or Mrs. Strange, to whom
I h^ my best compliments, in which Mrs. Pitt would be
glad to join if she had the honour to be known to her.
" I am, Sir, with great truth,

" Your most obliged and obedient servant,

Thomas Pitt.

" To His Excellency John Strange, Esquire,
" British Resident at Venice."

I cannot find in the life of Sir Joshua Reynolds any

mention of this artist, but I see in connection with General

Paoli there was a Monsieur Poaci ; could this have been

the same person ? George C. Boase.

15, Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster.

* * *

Thomas a'Becket.— The arms of Archbishop Recket
were j Cornish choughs proptr. What had he to do with
Cornwall ? E. W. R.

ifi 4E( 4*

West Country Newspapers. — Has anyone yet
published a history of the Newspapers and Magazines
published in Devon and Cornwall ? The pages of the
Bibliothica Camulnensis doubtless contain most of the
Cornish materials for such a historyi but has anything been
done in and for Devon? W. S. L. S.

"The King is Dead."— Perhaps some leaders of the
Western Antiquary can explain the following custom, or
if not a custom, the peculiarity ? When George II. died,
the postman who brought the news into a part of Devon-
shire, not a great way from Newton Abbot, came in with
a halter tied round the horse's head ; and when asked the
reason of the halter, he immediately exclaimed — "The
King is dead." The gentleman who related this to me
heard his mother speak of it, for she saw the halter and
heard the explanation, but he could give me no information
as to iu meaning. E. Parfitt.

Exeter.

4 •!• i*

Truro Charter. — Mention was made at a recent
meeting of the Truro Town Council of the fact that they
had regained possession of an ancient charter of the
dty, which had been found in London. I should like to
know if you can give me any particulars respecting its
recovery, and any explanation of its having been lost.

HiBYSKWB.

ifi 41 lit

Wesley.— Is anyone still living wl^o heard John
Wesley preach ? In these days, when we have been keep-
ing the centenary of the birth of Sir Moses Montefiore, it
is not quite impossible. I remember knowing an old
woman a few years ago, who said she remembered hearing
Mr. Wesley preach when she was a little girl. But I fear
she must have gone to the " great majority. Pen with.

ifi « «

Watch-night Services.— When were the New
Year's Eve midnight services first introduced in a parish
Church (i) in Exeter diocese, (2) in Plymouth? Also
when did the Methodists hold the first watch-night service
in (i) Devon, and (2) Cornwall? I suppose it was soon
after Wesley's first visit. W. S. L. S.

* * *

Hawkins' Family.— Several notes concerning this
family have appeared at different times in your columns,
but they don't touch upon the subject of this query.

William Hawkins graduated B.D., 1665, D.D., 1673
(or 6 ?) ; subsequently became Canon of Winchester, and
married the only daughter of Izaak Walton. I want to
ascertain whether this Dr. Hawkins was a grandson, great
grandson, or what of Sir John Hawkins, Devon sea-dog,
buccaneer, and Lord of Queen Elizabeth's "navee."

As Dr. Hawkins' daughter 1)ore the arms granted to
the naval hero, viz. : — sa a lion statant on waves of the
sea in chief three gold plates — on a canton or an escallop
between two palmer's staves — it seems reasonable to
assume that the two men belonged to the same family —
but I seek a proof.

I presume also that the city Knight, Sir John Hawkins
the biographer and editor of Walton and his Complete
Angler, was a twig of the same tree ?
2, Dix's Field, Exeter. C. Elkin Mathews.

i66

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Marshalls at Plymouth. — I shall be obliged to
any of the readers of the IVesUm Antiquary^ who will
assist me to identify the father of George Marshall, Comp-
troller of the Port of Plymouth, and Mayor of Plymouth,
I7S2-3, who died early in this Century, aged 93. His
descendants state that he '*went down off the Scilly
Islands with Sir Coudlesley Shovell in 1707."

It will be remembered that the ship in which Sir C
Shovell was wrecked was called the '* Association,*' and
that the event occurred 22 October, 1707. There were
two men named Marshall connected mth the "Association"
at this period, neither of whom could have been the father
of George Marshall as they both died unmarried, never-
theless there may be some truth in the tradition. It is
quite possible that one of them may have been his collateral
though not direct ancestor. The will of one, and adminis-
tration of the other, will be found in the Prerogative Court
of Canterbury, as follows: —

" Adm'on of Peter Marshall, who died in the Associa-
tion, unmarried, was granted to James Marshall his father,
22 Dec, 1707.

'*The will of Thomas Marshall, mariner, is dated
Dec. I, 1704-5 (sic). Mentions mother, Anne Marshall,
of Bedall (sic) in Yorkshire, executrix: Kinsman William
Gamball. He proved as attorney of Anne Marshall, now
of Bedale, co. York, 31 July, 1708. In the probate act,
Thomas Marshall is described as late in Nave Regia Le
Asociation Cmlibis defuncti^ (165 Barrett.)

George Marshall, the Mayor, was father of John
Marshall, who married Eliza, daughter of William
Flamank, of St. Austell, and had issue, with a daughter,
who married Capto* Napp, who died at Brussels two days
aAer the Battle of Waterloo, a son .... Marshall,
who married Jane, eldest daughter of John Hedges, of
Wallingford, solicitor. His son, John Hedges Marshall,
is the present representative of the family.

The family have the tradition of a descent out of York-
shire, which points to Bedale as a possible place of origin,
on the other hand it must be borne in mind that Marshall
was a common name both in Cornwall, and Devon, at the
beginning of the last century. George W. Marshall.

Marshall Family of Plymouth and Doncas-
TER. — Do you or any of your readers know anything of a
fiimily named Marshall, living in a good position in Ply-
mouth in the last century ? They are said to have sprung
from Bedale in the county of York about the end of the
17th century. The first known as an ancestor is Thomas
Marshal], who went down in the shipwreck of Sir Cloudes-
ley Shovell in 1707, and was fether of George Marshall, a
civic dignitary of Pl3rmouth, who had a son, John Marshall,
married to Eliza Flamank of St. Austell, from whom
descends Dr. J. G. Marshall, now of Doncaster. I wish
if possible to establish this tradition on the firm basis of
recorded fact, by reference to tombstones, parish registers,
wills, etc Can yon assist me ? John Sykbs, m.d.

Doncaster.

* 1?cplic0. <►

Armo&ial Shields in Exeter Cathedral.— The
reputed old coat of arms of the Rashleighs, of Rashleig^
near Eggesford, is org m cross Utween 4 crescents gults.
It is mentioned in some book as their coat and as being in
an old window in Exeter Cathedral. The Rashleigh's can
be traced at Rashleigh as far back as the time of Heoty
III. E. W. R.

•!• 4* 4«

Frog Street.— ( W.A, 4th S., 89, 148.) I can add one

more name to the list given by Dr. Pring. On Dartmoor, a

mile or two from the Grey Wethers, is "Frogymead Hill,

adjoining FenwOrthy. " — See Rowe's Dartmoor 1848, p. 78.

Exeter. J. S. Attwood.

'v ^ ^

Obsolete Wor ds—( M>. A. , 4th S. , 96. ) These words
explain themselves and are all to be found in Bailey's
Dictionary. Picage^ money paid for breaking the ground.
PanagCj the feeding of swine, or money paid for the same,
also a tax upon cloth. Portage j money paid for carriage
of goods, &c. Pontages y bridge dues. A f urges, this I
presume is Murages^ payments for the building of public
walls. J. S. Attwood.

Exeter.

* * *

Stoke Canon.— (W^.^., 4th S., 152.) This note is
scarcely accurate, and perhaps I may be allowed to correct
it. There was no cathedral church of Exeter nnlil about
a hundred years after the time of Athelstan, the See not
having been transferred thither from Credit on until 1050,
by Ekiward the Confessor, when the Abbey church of S.S.
Mary and Peter at Exeter became the cathedral church.
It is therefore evident that the manor and church of Stoke
could not have been given to the cathedral church of
Exeter; nor was Athelstan the donor ; in fact it did not
become Cathedral property until two centiuries after his
time ; at p. 17 of Oliver's Lives of the Bishops of Exeter^
it will be seen that the manor and church of Stoke were
granted to the Canon of Exeter by Bp. Robert Chichester
in 1 148. J* S. Attwood.

Exeter.

* * *

Kelland Family.— In Kelly's Directory of Devon
for 1883, we have, under Lapford, this notice : —

''Kelland in this parish was the original seat of the
ancient and powerful family of the Kellands, many of
whom were sheri£& and members of Parliament in the
sixteenth century."

This "ancient and powerful" family, as for as the
Heralds Visitations can tell us was unknown as a "gentle**
family in the 1 6th century. Kelland occurs only twice in
the Visitation of 1620, once in a marriage with Colleton^
the other occasion is that of Thomas Kelland who ap-
peared befcM-e the Heralds at Tiverton, and tried to prove
his gentility, and was struck off as ignoHiis*

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

167

Some Kellands, who may have come from Lapford, but
this is unproved, were at Totnes at the beginning of the
17th century, where they were successful merchants, and
purchased the manor of Painsford in Ashphrington, near
Totnes. The heiresses married into Courtenay, Stafford,
and CofEn. John Kelland, of Painsford, represented
Totnes in 1679, and Charles Kelland also in 1680. John
Kelland again in 1685. But it is only possible that the
Painsford family issued from Kelland of Lapford, which
was a small yeoman family. The marriages given in Lap-
ford registers, were all with persons of yeoman rank. A
Kelland is not even entered as Gent, in the parish register.

Genealogist.

^

4<

Monument and Epitaph of Sir John Clobery,
A Devonian, in Winchester Cathedral.— The fol-
lowing is copied from Gale's Historic tf Winchester
CMthedral^ 171S1 ?• 45-

*' Under the South Wall is a spacious monument, with
the statue of Sir John Clobery, and on the Pedestal,
Sir John Clobery, was bom at
Broadston, in Devon,
under the same is the inscription —

M. S.
Joannis Clobery Militis,
Vir in omni re eximius,

Artem Bellicam
non tantum optime novit,
Sed ubiq ; Fcelicissime exercuit
Ruentis patriae simul & Stuartorum Domds
Stator Auspicatissimus,
Quod Monchius & ipse
Prius in Scoti^ Animo agitaverant
Ad Londinum Venientes
Facile effectum dabant ;
Unde
Pacem Angliae.. Carolum Secundum Solio,
(Universo popula plaudente)
Restituerunt.
Inter Armorum negotiorumq; Strepitum
(Res raro roilitibus usitata)
Humanoribus Uteris sedulo incubuit

Et Singulares animi Dotes

Tarn exquisita eruditione expolivit

Ut Athenis potius quam Castris

Senuisse videretur

Sed corpore demum morbo lanquescente

Se tacit^ Mundi motibus sul)duxit

ut Ccelo, quod per totam vitam

Ardentius anhelaver at unic^ vacaret

r^x.". A i Salutis. 1687.

Obut Anno. \ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^

Hoc Monumentum Charissima Defuncti
Relicta ceu ultimum Amoris
Indicium poni curavit.
>Eke«tr. J. S. Attwood.

Clobery. — With reference to "Hibyskwe's" question
whether Clobery is at all a usual Cornish Christian mame,
is it not probable that Clobery Lilley was so baptized in
consequence of some connection with the fejnily of Clobery
of Bradstone, Devon. T. O. G.

Western Antiquary^ 4 S., Part 6, p. 116. — The words
which HiBYSKWE brings under notice as Old Cornish
Names are obviously errors of the transcriber. I have no
doubt that Kibyskwe is correct in his conjecture as to
the names of the places mentioned.

Clobery Lilley should be read Clol)ery Silly, who died
in 1 77 1, intestate. See my pedigree of Silly, of Heligan,
in St. Mabeu History of Trigg Minor ^ Vol. ii., pp. 520-
521," which will show how the Christian name of Clobeiy
was derived. There is a short notice of the Munday
Family in the same work, Vol. i., p. 309.
Glasbury House, Clifton. John Maclean.

Portraits of Sir Joshua Reynolds — In the
November part of the Western Antiquary, p. 123. C.
Harris, says : — ** It is reported that Sir Joshua Reynolds
painted only two likenesses of himself

In the exhibition of works by Sir Joshua Reynolds at
the Grosvenor Gallery last year, there were no less than
nine portraits of himself, and a note to one of them in the
Catalogue, says : — '* It is known that Reynolds painted
not fewer than eighteen portraits of himself ; prol)ably he
executed a still greater number. One of the earliest is
now in the National Portrait Gallery, painted when he was
about seventeen years of age ; one of the latest is that of
the grizzled and spectacled man now in the Dulwich Gal-
lery." Norlhcote in his Life of Reynolds, speaks of " the
many portraits of Sir Joshua himself, by his own hand."

The following are those at the Grosvenor Gallery as in
the printed catalogue : —

No. I. Lent by Louis Huth, Esq. Half length, in spec-
tacles. Painted 1789. Canvas 29^ -h 24^^ indies.

No. 2. Lent by Mrs. Gwatkin. Bust in an oval. Paint-
ed c. 1748. 29>^ + 24 in.

No. 3. Lent by the Duke of Leeds. Half length, in
spectacles. Painted 1788. 29>^ + 24>^ in.

No. 4. Lent by II. N. Pym, Esq. Head in profile.
Painted c. 1788. I3>^ + 1 1>^ in.

No. 5. Lent by the Royal Academy. Three-quarters
length, in official cap and red gown as D.C.L.
Oxon. A similar picture is in the Florence Gallery
of celebrated painter's portraits, presented by ^ir
Joshua on his admission to the Academy there. The
Duke kA Rutland has a third picture in a simitar
costume. Painted 1780. Panel. 50^ + 40 in.

i68

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

No. 105. Lent by the Dilettanti Society. Half length.
Presented to the Dilettanti Society by Reynolds
when elected a member. Painted 177a 29 + 24 in.
No. 106. Lent by Mrs. Gwatkin. Half length. Paint-
ed 1788. 29>i + 24>iin.
No. 107. Lent by the Earl Brownlow. Half length,

in spectacles. 29 J^ + 24>i in.
No. 198. Lent by the Lord Houghton. Half length.
Painted 1 780. 30 + 24 in.
Thus thirteen portraits are mentioned. J. S. W.

* * *
Arms of the County of Devon.— (IV., 118.
147.) Hold hard ! Not in such a hurry. This is a ques-
tion that cannot be disposed of in an off-hand manner.
It is necessary to look over the hedge, foy there is some-
thing beyond. This is a matter, not for to-day, but for all
time. Certainly, the county of Devon ought to be distin-
guished by some ensign armorial, and it is suggested that
if such an ensign were assumed, it ought to resemble the
arms of the Earl who takes his title from the county. But
which Earl ? Is it forgotten that there have been tnany
Earls of Devon since the Norman Conquest, of different
families, and bearing different coats of arms? Which
arms then, are to have the preference ? And if one is
selected, what reason can be given for ignoring all the
others? There is a good old hook called — A Help to
English History y by Peter Heylyn, d.d„ Improved by
Paul Wright, b.d., 1773, in which there is a list of the
Earls, with their armorials, and from which I will make
extracts, beginning with the first Earl after the Conquest,

as thus : —

"Richard de Rivers or Ripariis, Arms— Gules, a
Griffin segreant Or, There were eight successive Earls
of this family.

** William de Fortibus, Earl of Albemarle, became
Earl of Devon in right of his wife Isabella, sister of the
last Lord de Rivers. Ob. 1260, Aims— Argent a Chief

Gules.

"Hugh Courtenay, 1335, next heir to Isabella de
Fortibus, and father to the Earl whose recumbent figure
lies in the South Transept of Exeter Cathedral, Arms—
Or, 3 Torteauxes^ 2 and /, and a Label of 3 points azure.
The use of the Label has become obsolete or obsolescent,
but it is seen on most old seals, painted glass &c. Six
Earls of this name succeeded without break.

"Humphrey, Lord Stafford, 1469, made Earl of
Devon by Edward IV., Arms— (9r, a Chevron Gules,
and a Bordure engrailed sable. These early examples had
not assumed Crests.

" Edward Courtenay, i486, Arms as before. Three
of his name succeeded.

" Charles Blount, 1603, Lord Mountjoy, created Earl
of Devon by James I., Axm&— Barry nehulee of six. Or

and Sable.

"William, Lord Cavendish, 1618, Earl of Devon,
Arms— Sadie, j Bucks* heads cabossed, argent, attired Or,
Eight Earls of this family followed in succession."

Courtenay came in again.

Owing to different circumstances, the honours idl
into abeyance, and so remained for some time, until the
title was revived in the present family so recently as to
be almost within memory.

And now to the application. It will be seen by the
foregoing list, that the Earldom had been enjoyed by
members of at least five different families, and by tome
of them for several successive generations, and most of
them were men of renown in their day. They were not
distinguished by an achievement belonging to the county,
as a county, but each simply used his own private armorials,
and as Earls of Devon in the list, they all stand on a par:
but if the arms of any particular one were chosen, and
adopted for an ensign, all the rest would naturally fed
slighted. The universal respect in which the present Earl
is held, makes us almost forget that there ever was an Earl
of Devon before him : but in large questions like these,
that are intended to be looked at in all time to come, and
when perhaps the revolutions of ages may unhappily bring
up some other family to a high place, we must not confine
our vision to the narrow period in which we live. In order
not to give offence, some might feel that the arms of the
first and most ancient Earl of Devon, might naturally take
precedence ; and that to the fact of this undisputed seni-
ority, later Earls might cheerfully bow in acquiscence. It
has already been shewn that the first Earl of Devon after
the Conquest horc— Gules, a Griffin segreant Or, But it
may be added in this place, that Heylyn, at page 8, in
recounting the names of the native Kings of South Britain,
after the departure of the Romans, gives the same arms to
Vortiger or Votirgern, whom Rapin (Tindal's Edition) speaks
of as— "King of the Dunmonij, elected in the year 445-"
and Heylyn, p. 10, when speaking of the subsequent King-
dom of the West Saxons, which comprised the modem
counties of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, and some others, as
existing in 519, observes that this Kingdom also bore—
Gules, a Griffin segreant Or. If the ancient King of the
Dunmonij used that coat of arms, it attaches this bearing
rather close to the modern county of Devon. If this pro-
ject should be carried any further, it will be for Devonshire
people to consider whether these points are sufficiently
cogent to outweigh other views of a different kind. It
might almost be suspected, that when Richard de Rivers
took possession of his Barony, and that if he found the
said insignia as an old ensign established there from the
days of Vortigern, he may simply have adopted it, and
continued it as his own. The points that I have here
brought forward must assure any reader that this is a ques-
tion that cannot be disposed of hastily. P. O. Hutchinson.

* * *
Tol-Pedn-Penwith.— A writer in Notes &* Queries,
of 20th September, thus replies as to the origin of thii
curious name : — Tol is equivalent to the Welsh TV/, a«
may be seen by comparing the Cornish Tolcame with the
Welsh Talygam ; the Cornish Talvean with the Welsh
Talyvan, etc. The words Tol-Pedn are equal to the

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

169

Welsh Talpen^ a knoll, a knob. See this word in Pughe's
Welsh Dictionaay. As to the word Penwith, Pen means
either the head or tail (end) of anything. With is a
syllable which seems to bother all, and this arises,
apparently, from the confounding together of two Welsh
words, which, though differently spelt, are pronounced
very nearly alike. One of these words is chitnth, which
means sinister, awkward, unlucky, not right, etc. The
other word is chwyth, which means wind, a gale, a puff, a
breath, etc. See this latter word in the Welsh Psalms,
cadvii, 18. Penwith is compounded of this latter word,
and so ought to be written PenwyM, and the meaning
thereof is the windy head, or headland. To account for
the disappearance of the guttural c/i, it may l)e observed
that it is softened, cut off, oftentimes, in the Welsh of
South Wales and in Cornish. See Williams's Cornish
Dictionary under "Ch." Tol-Pedn- Penwith would thus
mean— in pure Welsh— the Knoll of the Windy Head or
Headland = Windcliff. The syllable -uuith is very com-
monly used, through crass ignorance, also in Wales,
instead of wylh^ as in the word Tywilh = Windy House,
Brynwith = Windy Ridge, etc. And this naming of
places from the wind is not confined to Welsh or Cornish,
for we meet with such words as Windyhill, Wind-gap,
Windrush, Windynook, etc. : in Ireland, Knock Nageeha
= Windyhill."

* * •i»

John Quick was born at Plymouth in 1636. He
matriculated Exeter Coll., Oxford, 20 July, 1654. B.A.,
10 Oct., 1657. Returning to Devon, he first preached at
Ermington. The 2 Feb., 1658, he received Presbyterian
ordination at Plymouth, on being appointed minister of
Kingbridge and Churchstow. He then removed to Brix-
ton, from the perpetual curacy of which place, he was
ejected for Nonconformity in 1662. He nevertheless con-
tinued to preach there until he was seized in the pulpit,
13 Hec, 1663. Was imprisoned at least twice. For
about three years he remained in the West of England,
preaching as he had opportunity; he then went to London.
On the 16 Oct., 1680, he was chosen minister of the
Scotch Presbyterian Church, of Middleburg, in the Nether-
lands. The minute of his election describes him as then
"exercising his ministry constantly on the Lord's day in
the Congregation in Bridge Street, Covent Garden."
This was Dr. Manton's, who had died 18 Oct., 1677.
Not finding himself comfortable at Middleburg, he re-
signed ; and returning to London, 22 July, 168 1, he
gathered the Presbyterian congregation meeting in Bar-
tholomew Close. For nearly 25 years he continued their
pastor, dying 29 April, 1706. His widow, Elizabeth, died
1708. He left an only daughter, who married Dr. John
Evans.

(Cf. ^osis^'s Register, 258; Wood's /IM. Oxon,, iv.,
493 ; Fasti, ij., 198 ; Calamy's Accouftt, 247 ; Continua-
^"w, 331 ; Palmer's Non-Con. Afemorial^ ij., 9 ; Wilson's
History Diss. Churches in London, iij. , 372 ; Steven's
History Scottish Church in Rotterdam, 372 ; Noble's
Continuation of Granger, i., 125.)

His works are : —

1. Hell Open'd, or the Infernal Sin of Murther Ptnished.
Being a True Relation of the Poysoning of a whole
Family in Plymouth and the Pimishment of the Male-
factors. By J. [ohr] Q. [uick], Minister of the Gospel.
Frontispiece, London, 1676. 8vo. [Bod.]

2. The Test of True Godliness ; a sermon preached at
the Funeral of Philip Harris, late of Alston, in the
county of Devon, Esquire ; August lo, 1681. By
J. [ohn] Q. [uick], Minister of the Gospel. London^
1682. [B.M. ; Dr. W.]

4U>.. Ik>d. to LsetitU Isabi'lla, Coiintesn of Rjidnor.
IkMit., xxiij.. 2».

Text.

3. The Dead Prophet yet speaking : a Funeral Sermon for
the Rev. John Faldo, preached at Plaistercrs' Hall,
Feb. 15, 1690. Loftdon, 1691. [Bod. ; Dr. W.]

4to., Text, Zccii., !., 5.

4. The Young Man's Claim to the Holy Sacrament of
the Lord's Supper. London, 1691. 4to. [Bod.;
Dr. W.]

5. Synodicon in Gallia Reformala : or the Acts, Decisions,
Decrees, and Canons of those Famous National Coun-
cils of the Reformed Churches in France. Being

L A most Faithful and Impartial History of the
Rise, Growth, Perfection, and Decay of the Re-
formation in that Kingdom, with its fatal Catas-
trophe upon the Revocation of the Edict of Nants,
in the Year 1685.

n. The Confession of Faith and Discipline of
those Churches.

in. A Collection of Speeches, Letters, Sacred
Politicks, Cases of Conscience, and Controversies
in Divinity, determined and resolved by those
grave Assemblies

IV. Many excellent Expedients for preventing and
healing Schisms in the Church, and for reuniting
the dismembered Body of divided Protestants.

V. The Laws, Government, and Maintenance of
their Colleges, Universities and Ministers, together
with their Exercise of Discipline upon Delinquent
Ministers and Church-members.

VI. A Record of very many illustrious Events of
Divine Providence relating to those Churches,

The whole Collected and Composed out of Original
Manuscript Acts of those Renowned Synods. A Work
never before Extant in any Language. In Two Vol-
umes. By John Quick, Minister of the Gospel in
London.

London, Printed for T. Parkhurst and J, Robinson,

at the Three Bibles and Crown in Cheapside, and the

Golden Lion in St, PauPs Church-yard, 1692. Folio.

Q. L D. ; Bod. ; B.M. ; Dr. W.]

Vol. I. Portrait, " Effigies lievereodl Viri JobaDnia Quick. Bancd
Eraogelii Ministri An". M\*t : S5V— " Sturt, eculp." also
a frontispiece. Title and De<in. to Williain Earl of Bed-
ford, dated " London, Marcb 18, 109)." s leaves. To Um
Reader, I leaf, in wbich he says, speaking of bis work.

lyo

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

"it hnd >HH>n Pubilsb(>d Ixfnic now bad not ihocxecediog
ColdB of January and Pcbrunry hindered the Work and
Workmen." pp. clxiv. 1-450. Then follows another title,
•* Aeta, Deci»ion»i, and Doereca of tie xxij. National
Synod, Ac." 1 leaf. pp. 475— SOS.
Vol. II. London, 10P2. 1 leaf-Conu'nta, 1 leaf, pp. fi06.

6. The Triumph of Faith : A Sermon preached at Bar-
tholomew Close, at the Funeral of Mrs Roth well, Ian.
i6, 1697. London, 1698. [B.M. ; Dr. W.]

4U>., pp. 88. Text, Rom. rilj., .'W, 38. In this sermon are intro-
dueed anecdotes uf several persons who died in triiunph,
liarriciilMrly his i>wn brother, .Mr. Philip Quick, who died
at the age of SS; and old .Mr. John Hirron.of Modbiiry.

7. A serious Inquiry into that weighty Case of Con-
science, whether a man may lawfully marry his de-
ceased Wife's Sister. London^ 1703. 4to. [B.M. ;
Bod. ; Dr. W.]

Mr. Quick prepared for the press, Icones Sacra: a col-
lection of the Lives of several Protestant Divines. The
MS. in 3 folio vols, contains 50 Lives of French Divines,
and 20 of English ; it would have been published in his
lifetime had he obtained a safHcient subscription to en-
courage the design. Calamy says (1727), " the old Duke
of Bedford was so well pleased with it, that he had resolv'd
to see it publish 'd, tho' at his own charge : But he was
prevented by Death." This valuable MS. is now in Dr.
Williams's Library, 16 Grafton Street East, Gower Street,
W.C.

Two Funeral Sermons were preached for Mr. Quick,
and both published. One was by his successor at Bar-
tholomew Close, Mr. Thomas Freke ; the other by Dr.
Daniel Williams. J. Ingle Dredge.

Rbpickkkcich.— B.M. British Museum; Bod. Bmlleian ; Dr. W. Dr. Wil-
liaroa; and J.I.D., the wribt-fs, libraries resiH'Ctivcly.

ijt ifi ifi

Old Cornish Names. — The conjecture that *'Lup-
blion " is intended for Luxulyan is probably correct : the
transcriber, perhaps, mistook "s" or "ss" for **p," and
the '*b" may very well have been **v" {i.e. "u"). This
would be Lussulion which corresponds closely enough with
*' Lossulyan," as I find it written in Bishop Staflford's,
Register (l June, 1412), vol. ii. fol. 246b.

As to *' Cloljcry," it is a surname used as a Christian
name In a pedigree of Wallis, of Bodmin, I find that
Courtenay, married (at Powderham) in 1693, John Clobery,
of Bradstone, Devon ; their daughter, Elizabeth, married
Joseph Silly, of Heligan (in St. Mabyn), SheriflT of Corn-
wall, in 1714 ; their son was Clobery Silly, of Heligan —
the "Clobery Lilley," of your correspondent's "old deed."
See Sir John Maclean's Trigg Minor, vol. iii. p. 423.
Ringmore. F. C. IIingeston Randolph.

* * *

Dr. John Morice. — Your correspondent Mr. G. T.
Windyer- Morris (page 8, 4th Series), asks for the inscrip-
tion on the tomb of this worthy, which he says he believes
is to be seen in the church of St. Martin, Exeter. The
inscription is not to be found in that church, nor can I find
any entry of his burial in the Parish Register.
Exeter. P. F. RowsELL.

Glynn Family.— An extract from Cassell's Official
Guide to the Great Western Rail-way^ relating to this
family, was communicated to the September number of
the fl^.A.t and appears on page 78. There are inaccura-
cies in this communication, which although they might
pass unnoticed in a popular guide — require correction
when they appear in a periodical devoted to antiquarian
and genealogical research.

Sergeant John Glynn, was a son of William Glynn, of
Glynn, and not as there stated tAe son of a youn^r
brother. His eldest brother, Nicholas, married Elizabeth
Nichols and had an only child, William Glynn, of Glynn,
descrilied in the extract as " the rightful heir." This Wil-
liam Glynn, was found by inquisition to be a lunatic, and
on his death (unmarried) in 1762, was succeeded by his
eldest uncle, Sergeant Glynn, as nexf entitled under the
settlements of the estate (see Glynn Estate Act (Private)^
XXII, Geo. ij., c. 32).

Sergeant Glynn, of course, was not entitled to succeed
to the Nichols's estates, then belonging to his brother's
widow ; but I have been informed that a portion of them
having been left by that lady to Mr. Bennet, of Hexworthy,
was by him devised to the Sergeant's eldest son, the late
Edmund J. Glynn, of Glynn. J. Q. G.

Dr. Gaskin, of Plymouth.— (Query 723 of 1884.)
Dr. James Gasking, not Gaskin, lived and died in the
centre house on the north side of George Street, Ply-
mouth, on the 1st October, 1817, and was buried in
the centre aisle of Charles Church, where a monument
is inscribed to his memory.

Gasking-street was not named after him, but might
have been called after his father, to whose memory a
mural monument stands on the east side of the church-
yard, near the vestry.

The late Dr. Cookworthy, on taking his Edinburgh
degree, dedicated his Latin Thesis to Dr. Gasking ; which
was much approved by scholars as a classical efTort.

Dr. Gasking divided the medical practice of South
Devon and East Cornwall with the late Dr. Reramett,
and between them no small rivalry existed.

Dr. Gasking has left behind him the tradition of
having been a man of learning and strong sense, though
of manners somewhat rugged. Whether he was or was
not the author of the saying attriimted to him by your
correspondent, it Is certain that some of his sayings yet
survive, m«.re characteristic than elegant ; they can hardly
be given, however.

There are no descendants of the doctor. He married
Elizabeth Fry, whose nearest collateral relations were the
Ellery family, one of whose ancestors, John Elleiy, is
found in the list of Plymouth mayors, 1748-49.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

171

Mr. Bennett, of the firm of Whiteford & Bennett,
whose mother was an Ellery, is named after the doctor.
There is a good portrait of him in oils, most proWbly
by Northcote.

Gate removed, 1768.

Gasking Street, so named in deed 1787. £. G. B.

* •!• *

* l?CVtCW0- *

The Haunted Homes and Family Traditions of
Great Britain, Second Series. By John H.
Ingram. London: W. H. Allen, 1884.

Mr. Ingram has received sufficient en-
couragement to continue his researches in
Ghost-land, and with great success. The
present collection of well-authenticated stories
has followed very closely upon the publication
of the first series, and forms a worthy supple-
ment to that volume. Further, we have the
authority of the compiler to say that he is
still prosecuting his enquiries, and desires
through us, to invite contributions from the
West of England. Several local stoiies ap-
pear in the volume now under consideration,
viz. : — Berry Pomeroy Castle ; Blackadon ;
Dosmery Pool ; Okehampton ; Sampford
Peverell ; Wadebridge. Some of our readers
may remember that the story of ** Benjie
Gear," the Okehampton revenant, appeared in
the Western Antiquary in the early part of the
year 1884. Will our readers kindly take note
of this work, and enable us to assist Mr.
Ingram in the collection of such stories of
Haunitd Homes and Family Traditions of Devon,
Cornwall and Somerset, as may be known to
them ? The realms of Ghost -land are vast
and largely unexplored.

The Voyage of A rundd and other Rhyfnes in Corn-
wall, By Henry Sewell Stokes. A New
Edition with Additions. London (Long-
mans, Green & Co.), 1884.

Anything from the facile pen of the author
of The Vale of Lanherne is welcome to west
country readers ; we therefore hail with much
pleasure the appearance of this new volume.
We recognise some old friends, with which
we became acquainted in previous works of
Mr. Stokes, and we are glad to be introduced

to some of the later productions of his happy
muse. We invariably admire Mr. Stokes'
verses, for there is the true ring about them,
but the feature that we most admire, in this
and preceding volumes, is the love which he
evinces for Cornwall, its local lore, and tra-
ditions. Nearly all the pieces in the volume
before us have a decidedly local interest,
and most of them are written with the inten-
tion of handing down in pleasing verse the
names and deeds of Cornish worthies and
events of local interest and colouring. With-
out specifying any pieces in particular, for
which our space is insufficient, we may say
that this little volume is brimful of interesting
matter and will well repay perusal. The notes
to the poems occupy some thirty or forty
pages, and in them the antiquary will find
information of a valuable character.

Who Spoils our New English Books Asked and
Answered by Henry Stevens of Vermont BibliO"
grapher and lover of Books, etc. London : H.
N. Stevens, Christmas MdcccLxxxiv.
In the most charming style of the Chiswick
Press this little volume makes its appearance
as a New Year's Gift. Mr. Henry Stevens,
of Vermont, is well-known amongst biblio-
graphers as one of the greatest book-collectors
living, and as a man who loves books both for
their matter and manner. This paper (here
reprinted) was read before the Library Associa-
tion of the United Kingdom, at their Cam-
bridge meeting, in October, 1882, and was
productive of much interesting discussion.
Amongst the spoilers of English Books, Mr.
Stevens enumerates : —

I. The Author; 2. The Publisher ; 3. The
Printer ; 4. The Reader ; 5. The Com-
positor ; 6. The Pressman or Machinist ;
7. The Paper-maker ; 8. The Ink-maker ;
9. The Book-binder ; and 10. The last not
least, the Consumer, often ignorant and
careless of the beauty and proportions of
his books — a great sinner !

It is scarcely necessary to say that all these
classes of spoilers who come in for their share
of condemnation, are justly censured by the

IJ2

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

anthor for sins they are well-known to commit.
It were well if every member of every class
here referred to could peruse the little volume,
and take its lessons to heart. Mr. Stevens is
an enthusiast of the right order and we prize
his words and works.

A Delineation of The Courtenay Mantelpiece in the
Episcopal Palace at Exeter, By Roscoe Gibbs.
With a Biographical Notice of The Right Rev-
erend Peter Courtenay, D,D., elected Bishop of
Exeter 1478, translated fo Winchester, 1487, died
1492, to which is added A Description of the
Courienay Manftlpiece, Compiled by Maria
H ALU DAY. Printed for private circulation
only, at the Office of the Torquay Directory,
1884. 200 copies.

The volume before us is one of those choice
productions of the press which the private
enterprise of wealthy and enthusiastic persons
from time to time furnishes for the delectation
of the present generation and the eager com-
petition of would-be possessors amongst pos-
terity. Looked at as a bibliographical treasure
it is of considerable value, and its historical
interest is also great. Visitors to the Episco-
pal Palace at Exeter, will no doubt have
noticed the beautiful heraldic mantelpiece
now in the hall, erected by Dr. Peter Cour-
tenay, successively Bishop of Exeter and
Winchester. It is certainly a fine work of
art, and its beauties are well reproduced in
this handsome volume. Moreover, we are
g^ven a most interesting account of this
notable Courtenay, as well as Notes on the
Arms of the Sees of Exeter and Winchester,
and the great " Peter '* Bell. Bishop Peter
Courtenay, was, according to Fuller ( Worthies
of Erglafid) — ** Beloved by the people, highly
favoured by his prince, of lordly presence''
(** the inn of his soul had a fair sign "), and his
death was universally regretted. He is men-
tioned in Shakespeare's King Richard III, , Act
iv. scene 4, thus : —

"My gracious sovereign, now in Devonshire,

As I by friends am well advertised.

Sir Edward Courtney, and the haughty prelate,

Bishop of Exeter, his elder brother,

With many more confederates, are in arms.*'

The illustrations to this work are numerous
and beautifully executed, and reflect the high-
est credit on Mr. Roscoe Gibbs, and those who
are associated with him in their production.

The Official Records of Robert Dinwiddie, Lieu-
tenant-Governor of the Colony of Virginia, 1751-
1758, Now First Printed from the Mamiscript
in the collections of the Virginia Historical So-
ciety, With an Introduction b}' R. A.
Brock, Corresponding Secretary and Li-
brarian of the Society. Vol. II. Rich-
mond, Va. Published by the Society,
MDCccLXXXiv. (Portrait and autograph of
Robert Dinwiddie.)

This volume is another proof, if any were
wanting, of the great value of the American
Historical Societies, and the industry and
perseverance of their members. The collec-
tions now being made and published in
connection with the various States, particu-
larly the older States, will go far towards
furnishing the amplest materials for the his-
tory of the settlement of the country. The
letters of Governor Dinwiddie, now first pre-
sented to the world (dating 1755- 1758), occupy
more than seven hundred pages of the present
volume ; they are accompanied with numerous
notes of great importance, which add much
to the historical value of the work, In addi-
tion is given a General Index to the two
volumes, compiled in the most thorough
manner, and also " a Map of the country
between Albemarle Sound, and Lake Erie,
comprehending the whole of Virginia, Mary-
land, E)elaware, and Pennsylvania, with parts
of several others of the United States of
America," dated July 1787.

Harbours of Refuge for CornivalL List of Committees,
&c., &c. Truro : Heard & Son, 1884.

A very interesting and useful pamphlet, which will here-
after be of some historical value, in connection with the
present movement for securing harbours of refuge on the
Cornish Coast.

Service of Song, entitled— Liitie Joe^s Christmas, By
Miss M. A. Paull. Liverpool : J. Thomas.
An interesting little tale well told, combined with some

appropriate melodies. Quite on a par with many other

Services which have come under our notice.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

173

From Field & Tubr. Y« Leadenhalle Presse, London,
EC.

1. Quoiis for Authors^ Editors^ mnd Devils. Edited by
And: W. Tuer, 1884.

This is an enlarged edition of Quads within Quads ;
"an amusing bibliograpical curiosity. Will be relished
by printers and their patrons : for the latter a needful
glossary of terms is not forgotten." Quads, it may be
stated, are little metal blanks which are used by the
printer for filling up gaps, thus:— X^J \^% B V^\
and although they are of little or no account, yet the
printer cannot get along without them ; hence the
application of the words to printers* jokes.

2. Are we to read fSDRAWJCCAB or, IVhat is the
Best Print far the Eyes? By James Millington.
With an introduction, by R. Brudenell Carter,

At first sight, this little volume would appear
rather purposeless and of the humorous order, but on
reading the introduction we observe that it is compiled
in the interests of the eyes of the human race, or
rather the reading portion of humanity, and from the
various specimens and styles of type and type arrange-
ment, it is evident that there is a very useful purpose
underlying the somewhat grotesque character of the
title-page.

3. Henry Irving^ Actor and Manager. A Critical Study.
By William Archer.

A very interesting little sketch, not biographical, of
this great actor, who has done much in this generation
to raise the status of the legitimate drama, and to re-
popularize the Shakesperean tragedy.

4. [1740.] Christmas Entertainments.

The reprint of a scarce and curious little book, with
many diverting illustrations ; it contains accounts
of Witches, Wizards, Conjurors, Fairies, Spectres,
Ghosts, and Apparitions, with many other extra-
ordinary matters ; also Curious Memoirs of Old Father
Christmas.

5. Recent Books and Something About Them.

An annotated catalogue of the publications of
Messrs. Field & Tuer, a copy of which will be sent to
any of our readers who may make application to the
publishers.

Smithes Plymouth Almanac for i88s^ Plymouth: John
Smith, 102, Old-Town Street.

This work, which is in its twenty-seventh year of pub-
lication, still retains its old characteristics, which include
"Chronological Records of Plymouth (1847) ^^lA much
Qselul miscellaneous information. The special feature of
the present issue is entitled — "Notable Plymouth Artists;"
a Series of brief Biographical Sketches, with Copper- Plate
Portraits of Reynolds, Eastlake, Haydon, Hart, and
Northoote.

Mc Galium^ s Illustrated Almantuk and Diary for i88j.

Plymouth : S. B. McCallum, 122, Union Street.

A very creditable production, which improves year by
year. Contains local tales and much information, besides
a handy diary.

Plympton Magazine, for the Parishes of St, Mary, St.

Maurice, and All Saints*, SparkwelL New Series.

January, 1885. Plymouth : Chappie, George Street.

This useful periodical, in addition to the monthly
Magazine — New and Old, contains eight pages of local
information concerning the parishes noted above. There
are also antiquarian notes and other matters of general
interest. We commend the principle of the combination
of various parishes in one magazine to the notice of those
who are interested in the Plymouth Parochial Magazines,
as one worthy of imitation, as regards completeness,
uniformity, and economy of preparation. We believe Mr.
J. Brooking Rowe is the editor of the Plympton MagoMine.

Doidg^s Western Counties* IllustraUd Annual for i88s-
Plymouth : Doidge & Co., 169 & 170, Union Street.

More than four hundred pages of readable matter for
One Shilling ; truly this is a wonderful production ; and
as year after year it comes to hand, increasing in bulk and
in interest, it is difficult to estimate what its size and
importance will be in another decade. Of course, it
contains the usual admixture of advertisements, literary
sketches and stories. We fain would that the constituent
parts of the Annual were not so mixed, but suppose, were
it otherwise, the work could not be produced in its present
style. The issue before us abounds in local illustrations,
and the tales have mostly a local connection ; moreover,
there is a mass of local information that cannot possibly be
obtained in any other publication! We must congratulate
Mr. Doidge upon his pluck and perseverance in thus
liberally catering for his thousands of patrons.

Three Towns* Almanack and Daily Tide Tables for i88j,
(Thirty-eighth year of Publication.) Devonport :
Wood & Tozer, 49, Fore Street.

The chief feature in this useful Almanack is a record
of the principal events which have occurred in the Three
Towns during the previous year. Such a record, if
correctly kept, is of great historical value. Doubtless,
nearly all the entries are faithful as to date and circum-
stance, but we looked in vain for an entry under February
14 (St. Valentine's Day), of one of the most notable events of
the year, viz. : — the unveiling of the Drake Statue on Ply-
mouth Hoe. On further search, we found it under date
Feb. 29. Surely such an error as this ought not to have
passed current. Much valuable local information is given.

Amongst current Antiquarian Journals we note the
ioWoyf'mg'.^ The Antiquary, (No. 16, Vol. XI. January,
1885), in which are several interesting articles, and a large
amount of antiquarian mformation. The Antiqnari^n
Magaaine and Bibliogrmpker, (No. 37, VoL VH. Jantiaiy,

174

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

1885.) In this Mr. Cornelius Walford continues his History
of Gilds, and Mrs. C. G. Boger, contributes the first part
of an article on King Alfred in Somerset, and The Legend
of St, Neot. The Anurican Antiquarian and Oriental
Journal. (No. 6, Vol. VI. November, 1884.) A very
high-class Journal of general interest, which is published
bi-monthly in Chicago, 111. U.S.A. : and edited by the
Rev. Stephen D. Peet. The East Anglian: or Notes
avd Queries, on subjects connected with the Counties of
Suffolk^ Cambridge, Essex, and Norfolk. (Part I, Vol. I.
New Series, January, 1885.) We made a preliminary
announcement of this new venture in our last number, and
must now express our satisfaction at the appearance of the
work, which is full of interest and promises well. Although
this publication is the successor of several similar Journals,
it may be said to be a new aspirant for public favour,
inasmuch as it has features dififering in many respects from
its predecessors. We hope it will have a long and prosperous
career. The Palatine Note- Book. (No. 48, Vol. IV. Jan-
uary, 1885.) Of this issue it is enough to say that it is fully
equal to any previous numbers, and that all lovers of
anticnt lore will appreciate Mr. Bailey's labours in his
wide-field of historical and bi<^raphical research. Claren-
don Historical Society^ New Series, No. I, contains
The foumalof King Edward's Reign\ from the Original
in the Cotton Library. Parodies (Part 14, Vol. II.
January, 1885.) Contains some clever parodies of the
poems of Longfellow and Edgar Allan Poe. This collec-
tion increases in interest and value with every number.

«

•»

* 1Rotc0 to 3llU0tration0* *

Old House at the corner of Goldsmith
Street, High Street, Exeter.— This house was
removed in 1879. As will appear, it all but entirely
blocked-out the chancel end of the church of Allhallows.
Since the removal of this house, the church has been
restored under the able superintendence of Mr. Crocker,
Architect, and the little edifice now forms one of the
most pleasing features of the street.

The house presented one of those interesting specimens
of ancient domestic architecture, which the High Street of
Exeter is so rich in— the overhanging stories in this
example — so needful in order to obtain room in a confined
space.

It also possessed an interest connected with one of its
occupants — namely, that of the late Sir Matthew Wood,
who was twice Lord Mayor of London, and sat as mem-
ber for that city in nine successive parliaments — in the
beginning of the present century. As a reward for public
services, he was knighted by Her Majesty the Queen, in
1837— her first act of this kind.

Wood, when a lad of 14, was apprenticed to his cousin,
Mr. Newton, a druggist, who occupied the house shown
in our illustration. After serving his apprenticeship here,
he became a traveller in the drug-trade, and eventually
settled in London, where be amassed a fortune in business.

He also became possessor of a large proportion of the
wealth left by the eccentric "Jemmy Wood," banker of
Gloucester.

The site of this old house has obtained some notoriety
in consequence of the erection of a little shop on it, which
was known at the time as "the shanty." Since the re-
moval of the shanty, it has been determined to rail in the
space beyond the chancel -wall of the church. G. T.

Exeter.

[We are indebted to our esteemed correspondent, Mr.
G. Townsend, of Exeter, for the above note, as well as for
the drawing which accompanies the present number.
Editor ]

Ley Arms. — With the present number we issue a cor-
rected plate of the " Ley Arms," and would request our
Subscribers to substitute it for the plate which was for-
warded with Part VI. The letter-press upon the revised
plate will sufficiently explain the reasons for its publication.
Our readers will also please to note that on page 1 14, first
column, line 19, the date should be 1622 instead of 1662.

Editor.

^ ^ ^^

j^ (torresponbence. ^

Libraries of Devon and Cornwall.— In anticipa-
tion of the coming Librarians* Congress, to be held at
Plymouth in the autumn, let me suggest that a veiy
valuable paper might be written on the old or extinct
libraries, of Devon and Cornwall. It is very curious
how public libraries in days gone by, often, firom want
of support or divers reasons were broken up or else
absorbed in others. As for the laiger private libraries
a very valuable mass of information might be collected by
any competent person who had time for the undertaking.

While on the subject, may I ask where is the fine sub-
scription library which used to be kept at the head of Ker
Street, Devonport ? It did a good work in its day. Was
it absorbed in the Mechanics' Institute and then in the
Devonport Free Public Library ? W. S. Lach-Szy&ma.

Errata in Part vii (Fourth Series).

In the reply respecting " Bereferrers," by Rev. J.
Ingle Dredge, page 148, col. 2, line 13 firom foot — "of
William Blount," should read "Of William Blount," as
the beginning of sentence. Also two lines below, " who
was called the most noble amongst the noble," -should read
" who was called the most noble amongst the learned, and
the most learned amongst the noble." Also, at p. 149,
col. I, line 20— "of this rector," should be "Of this
rector."

Also, at p. 149, in note on "Buck&st, etc." by 'W. S.
B. H. in line 7, " was left," should read " was held," and
in line 10, the first word " As " is an error for " Is."

On p. 151, col. 2, in the note respecting The American
Antiquarian, the abbreviation " 111." is an error, the work
is published Chicago, 111., but the editor resides at Clinton,
Wisconsin. Again on p. 149, col. i, in the heading of the
Review of the Trelawny Papers— Portland (Mass) shook!
be obviously — Portland (Maine).

4. i

wara5s.r^.^&i?„,^^t^j^ _ ,^5;^< ///J7

•**•

•*>

TO THE

Western Antiquary. Part VIII. Fourth Series

JANUARY, 1885.

Genealogical Notes and Queries. — Contributed by W. H. Kelland, Barnstaple.

SAUNDER OF CHITTLEHAMPTON.

HE following is, I believe, the correct
Pedigree of the Saunder family : —

1. Arthur Saunder of Chittlehampton ; buried at
Chittlehampton, March 20, 1655 ; married and had, with
other issue —

2. Anthony Saunder of Chittlehampton, who was
buried there, Oct. 26, 1693. Margarett, his wife, was
buried there, Oct. 28, 1683 : they had. with other issue —

3. Arthur Saunder of Chittlehampton, died 1706;

married 169 at Swymbridge, Alice, daughter of Geo.

Brayley a/tas Widlake of Swymbridge : they had, with
other issue —

4. Geo. Saunder of Chittlehampton, bom 169 ;

married at Bishop's Nympton, 1731, Elizabeth (b. 1714,
died 1794, aged 80), daughter of Morice and Joan Black-
more of Bishop's Nympton, Devon, and had, with other
numerous issue —

5. James, baptized July 6, 1 757, at Chittlehampton ;
married at Filleigh, 1790, Mary (b. 1766, died 1828),
daughter of William and Mary Brayley of Filleigh, Devon,
and great-aunt of Henry Edwards, m.p., Weymouth,
1865-85 ; and he died at Chittlehampton, March 25, 1839,
leaving with other issue —

6. James, baptized at Chittlehampton, April 6, 1791 ;
buried at Chittlehampton, Nov. 7, 1850 ; married at Lap-
ford, 1822, Matilda (b. 1804, died 1827), youngest daughter
and eventual co-heiress of Philip Kelland of Lapford
Court and of Rudge, Devon, and had surviving issue —
Loveday Elizabeth, died 1858, having married 1849, her
cousin, John Kelland, Esq. of Kelland ; and

7. Philip Saunder of Rudge and of Lapford Court,
b. 1826, died 1863, having married twice, and had, with
other issue —

8. Frank, b. 1 853, of Rudge, Devon ; and

9. Edwin Troake, b. 1854, of Lapford Court and of
West Ashford, Barnstaple, married 1879, Mary, daughter
of the late Richard Turner of Dowland, Devon, and has
issue.

Extracts from Wills.

will of john kelland, who died i712 :

" He directs his body to be buried at Ashprington,
where his father lieth, and a monument to be erected there
in memory of his father and himself. He gives to the
poor of the parishes of Ashprington, Paignton, Slapton,

Harberton, Totnes, Comworthy, Modbury, Ermington,
Tcigngrace, Broadhcmpstone, Littlehempstone, Broad-
hembuxy, Feniton, and Coombe Raleigh, £$ to each
parish. He gives £2^000 to the augmentation of Charity
Schools, to the Bishop of Exeter and the executors after-
wards named. He gives to Mrs. Bowditch, wife of the
Rev<>' Robert Bowditch, Vicar of Broadhembury, £100,
He gives to Sir E. E. Prideaux, and Sir W. Drake, and
the Rev. C. Hanward, Rector of Tallaton, ;^50 each for
mourning. He gives John Harris of Tallaton, his steward,
;f200, and Thos. Newman, Town Clerk, of Dartmouth,
£20, He gives William Kitson £200, He gives William
Symon of Symon*s Inn, £100, He gives to Mrs Robert
Symons of Totnes, £iQO. He gives his cousin, George
Yard (one of his trustees), ;^5oo. He gives his uncle,
Francis Drewe, and his uncle. Archdeacon Drewe, £$0,
He gives to the daughters of his uncle, Francis Drewe, ^£^250
each for mourning. He gives his cousin, Susannah
Ayloffe, ;^500. He gives his cousin, Elizabeth Mitchell,
wife of Thos. Mitchell, £$00, He gives his cousin,
Elizabeth Bragg, ;f 200. He gives his cousin, Mary Mor-
ficCf ;^300« He gives his cousins, Bamphylde, Edward,
and Francis Rodd, ;^33o each. He givts his cousins,
Charles, Thomas, and Mary Vaughan, ;£^25o each. He
gives to Col. John Arundell, his brother-in-law, ;f 1,000.
He gives his uncles, W. Courtenay, Hugh Stafford of
Pynes, and Peter Prideaux, £yi each for mourning. He
gives his aunts, Vaughan and Arundell, ^50 each for
mourning. He gives Sir A. Chichester and his lady and
cousin, John Chichester, £$0 each for mourning. He
gives to his tutor, Mr. David Jones, over and above the
Arrears of his salary at the time of his coming to him, at
^100 per annum, ;£'i,ooo in addition. He gives the
younger children of his aunt, Dame Elizabeth Chichester
(wife of Sir Arthur Chichester, Bart., m.p.), ^3,ock),
equally to be divided among them. He gives to Mrs.
Baron Price, a gold ring, of 40s. He gives his cousins,
John, Henry, Anne, and Dorothy, the daughters of his
cousin, John Fownes, one of his trustees, ;f25o each.
He gives to his cousins, Mary and Margarett, daughters of
his cousin Francis Drewe, ;^25o each ; and to his good
daughter, Elizabeth, another daughter of Francis Drewe,
^500. Finally, he apjx)ints his cousin, John Fownes of
Tretheway, Esq. and Francis Drewe of Exeter, Barrister,
his executors. The deceased died at his seat, Painsford
House, Totnes, Devon, in 17 12, aged 22 years only, and
was buried at Ashprington, April 19. The inscription says
his gprandfather was John, his father, Charles."

176

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Kelland of North Tawton.
In answer to numerous inquiries, I am en-
abled to give the following Pedigree of this
family, which I can guarantee as absolutely
correct from original materials in my possess-
ion : —

1. Richard Kelland of Lapford, purchased in 1591,
the estate of De Bathe from Lady Margarett Poulett ; he
died 1602, leaving issue inter alios —

2. William, born at Lapford, and died at North
Tawton, 1638, leaving with other issue —

3. William Kelland of North Tawton, gentUtnatiy
died 1672 ; having married, July 21, 1646, at North Taw-
ton, Anne Jane, and had, with other issue —

4. John, born 1651 ; married June 1 5, 1675, Jean
Triggs, and died, leaving with other issue —

5. Christopher, born 1679 ; died at North Tawton,
1758; having had issue —

6. William, died at North Tawton, 1781 ; having
married Mary Hole of North Tawtno,' by whom he had
issue, an only child —

7. Jane, died 1782.

The property of the Kellands at North Tawton, after-
wards passed to the late Capt. John Kelland, Durant, by
whom it was sold to the late Lord Rolle, and is now the
property of the Hon. Mark Rolle.

Monumental Inscriptions at St. Mart
Magdalene Church, Taunton.

In answer to ** Viator " ( Western Antiquary^ Part 7,
Series IV., December, 1884), I am enabled to give the
following Pedigree of the Courtenays referred to, which
I know to be exactly true : —

John Kelland of Pain&ford, died 1679 (grandson of
Richard Kelland of Lapford, living a.d. 1567), had with
issue, John, died 1692, at Painsford, who had, with other
issue, Susannah, his eldest daughter.

This Susannah Kelland, married three times — the first
husband was Moses Gould of Haye^ ; she married secondly,
William Courtenay of Methurfe and Tremere, M. P.
Mitchell 1 701, on whose death she married Arthur Cham-
pemowne of Dartington Hall, and finally died Oct., 8,
1716, and was buried at Dartington.

His eldest son, William Courtenay, was born in 1706,
and died at school, at Taunton, and was buried Dec.,
1 7 19, at St. Mary's Church, Taunton. He was the elder
brother of Kelland Courtenay, the well-known scholar ;
M.P.Truro, 1734; Huntingdon 1747; who was the direct
ancestor of the present Earl of Cork, Earl Spencer, and
the Marquis of Exeter. The William Courtenay, who
married Susannah Kelland, was the second son of Hum-
phry Courtenay of Tremere, who was m.p. for West Looe

and Mitchell ; and Alice, his wife, daughter of Sir Peter
Courtenay of Trethurfe^; a full pedigree appears in Col.

Vivian's Visitations of Cormuall, I may add that my
esteemed neighbour, the Rev. T. Melhuish Comyns of
Witheridge, now curate of Ladock, has supplied me with
78 registers of Courtenays of Trethurfe, extending down
to 1806, which I shall be happy to show anyone interested
in the matter.

Sir W. H. Fancourt Mitchell.

The death is announced of Sir William Henry Fan-
court Mitchell, President of the Legislative Council of
Victoria. Sir William Mitchell, who was knighted in
l^75> was a near relative, I })elieve, nephew of the late
Lieut. -Col. C. St. John Fancourt, who was elected m.p. fot
Barnstaple, in the Conservative interest in 1832; re-elected
in 1835, but retired in 1837.

PoPHAM AND Andrew Families.

In the note of the marriage of the late Lieut. -Gen. E.
W. Leyboume Popham with Miss Andrew in Burke y these
is an ol^vious error, where it is stated that the late Vea.
Archdeacon Andrew, married a Miss Courtenay. Arch-
deacon Andrew, married a Miss Pitman of Alphingtoo,
his father, the late Dr. Andrew of Exeter, married Aflss
Courtenay of Powderham.

Rashleigh.

In answer to many enquiries I am enabled to give the
following information relative to Rashleigh, the ances-
tral and original seat of perhaps the most eminent of the
untitled gentry of England. Rashleigh is situate aboat 3
miles from my birthplace, and is now the property of the
popular M.p. for South Devon, John Tremayne, Esq.

Rashleigh Lands comprise 299 acres, Gapes Hole and
Kinnlydown, comprise 279 acres, and smaller tenements
make up the total to 612 acres. The first Rashleigh, wlio
can lie traced, is John Bray alias Rashleigh of Rashle^^
and Rashleigh who was living temp. Richard II. The
heiress of the elder branch married Clot worthy, and tbas
carried Rashleigh into the Tremaynes.

Leigh of Bardon and of Ridge.

Tradition records that the Leighs of Bardon, were a
branch of the Leighs of Ridge. The present head of the
family is Mr. Henry Leigh of 3 Plowden Buildings, E.C.,
Barrister, son of the late Mr. H. J. Leigh of Taunton^
but Bardon is, Iunderstandnow,thepropertyof Mr. Wynd-
ham of Salisbury. Ridge passed to the Quickes, afterwards
by purchase to the writer's great-uncle, the late Mr. Philip
Kelland of Lapford Court, and is now by bequest from
him, the property of the Saunder family, his representa-
tive through a female branch. Can any of your readen
identify the Bardon Leighs with the Ridge Leighs, the
first of whom, W^alter de Lega, held lands in Devonshire in
the reign of Henry II.?

Seppings, Knight.

In answer to many inquiries privately, I am enabled
to say that the late Sir Robert Seppings, F.R.S. of
Plymouth, was b^^rn at Fakenham in Norfolk, and died

m

I

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

177

at Taunton, in 1840, where a monument is erected to his
mexDory. He married his cousin Miss Martha MiUigan.
sister of Lady Dacres. He left several children, one of
whom is still living. Louisa, who married 1st, Edward
Lock, Esq., son of Sir Joseph Lock of Oxford; and
secondly, the Rev. W. Du Sautoy of Taunton. Another
daughter married Major Harrison, R.M.UI., and Helen
married Mr. Daniel Godfrey of Abingdon, A daughter
of Mrs. Godfrey, married last year, Capt. G. C. Thome-
George, of the family of West Buckland in this county.
Sir Robert Seppings, was a celebrated naval architect, and
repeatedly received the thanks of Parliament for his
services.

Ven. Roger Massey.

The Masseys of Pool Hall, are a younger branch of the
Massies of Coddington and of Polford Hall, Co. Chester.
The grandfather of the Archdeacon of Barnstaple, was
Roger Massie or Massey, second son of Roger Massey,
Esq., of Coddington. The Ven. Roger Massey, married
Miss Anne Arnold, and died in 1 798 ; leaving issue, one son,
John, and four daughters. General Massey, one of the
£uDily, of whom a fine portrait is still preserved at Pool
Hall, the seat of his collateral descendants, was one of the
most distinguished military leaders during the civil war
of the reign of Charles L Pool Hall is now (1884-85)
owned by the Archdeacon's nephew, Mr. F. E. Massey.
J. p. who is married to the daughter of the late Mr. W. IL
Hornby, who sat for Blackburn from 1857 to 1869.

Fleming of Perthshire and of Bigadon.

In answer to a private inquiry, the follow-
ing is the Pedigree of this family : —

I. Alexander Fleming of the Bank, Lethendy, Blair-
gowrie, Co. Perth, married Betty Stephenson, and had
issue inter alios —

a. John Fleming of Bigadon, Devon, J.P., unsuccess-
fiiUy contested Devonport, June, 1865, and Barnstaple,
1874; elected m.p. for Devonport, July, 1865, but un-
seated on petition ; High Sheriff for Devon, 1877 ; b. at
Lethendy, 1822 ; married 1859, Charlotte Mary, only
child of John Blyth of London, and had, with other issue —

3. John Blyth Fleming, b. i860; married 1883,
Eleanor Mary, daughter of W. H. Bickford Coham, J.P.,
of Coham, North Devon, on which he assumed the ad-
ditional surname of Coham.

The Living of Black Torrington, North

Devon.

In answer to numerous inquiries, I am enabled to give
the following particulars of the disposal of the living and
of the new Rector : —

The living of Black Torrington belonged for many
years to the family of Lord Poltimore, and was sold in
1882-83 to R. H. Jephson, Esq., one of the family of
Jephson of Ireland, represented by Sir J. S. Jephson,
Bart., sometime secretary to the Carlton Club, and Sir

Denham Jephson-Norreys, Bart., who represented Mal-
low, from 1826-59. The present Rector, who was
presented to the living in 1883 by Mr. Jephson, Is the
Rev. J. S. Jephson-Gardiner. The Rev. John Samuel
Jephson-Gardiner, late Chaplain to the Earl of Dufferin, is
a son of Arthur Gardiner, Esq., late of Dublin, but now
of London, by Margarett, daughter of the late John Jeph-
son, Esq., of Dublin. He was born 1843; educated at
Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. 1864 ;
M.A. 1868 ; and took the Divinity Testament in 1866.
He married in 1868, Sarah, daughter of the late James
MacTier, Esq., of Belfast, Ireland. The Rev. J. S.
Jephson-Gardiner, is related maternally to Sir D. Norreys
and Sir J. S. Jephson. He is also related to the families
of Holmes and Burroughs, of Limerick and Cork. He is
a Freemason and Member of the Royal Arch Chapter.

Tattershalls of Exbourne :

The Rev. William Tattershall of Bishop's Bourne,
Kent, in a letter to me, dated Nov. 28, says — " that in the
notes of Mr. Walford, that the Tattershalls are related to
the Burgoynes, Dukes of Norfolk, is incorrect." He knows
nothing of the Burgoynes, but Mary, daughter of George
Tattershall of Finchampstead, married Charles Howard ;
and Katharine (her sister), married Bernard (his brother),
8th son of the Earl of Arundel and Surrey, and from this
marriage springs the present Ducal House of Norfolk.

* * *

Kingdom of Plymouth.

Can any of your readers give me any information re*
lative to this family? One of the daughters, Sophia,
married, I believe, about 1790, the late Sir Afark Isambard
Brunei of Hacqueville, Normandy ; and her daughter
married (I believe, in 1820) the late Sir Benjamin Hawes,
K.C.B., M.P., for Lambeth and for Kinsale.

BURNABV.

The tradition is, that the family of Burnaby of Bag-
grave, represented by the late Col. Burnaby, of Khiva, and
the late General Burnaby, came from Burnaby in Bratton
Clovelly. Lyson's DevotishirCy however, says that the
family of Burnaby became extinct about the latter end of
hte i6th century. Can any of your readers reconcile the
above — or give me a pedigree of the Burnabys?

The Manor of Rockbeare.

Who is Lord of this Manor ? According to Walford *s
County Families^ Mr. Porter is, while according to another
account, Mr. C. H. Bidgood is quoted as such.

The Manor of Ashford.

According to Walford*s County Families^ Mr. J. M.
Fisher is Lord of the Manor of Ashford, while, according
to Kelly's Dtvon^ George Langdon, Esq. and J. M.
Fisher, Esq., share that honour, which is correct?

178

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Brett of Devonshire.

Can any of your readers give me any information of
the family of Brett or De Britto of Langabeare, Slottis-
combe, and of Pilton, Devon? Risdon and Polwhele
considered Alured de Britto descended from the British
race. Margarett, daughter of Robert Brett, married
Thos. Wise, ancestor of Mr. Tremayne, M.P. for South
Devon. I have heard that Lord Justice Brett was the
descendant of a younger branch. Is any reader of the
Western Antiquary in possession of a pedigree of this
£imily ?

Radford of North Devon.

I have heard that the Rad fords of North Devon, now
represented by the Rector of Downe St. Mary, were
descended from the Chawleigh family. The earliest mention
of the ancestors of the present Radfords is in 173 1, when
John Radford, Gent. , of Witheridge, was buried. His son,
the Rev. W. Radford, was many years Rector of Lapford,
and died in 1763.

Hole of Devonshire.

Can any of your readers inform me who was the
earliest known ancestor of the numerous and reputable
&mily of Hole. Curiously enough, no pedigree of this
family appears in Burke, . William Helyar, M.P. for
Ilchester, married in 1690, Joannah, daughter of Robert
Hole of South Tawton. The Holes of Georgeham, appear
to have sprung from Fold hay, in Zeal Monachorum. where
they were substantial yeomen in 1700. The first Hole of
Georgeham, married a Miss Chichester of Youlston.
Under the Hole family of Caunton Manor in Newark,
appears this note in Burke, ** The Holes of Caunton, are
traditionally supposed to be connected with the Holes of
Devon, and have been resident at Caunton for more than
three centuries." The Rev. Roger Hole, was vicar of
Caunton in the year 1 567. From this, it would appear
that the Holes of Devon, date their origin previous to
1567. No doubt many of your readers can give me an
approximate pedigree of this ancient family ?

Tucker of King's Nympton.

In the original edition of Burke ^ appears a notice of
this gentleman, the father of the gentleman who now
worthily fills the position of Somerset Herald ; in which it
is stated that he was descended from Robert Tucker, who
was Mayor of Exeter in 1543, and entertained the Spanish
Ambassador with great magnificence, but under the Tuc-
ker of Coryton Park, it is stated that the line descended
from Robert Tucker is now extinct. Can any of your
readers reconcile the above statements ?

Busk m.p. for Barnstaple.

In the return of Members of Parliament, it is stated
that William Busk, Esq. , was elected M. p. for Barnstaple,
Jan. 16, 181 2, on the death of G. W. Thellusson, Esq.
Who was this gentleman ?

Isaacson of Margate.

Who was the ancestor of this family, one of whom
was the well-known Anthony Harvie Isaacson, who mar-
ried a Miss Leigh, a branch of the Leig^ of Ridge ?

Sir Edmund Williams.

Who was this gentleman ? I find in some old Devon-
shire newspapers, he married a Miss Hawker of Plymouth,
about the end of last century.

Madan of Westminster.

I find that Lady Northcote, who, as the heiress of
Kelland, possessed numerous estates at Paignton, Slapton,
and elsewhere in this county which she afterwards sold,
married, secondly, in 1754, of course after the decease of
her husband, a Mr. Richard Madan, Gent., of West-
minster. Can any of your numerous readers inform me
whether she had issue of her second husband, and when
she died ? Burke does not even mention her second mar-
riage. Her only daughter married a Mr. Paynter. Was
this Mr. Paynter, one of the Paynters of Richmond ?

Marshall of Peter*s Marland Manor.

Where is a pedigree of this family to be found ? They
owned the manor for many generations, which now belongs
to Joseph Oldham, Esq., J.P. of Hatherleigh.

Wreford of Clannaborough.

I see in Burke*s Landed Gentry , that the Wreford's
originally came from Middlecotts in Morchard Bishop.
Can anyone give me the connexion between the present
respected squire of Clannaborough, Mr. John Wreford
and Mr. Wreford of Sevenoaks, an active magistrate of
Kent, and which is the elder branch ?

Harrington.

I find there lived at Hatherleigh, in the year 181 3, a
Lady Harrington, who married a Mr. Goss, of that place.
Most of the Harringtons trace their descent from John
de Harrington, who was living a.d. 1305. Can any of
your readers inform me who was the husband ? I have
heard that he was the Mayor of Bath, and knighted by
the Prince Regent. This Mr. Goss was the first cousin of
the father of Mr, Clarke, the present popular M.P. for
Abingdon.

Easton of Easton and of Taunton.

I should like to know what connexion exists be-
tween the families of Easton of Easton and of Taunton.
The well-known Mr. Charles Easton of Holton Ilall,
Suffolk, is of the latter branch.
Barnstaple. W. H. Kelland.

THE

ntesTg^i)

OR,

flote^Book tot Bevon, Cornwall anb Somerset.

No. 9.]

FEBRUARY, 1885.

[Vol. 4.

GILDAS BADONICUS. CALLED GIL>

DAS THE WISE, ALSO GILDAS- THE

QUERULOUS, BORN A.D. 520.

BY MRS. EDMUND BOGER.

^ j I* PERIOD of legends, myth and un-
|ri certain tradition of more than one
hundred and fifty years, intervening
between two periods of authentic history is a
strange fact in the story of our Island. When
we lose sight of it, it was Britain, when the
curtain lifts, it is (almost) Saxon England.
This strange time, which has been turned to
such good account by Poets and Romance
writers for more than a thousand years, was
from the year 420, to that of 599 inclusive.

The account of the four hundred and fifty
years of Roman rule is clear and accurate.
With their withdrawal begins the troublous
times, when Picts, Scots, Angles, Saxons, and
Jutes were struggling for possession of our land.
The native Britons themselves yielded almost
wholly to despair, and a thick mist settled
down upon our annals. At first the darkness
seems well-nigh impenetrable, anon we di3cern
through the gloom, figures moving, there is a
rushing to and fro, a pouring in of armed men,
faint struggles, massacre and the groans of the
dying. The ancient inhabitants are every-
where being forced further to the West as
they give way before the fierce onslaught of
their foes.

But now there comes a change, a strange
and weird glow of radiant brightness shines
through the mist and lights it up with a. fear-
ful beauty. The Western people have made
a stand, they no longer give way, a champion

comes forth out of the West, we see visions
of Christian heroes struggling with Paynim
hosts, fair pictures of brilliant deeds of arms,
and, like a rock, the brave leader with his
followers dashes back the waves of hostile
progress.

This, almost mythical epoch, is glorious
while it lasts, but again the darkness settles
down. The Western men (of Somerset, Devon
and Cornwall) are turning their arms against
each other, and a deep gloom like a funeral
pall rests on the moving picture.

It was in a.d. 520, the year of the great
victory won by the arms of King Arthur at
Mount Badon, that Gildas Badonicus or Gil-
das of Bath was born, and by the time he
had come to man's estate, the bright gleam of
hope, with which Arthur's victories and Ar-
thur's greatness had imbued his countrymen,
had faded away and Arthur died fighting
against his own people. Somerset had of
course, from its position borne the brunt of
the struggle, but never, while Arthur lived,
did the heathen cross its boundaries. It
necessarily, however, fell first to the Saxons,
but not till they too had embraced the Chris-
tian faith. Devon and Cornwall did not form
an integral part of the Kingdom till perhaps
the reign of Athelstan in the loth century.
With Arthur's death, a dull despair fell upon
the Britons, and with this despair came the
vices born of it.

" Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we
die," has ever been the feeble hopeless resolve
of those who lack virtue and courage to defend
themselves. Gildas, was a witness of the
troubles, and the vices which were alike cause

i8o

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

and effect of them, but he had neither the
courage nor the energy to strive against them.
His writings are chiefly remarkable for two
things: — first, the melancholy despairing tone
of every word in them, for, with the exception
of the ** Lamentations of Jeremiah,'* they are
perhaps the most sorrowful wail that ever was
penned: — secondly, the intimate knowledge
they show of the whole Bible.

Gildas, the son of British parents, and it is
said of royal blood, was brought as an infant
from Bath, where he was born, to the monas-
tery of St. Iltutus, in Glamorganshire, but, as
he grew in years, Somerset, by the valiant
defence it made against the Saxons, being
now considered safe from invasion, he returned
to his native county, called Gladerhaf * by the
Britons — in order to complete his education at
Ynis-witrin (Glastonbury) the largest and most
learned monastery of the time. Here he took
the vows and professed himself a monk.

Whilst here, it is said that Guinivere sought
refuge in the Abbey from her Husband's indig-
nation at the discovery of her frailty. Arthur
beseiged the monastery, but through the medi-
ation of the Abbot, and Gildas himself— who
was probably a relation — he was persuaded
to receive back his Wife and depart peaceably.
But troubles thickened, and, judging from the
agreement between the legends a^id Gildas'
own charges against his countrymen, it is
plain that the vices of impurity and unchastity
were rampant in the land. On the other hand
from internal evidence alone it appears plain
that he does scant justice to the bravery
and resolution that the Britons showed in their
battles with the Saxons, for when Gildas was
writing, though a hundred years had elapsed
since their coming, a large part of the country
was still in possession of his fellow country-
men. He speaks too of the foreign wars —
meaning the wars against the invaders — ^hav-
ing ceased, so that the valour of Aurelius Am-
brosius and his Nephew Arthur had won for
them temporary peace at least.

* See CamdeD.

Of their brave endeavours to repulse the
heathen, he makes but this slight and thankless
mention. " The poor remnants of our nation,
being strengthened, that they might not be
brought to utter destruction, took arms under
the conduct of Ambrosius Aurelianus, a mo-
dest man, who, of all the Roman Nation was
then alone in the confusion of this troubled
period by chance left alive. His parents,
who, for their merit were adorned with the
purple, had been slain in these same broils,
and now his progeny, in these our days,
although shamefully degenerated from the
worthiness of their ancestors, provoke to bat-
tle their cruel conquerors, and by the goodness
of God, obtain the victory."

There is more in the same strain, so that,
in spite of himself as it were, Gildas bears
witness to the wonderful recovery 6f the
country from its first disastrous overthrow by
the heathen. But the ulcer that was eating
away all that was brave and fair was the sin
of impurity, to which the wild and beautiful
romance of " King Arthur," by Sir Thomas
Mallory — which is but a collection and digest
of older legends — bears such grievous witness.

But perhaps after all the most noteworthy
fact in Gildas' writings is, his intimate ac-
quaintance with the Bible. His quotations
are from almost every book in it. He refers
to and quotes, in some cases copiously,
from Genesis, Exodus, Deuteronomy, Joshua,
Judges, Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Jeremiah,
Hosea, Joel, Amos, Micah, and indeed almost
all the prophets, as also from the Gospels and
Epistles. He quotes also from some of the
fathers, Ignatius, Polycarp, Basil Bishop of
Caesarea, etc. From each of these his gloomy
nature delights in drawing denunciations
against sinners. But Gildas' mournful dia-
tribes had little or no effect, and it is remark-
able that his copy of the Holy Scriptures was
not St. Jerome's — or the Vulgate.

For some time Gildas lived a hermit life on
one, or, perhaps passing from one to the other,
ot both of the two islets in the Bristol Chan-
nel, called respectively Ronech and Ecbin

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

i8i

the Steep and Flat Holms of the present
day. They are in truth but a continuation
of the Mendip range. It was here he wrote
his " De Excidio Britanniae.**

He returned at last to his old home at
Glastonbury, where he died, and was buried
about the year 581, or possibly later.

Authorities, William of Malnusbury^ Legends of King
Arthur^ Gildas' Works,

Note. — Will any reader of the Western Antiquary^
kindly tell me where I can obtain a sight of Locke's
Western /Rebellion.*'' It is quoted repeatedly by Macaulay,
but neither in the British Museum nor in the Guildhall
Library can I hear of it. If anyone who possesses a copy
would kindly lend it to me, I should be very grateful and
would return it speedily.

Charlotte G. Boger, St. Saviour's, Southwark, S.E.

* * *

DEVONSHIRE BIBLIOGRAPHY:—

Henry Roberts's ** Haigh for Deuonshire,"

1600.

BY W. B. RYE.

•T|rv EFERRING some time ago to an
I Y , entry in Lowndes* Bibliographer's
Manual (edit. Bohn), under the name
of '* Roberts Henry,** my eye rested on one
applying to Devonshire, which bore the early
date of 1600. I was curious to see whether
the title therein given had been introduced in
Davidson's Biblioiheca Devoniensis. Not finding
it noticed in that work, I made inquiry at the
British Museum whether a copy was in the
Library of that noble institution. The an-
swer being negative, I was led to suppose
either that the work in question was of exces-
sive rarity, or that there was some inaccuracy in
Lowndes' description. It is but very recently
that by the friendly aid of Mr. Graves, of the
British Museum, I have been gratified by
tracing a copy of Henry Roberts's Haigh for
Devonshire, in the splendid Library of Mr.
Christie-Miller, Britwell Court, Bucks, who
has kindly favoured me with a sight of this
precious volume, which its fortunate possessor
considers unique. It is a kind of novel , con-
tains twenty-six chapters, and is printed in
black letter. The title is as follows : —

f(

Haigh for Deuonshire. A pleasant Discourse of sixe
gallant Marchants of Deuonshire, their Liues, Aduentures
and Trauailes : with sundrie their rare showes and pas-
times shewed before the King in Exeter. Besides many
pretie mery Jeasls by themper formed, as well in forraine
Countries as in their owne. Very delyghtfull for the
Reader. Written l)y H. R. [Roberts, in the dedication.]
London : Printed by Thomas C> eede^ ami are to be sold at
his shop in Watlingstreete^ ouer atrainst the sign of the
Cocke, neare F'-iday-sireete, /6oo/^ sm. 4to.

It is dedicated '* To the worshipful! and
most toward Gentleman, accomplisht with all
vertues and graces of true Gentilitie, Henry
Cromwell, sonne and heire to the honoured
Oliuer Cromwell,* Esquire, high SherifFe of
the Counties of Cambridge and Huntington.*'
The author in this " Epistle Dedicatorie,"
says: —

" Faithfull subjects and good men in the Common-
wealth were these famous Marchants of whom I intreat,
wealthy, charitable, and honest. How pleasant, conceited,
or mery you find them in their wel ordered Jeasts, offend-
ing none, but desirous to do good to all."

This is followed by a leaf containing an
address " To the wel intending and courteous
Reader," commencing thus : —

"Amongst many famous Marchants inhabiting the
Westerne confines of this fertile lie, there was dwelling
neer and in the renowned City of Exeter, Totnes, Ply-
mouth, Barnestable, and Tyverton, many of great substance,
as wealthy for vertuc as rich in coyne and credit : such they
were as for pelfe passed not, niggard nesse came not neere
their mansions : their gates to the stranger alwayes opened,
and their liberall hands releeved the poore. Two of
which famous Marchants, viz. William and Oliver, had
residence in Exeter, Walter in Totnes, Otho in Plymouth,
John in Barnestable, and Robert in Tyverton.*'

Next, two pages and a half of verse, begin-
ning : —

** In Stories olde,
It hath bene tolde,
That many a P*ranion,
And boone companion.
In this Land dwelled,
Which in vertue excelled.
♦ ♦ ♦

In Devon there dwelled.
As fame telled.
Gallants most brave,
Valiant, wise, and grave.
As few now-a-dayes

* Uncle aad godfather of the future Protector.

1 82

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

That every wayes

With them might compare,

Men excellent rare," &c., &c.

The Merchants go to Bourdeaux to see the
manner of the vintage, hoping to fall in there
with some of their countrymen of Devonshire,
♦* and with them to frolicke." They meet
with many adventures; passing through the
Forest of Ardine^^ they are attacked by out-
laws, and are afterwards lodged in the Nun-
nery of St. Bennites in Roane (Rouen), and
cured of their wounds by the Lady Abbess.
Three of them return to Bordeaux, the others
to England.

Chfpter VI. treats of ** How William, after
his return to England, traded for himself in
the Citie of Exeter, and wooed a wife"
[named yone] , gaining the general good opin-
ion of the whole city.

Chapter VII. — ** How James, William's ser-
vant, abused his Maister to Joane, hindering
their love." " Divers Marchants of Exeter,
William's very good friendes, being ready to
put to sea, invited (as their custome is)
their familiar acquaintance to their parting
banquet."

Chapter X. — The six Merchants journey to
Bristow — to the " Faire for St. James:" they
fall in with a company of gamesters who quit
them of ** all their coyne.'*

Chapter XL — They proceed on their journey
to Bath, Wells, Bridgewater, over the "down
called Poldonne, a place often frequented with
such as lighten honest travellers of their
monies." They are attacked and robbed, but
William, "shewing a Devonshire tricke," lays
one of them flat on his back.

Chapter XII. tells how the Merchants of
Exeter equipped at Dorthmouth (Dartmouth),
twelve ships against the Frenchmen.

Chapter Z/F.— " How the King's Army
marched to Exeter to relieve the Citie, be-
sieged by the Cornish Rebelles."

Chapter XV. — " How William and his com-
panions, to make the King sport, challenged

• "Well, this is the forest of ATden."^See As you
like t^, ii, 4^ which was written in this very y«ar» l6oa

all commers at wrestling, foote-bal, and
hurling.'* These loyal subjects of Exeter, in-
tending to show ** their countries accustomed
exercises of activitie,'* challenged 24 men of
Devon to 24 of Cornwall. William and his
friends, dressed in coats of black velvet with
chains of gold, *' marched on to the Greene
called Southing-Hay, without the Citie walles."
The Devonians triumphed, and were highly
praised and rewarded by the King, who ad-
judged the honours to the Exeter citizens.
On the third day there was a game of Football,
when one Gentleman of Devon was unfor-
tunately slain " with a fall from a loftie man's
armes." The King caused the Gentleman to
be interred with great pomp, **and gave the
prize ever after to Devonshire and Cornwall
for those exercises which continue them
matchlesse to this day." After the sports
above described, the Cardinal — then Legate
from the Pope — ^who was in the King's train,
left the city, and to honour him, " the loyal
citizens of Exeter accompanied him out of the
city as far as the Stones — marks of the City's
liberties." By way of a joke they engage to
conduct his Holiness ''as far as the Gallowes —
meaning a place of execution, distant from
the Citie a myle and better." The Cardinal
treats the ioke pleasantly and takes his leave,
and returning to the city the Exonians told
the King what had happened, " who tooke
great pleasure therein, and often would use in
merriment the parting of the Cardinall with
the Citizens, who a weeke after feasted his
Highnesse and his traine, and so with great
thankes left them."

The subsequent chapters treat of the Mer-
chants' Adventures in Spain.

The author, Henry Roberts, was a citizen
of London, and appears to have held some
employment relating to Irish affairs. He is
the author of several other works, which are
enumerated by Lowndes : two of these are in
verse, and refer to Sir Francis Drake's ex-
pedition in 1585. He was evidently well
acquainted with the Western Counties and
the manners and customs of their inhabitants.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

183

It is not improbable that he was related to
James Roberts, who printed the first editions
of Shakespeare's *^ Merchant of Venice^* and
the ^* Midsummer Nighfs Dream,'' both of the
date 1600. Thomas Creede, the printer of
Haigh for Deuonshirey likewise printed several
early editions of Shakespeare's plays.

THOMAS HOI.LOWAY, PILL MAKER
' AND PHILANTHROPIST.

BY GEORGE C. BOASE.

IDG not know that it is on record, that
any native of the county of Devoa,
ever gave away a million of money in
charity, and even with respect to Sir Francis
Drake's oft-spoken-of gift of the water to the
town of Plymouth, there has been much dis-
cussion as to whether he was quite disinterested
in his motives on that occasion. I am, how-
ever, now going to write of a Devonshire man,
who did give away a million of money in
charity, who having become rich still remained
humble-minded, never sought any advance-
ment in public life, never attempted to enter
into what is called "society," and died as he had
lived, a hard-working single-minded individual.
That he did not confer any benefit on his
native place, seems, as will be presently
shown, to have been no fault of his own,
and his conduct in dealing with his pills and
ointment, will not appear to the general reader
to be more open to question than that of
many medical men in respect to their own pet
theories of diseases and their fanciful reme-
dies in dealing with the same.

In the last years of the eighteenth century
there was residing in Devonport, then called
Plymouth Dock, a Mr. HoUoway, who had
been a warrant officer in a militia regiment,
but had retired from the service, and was the
proprietor of a small business. He was either
a Cornishman or had a Cornish connection,
and married a Miss Chellew, the daughter of
a farmer at Trelyan, in Lelant. He had
several children, one of whom was Thomas, the

subject of this memoir, who was born at
Devonport, in the year 1800. Mr. Hollo-
way senior, was a baker in Fore Street, but
after some years had passed, he removed to
Penzance, and became landlord of the ** Turk's
Head " inn, in Chapel Street, where it is
believed that he resided during the remain-
der of his life.

Young Thomas Holloway was educated in
the town of Camborne, and then under Mr.
John Spashat at Penzance, until the year 181 6,
having in the meantime been also instructed
in playing the violin under Mr. Lawrance, a
Dane then living in the town. After the decease
of his father, in conjunction with his mother
and his brother Henry, he kept a grocery and
bakery shop in the Market Place, Penzance.
About the year 1828, he removed to London
and the accounts differ as to his next employ-
ment, he is said to have worked as a carpenter,
to have been in an office in Budge Row, to
have acted as an interpreter and secretary to a
gentleman, and to have held other situations.
However this may be, certain it is that in
1836, Mr. Thomas Holloway was residing at
13, Broad Street Buildings, in the city of
London, as a merchant and foreign commer-
cial agent. In the following year we also find
a Mr. Felix Albinolo at 23, Earl Street, Fins-
bury, ** the proprietor of Albinolo's ointment
and vendor of Leeches," who in 1838, removed
curiously enough to 23, Earl Street, Black-
friars. Previously to this, Mr. Holloway had
become acquainted with Albinolo and had
introduced him to Mr. Travers, of St.
Thomas's Hospital, as the inventor of an
ointment said to be remarkably efficacious
in curing ulcers and similar affections. The
ointment was tried in the hospital, and being
found very similar to the ordinary cerate
of wax and olive oil, Mr. Travers refused
to give any testimonial concerning it. Mr.
Joseph Henry Green of the same hospital, by
whose dressers the ointment had been tried,
gave a letter respecting it, and an extract
from this letter was made to assume the
appearance of a testimonial in favour of the

i84

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

ointment, and was inserted as an advertise-
ment in the papers. Mr. Green was much
annoyed at his name being associated with
this patent preparation, and threatened to
appl)' to the Court of Chancery to stop the
further publication of his name. In 1839,
Mr. Felix Albinolo became an insolvent, and
on 9 October, in that year, was the inhabitant
of a debtors' prison. Mr. Albinolo's name
then disappeared from the list of patent
medicine agents, and it is important to note
that immediately afterwards the name of ** Mr.
Thomas HoUoway, patent medicine warehouse,
244 Strand," appears in the London Directory.
Mr. HoUoway has left it on record that his
first advertisement appeared 15 October, 1837,
but some further information is necessary to
explain thfe statement, which we are not in a
position to afford. It has been said that in
1838, he spent ;^i,ooo in having his remedies
illustrated by scenes and tricks, and mentioned
by name in the London pantomimes and that
this fact gave the first great impulse to his
business. Previously to this and soon after
hif arrival in London, he had married Miss
Jane Driver. The dates respecting Albinolo
which are matter of fact, so curiously coincide
with dates mentioned in connection with the
career of Mr. Holloway, that one is almost
inclined to think that Felix Albinolo was
simply a trade name used by the latter
person.

It was Mr. Hollo way's rule from the com-
mencement to spend judiciously all the money
he could spare in publicity. His advertising
at first, it would seem, did not benefit him in
any appreciable way, though, after a time, his
ointment began to be inquired for to a slight
extent by the public. As he states in the
advertisement already mentioned ** My pills
and ointment for a considerable time obtained
little or no favour," and he used to visit the
docks in order to bring them under the notice
of captains of ships and passengers sailing to
all parts of the world. All his advertising and
all his exertions, however, did not avail him
much and he got into commercial difficulties.
His creditors were newspaper proprietors,

who had trusted him largely on the strength
of a reputation he had made at the com-
mencement of his business career, by paying
cash down for the advertisements he inserted.
He ultimately arranged with his creditors for
the payment of a composition, and it is re-
ported that some years afterwards he repaid
the generosity thus exercised towards him, by
settling in full (with a bonus of 10 per cent,
added), the claims of all his old creditors,
except those of a few who had declined to
sanction the composition.

Holloway's motto was nil despcraiidum, and
he seems to have speedily got into business
again. He is next found at 244, Strand, a
shop, a few doors west of Temple Bar, on the
site where the Law Courts now stand. Work-
ing without any assistance except the help of
his wife, Mr. Holloway used to devote his
whole energies to his business from four
o'clock in the morning until ten at night.
Occasionally, in later years the successful
man in referring to this period of building up
his business, would remark ** if I had then
offered the business to anyone as a gift, they
would not have accepted it." But to adversity
succeeded prosperity, and judicious advertising
testified to the ability of the Press to work
wonders. He was a man of the most exact
business habits, accurate, precise, most meth-
odical in everything, and as keen as a hawk in
matters of business. A very peculiar man,
he used to pay his people in his warehouse
every day. Mr. Holloway was honourably dis-
tinguished by an anxiety to conduct his affairs
on ready money principles. He would not
even allow his solicitors' bill to run for many
weeks much less for many months. Ow^ing to
very frequent attempts to infringe his rights
in his trade marks and his name, he became
a very good friend to the legal profession.
During his first employment of workmen, he
was accustomed to pay them nightly in order
to ensure their return to work, after a time he
enquired if they would not prefer weekly pay-
ments, but they replied that they much better
liked the daily settlements, and on further
enquiry, it was found that the men had not

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

185

the inducement to spend their earnings on
themselves, instead of on their families like
those who had a weekly lump sum and spent
much of it in drink.

The pills and ointment in question have
now stood the test of many years, and have
been in constant use by immense numbers of
people, in our own colonies, and in many
foreign countries where ordinary medicines
have been difficult to procure, they have been
found to be most useful remedies, and as they
do not contain any very strong or poisonous
compounds no harm has ever arisen from their
use.

Mr. Holloway stated with regard to adver-
tising, that he commenced by spending ;^ioo
in a week, with the discouraging result of only
selling two pots of ointment. In 1842 he
spent ;^5,ooo in advertisements. In 1845,
;f 10,000. In i85i,/20,ooo. In i855,;^3o,ooo.
In 1864, ;^40,ooo. In 1882, ;^45,ooo; and at
the present time the amount paid for adver-
tising is about one thousand pounds every
week. Proper directions respecting the
method of using his pills and ointment were
translated into nearly every known tongue,
such as Chinese, Turkish, Armenian, Arabic,
and in most of the vernaculars of India, to-
gether with all the languages spoken on the
European continent. Prosperity did not
bring unlimited happiness to Mr. Holloway,
as in 1850 he found it necessary to take legal
proceedings against his brother, Henry Hollo-
way. In an affidavit he stated that he had
for some years sold pills and ointment at 244
Strand, under the name of ** Holloway's pills
and ointment," and had expended nearly
;f 150,000 in making them known and estab-
lishing a connexion for their sale. His brother
had recently commenced selling pills and oint-
ment at 210 Strand, under a similar descrip-
tion of ** H. HoUoway's pills and ointment."
The pill boxes and pots were similar in form
and the labels and wrappers were copied from
those used by himself. The Master of the
Rolls, on the 9 November in the year men-
tioned, granted an injunction against the

brother in these words — ** I think this as clear
and as plainly avowed a fraud as I ever knew,
defendant will not be allowed to practise a
fraud like that here complained of.*'

On 7 November, i860, he entered into an
agreement with a Swedish physician. Dr. Sil-
len, to introduce and advertise the pills and
ointment in France, for which service Sillen
was to receive £1 ,000. Dr. Sillen accordingly
went to Paris and obtained a patent for the
ointment only, under the title of " Pommade
dite Holloway.'* Under these circumstances,
Mr. Holloway refused to pay the Doctor, who
then brought an action against him in the Court
of Common Pleas, where a verdict was entered
for the plaintiff, with leave to the defendant to
move the court. The introduction of the pills
into France had been given up by the defen-
dant as hopeless, (llu Times, i December, 1862,
p. 11, col. 4, and 2 December, p. 10, col. 5.J

For many years Mr. Holloway was a great
holder of and speculator in stocks and shares,
he dared to deal in the most risky stocks, yet
his speculations were uniformly successful, so
that he made large sums to be added to the
great profits of his business. Mr. Holloway
always lived quietly, for many years he dwelt
above the shop in the Strand, which had been
extended gradually, and,at the time of removal
to 533 New Oxford Street in 1867, comprised
also two houses in the rear. Afterwards he lived
with his wife, in rooms above the large shop
in Oxford Street. Subsequently, when his
great prosperity led him to take a residence in
the country he lived in a quiet way, and even
at Sunninghill (where his grounds were very
prettily laid out) he possessed a very moderate
establishment. He was a plain living and
abstemious man, drinking nothing stronger
than claret and water.

Having become a wealthy man, it occured
to Mr. HoUoway's generous mind that he
ought to do something for his native town,
and he wrote to the Mayor and Corporation
of Devonport, offering on certain conditions,
to spend a large sum of money in founding a

1 86

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

charity in the neighbourhood. This offer, un-
fortunately, was not received in a gracious
manner by the municipal authorities of the
town by the Tamar, and the proposed benefit
was lost to them for ever. Mr. Holloway's
next intention was to bequeath by will the
money he had determined to devote to public
philanthropy; but Mr. Bowen May, solicitor
of Russell Square, London, suggested to him
the wisdom of carrying out his benevolent
schemes during his own lifetime, and shortly
after, Mr. Holloway, advised by Lord Shaftes-
bury, decided on building a Sanatorium, as a
hospital for the mentally afflicted of the lower
middle class. The erection of the Ladies'
College in memory of his wife, soon after fol-
lowed. In fulfilment of the ambition that
these structures should be the best in England,
Mr. George F. Martin, to whom these institu-
tions were given in charge, travelled through-
out Europe and America in order to obtain
for them model interiors, and to make them
architecturally excellent. The superintendence
of these two important institutions became
the second business of Mr. HoUoway's life, and
when their efficiency or adornment was con-
cerned, his customary principles of economy
failed to restrain him. He bought for the
College, for /'6,ooo, Sir Edwin Landseer's
" Man proposes and God disposes," and the
art gallery now contains pictures for which he
paid in the aggregate ;^i 00,000. A few words
may now be said about the business facts con-
nected with these charities. On 8 May, 1876,
he conveyed the land, 90 acres, at Mount Lee,
Egham Hill. Surrey, to Henry Driver, George
Martin, and David Chadwick, as trustees of
the Holloway College estate. On 5 August,
i88i, he conveyed to the same persons as
trustees, all the pictures and furniture then
and afterwards to be purchased for the use of
Holloway College. The amount expended
for the land, buildings, furniture, and pictures,
exceeds ;^4oo,ooo. On 25 Angust, 1883, he
vested in his brothers-in-law, George F. Martin
and Henry D. Driver, securities to the value
of ;f 300,000 for the completion and endow-
ment of the College. One-third to be em-

ployed in finishing the College buildings and
furniture, in providing a library, musical
instruments, etc. The remaining two-thirds
to be applied in establishing scholarships,
exhibitions and prizes, the payment of salaries
and general college expenses. On 1 1 October,
1883, he executed a deed, setting forth the
Founder's regulations. The management is
vested in 12 governors, consisting of 3 trustees
of the College estate, and 9 others to be ap-
pointed by the Founder. As vacancies occur,
they are to be filled up in rotation by the
Education Department of the Government,
one by the Senate of the University of Lon-
don, one by the Court of Aldermen of the City
of London, one by the Corporation of Windsor,
and one by the Corporation of Reading. The
four other governors to be co-optative.

Until his wife's death at Sunninghill, Berk-
shire, on 25 September, 1875, when she was in
her sixty-first year, he used to come up to the
Oxford Street establishment regularly every
day and he maintained the entire control over
his business to the day of his death, his chief
representative being Mr. Henry D. Driver.
Although, after his wife's death, which he
took much to heart, he came onlj'' rarely to
his house of business, he was kept daily in-
formed of the state of affairs, and only two
days before his decease, he had business letters
under his consideration. At this time, with-
out counting various branches of out -door
assistance, there were nearly one hundred
hands employed in his shop and warehouse,
and he was then making a clear profit of
about ;^5o,ooo per annum firom the pills and
ointment. He died at his residence at Titten-
hurst, Sunninghill, Berkshire, 26 December,
1883, in his eighty-fourth year, and was buried
in St. Michael's churchyard, Sunninghill, in a
vault already containing the remains of his
wife and of his sister. His will dated 11
October, 1883, was proved by George F.
Martin and Henry D. Driver, executors on 16
January, 1884, for the sum of ;^55o,o6i 8s. 2d.
besides the freehold property which is consi-
derable. The Government received on this
amount 3 per cent, for probate duty, and 10

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

187

per cent, for legacy duty, and will also obtain
10 per cent, for succession duty on the free-
hold property. Mr, HoUoway left everything,
including his business, to Miss Mary Ann
Driver, his wife's sister, it being understood
that she would continue to carry out Mr.
Holloway's desires in regard to the disposal
of some portions of the money. It appears
now to be ascertained that Mr. HoUoway,
during his lifetime, gave large sums for
benevolent purposes on condition that the
name of the donor should not be made known.
A portrait of Mr. HoUoway was inserted in
the Ihustrated London News, of 5 January, 1884.
By deed poll enrolled in the Court of Chan-
cery, 20 February, 1884, Henry Diggs Driver,
of 78 (originally known as No. 533) New
Oxford Street, abandoned the name of Diggs
and took surname of HoUoway after that of
Driver, and on the same date George Frederic
Martin abandoned the name of Frederic and
took the surname of Holloway after that of
Martin, on the occasion of their taking over
the management and possibly the proprietor-
ship of the business of their late relative.
The executors in carrying out the wishes of
the deceased, called together, on 8 January,
1884, ^^ ^^ clerks of the establishment in
New Oxford Street, and announced to them
that the heads of the departments would each
be presented with a cheque for ;f 100, with an
advance of ;^30 per ann., and that the other
members were to receive sums of money and
an increase of salary proportionate to their
time of service.

No comment is needed on the life and
character of Mr. Holloway; a person who
makes money in a public business and then
in an unselfish manner, devotes the greater
part of the amount to benevolent purposes,
cannot be otherwise than a good man, and
he will, we believe, henceforth be classed
amongst The Worthies of Devon.

London Society, for February, 1885, contains an interest-
ing article^ entitled — "A Gossip About Naval Aflfeiirs."
With an Engraving of Boehm's Statue of Sir Francis
Drake, erected on Plymouth Hoe.

THE ANCIENT COMPANIES OF
THE CITY OF EXETER.

BY P. F ROWSELL, EXETER.

* ^ I * SHORT account of the various trade
|r1 companies that have existed in
Exeter, may perhaps be of interest
to the readers of the WtsUrn Antiquary,

The formation of fraternities in connection
with the city of Exeter, dates back to Anglo-
Saxon times, and from that period to the
present similiar companies, although in varied
forms, have been in existence. The oldest
one known was formed with the consent of
the bishop and canons, and was composed of
18 members, who undertook the association
in mutual fraternity.*

Another, an account of which has been
already given in these columns, was established
by the fraternity " for the love of God asd
our souls' need.'* (Vol. II. Pages 145 & 188.)

These companies greatly increased in num-
ber after the Conquest, and in the twelfth
century many of the trades were granted, by
the king, charters of incorporation by which
they received great and exclusive priviliges.

The mayor, bailififs and common council of
Exeter, exercised the power of licensing trade
guilds from an early date, and it is from the
time of their incorporation by the city that
the Exeter trade guilds usually date.

(i.) The Cordwainers, The first company
incorporated under the common seal of the
city was that composed of the Cordwainers
and Curriers, in 1387. In 1458 a dispute
arose between this company and the Tuckers,
as to their rank in the mayor's processions.
It was at length decided that they were of
equal dignity, and were for the future ordered
to walk abreast hand in hand, one of each
company in the show. Their charter was re-
newed in 1481 and again in 1555.

(2.) The Glovers, The Glovers and Skin-
ners were incorporated in 1462, and they
ordered that none of their fraternity should

* Turner's History of tho Anglo-Saxons^ Vol. III. p. 96.

1 88

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

sell any goods made by foreigners (not free-
men of the city?), under penalty to pay for
each offence twenty shillings. They were
granted a renewal of their charter in 1482
and again in 1560.

(3.) The Tailors, The Taylors were first in-
corporated in 1466, but instead of obtaining
their charter from the mayor and council, as
the other companies had done, they applied
to and received it from the king. This gave
rise to a dispute between them and the coun-
cil, and it was not until three years had passed
that it was settled, when their charter was
renewed by the city (1469). It was again
renewed in 1555 and 1580.

(4.) The Bakers, The Bakers were first in-
corporated under the common seal of the city
in 1482. Previous to this date a Company of
Bakers existed in Exeter, for both Izacke and
Jenkins mention ** the master and company of
Bakers" in 1428. Probably they had received^
a charter of incorporation firom the king.

Their charter was renewed in 1554. In 1558
they presented one of their company to be
their master, who was not a freeman of the
city, and for this offence, we are told " they
were fined."

In the Albert Memorial Museum may be
seen some of the trade emblems that formerly
belonged to this company.

(5.) The Barhets, The Barber-Surgeons
were incorporated by the city in 1487. As we
have no account of a Company of Grocers
or Apothecaries, and also, as we have no re-
cord of the renewal of the Barbers' charter,
it would seem probable that at this early date,
the one company included them all, as was
the case in the City of London.

(6.) The Weavers, A charter incorporating
the Weavers and Fullers was granted under
common seal of the city in 1490.*

* A iQ06t interesting account of this Company, and
ako of the Merchant Adventurers, by W. Cotton, Esq.,
P.S.A., appeared in the TrcMsactions of the Devonshire
AssadatuiM.\n^i&l2^ under the title of—" Some account of
the Ancient Guilds of the city of Exon."

. A renewal of their charter was granted in
1602. This is the only guild that has lasted
until the present day, but of course the power
it once exercised is gone. The members still
elect, yearly, their master and wardens, but
the chief business of the guild appears to be
the distribution of certain charities. Their
place of meeting on Fore Street Hill, was
formerly a chapel, dedicated to St. Mary of the
Assumption, and was first used by them in
1602. On the gate may be seen the arms
of the company together with the motto: —
Lahor lahori laborem addit, '< Labour adds
labour to labour."

(7.) The Haberdashers, A charter incorpo-
rating the Haberdashers, Cappers and Felt-
makers (Hatters), was granted under the com-
mon seal of the city in 1494. It was renewed
in 1562. In a house at the comer of North
Street, over the kitchen chimney is a wood
panel which bears the date 147.8, and a
coat of arms, said to be those of the Hatters'
Company Whether they are so or not I
cannot say, but from the hat at the bottom,
I am inclined to think they are. The date
probably refers to the formation of the Hat-
ters' Company, before they were united with
the Haberdashers and Cappers to form the
Haberdashers' Company ; and it seems likely
that the house was at one time used as a place
of meeting by them.

(8.) The Merchants, The Merchants or Mer-
chant Adventurers were incorporated under
the common seal of the city in 1556. •• They
were re-incorporated in 1560 by the name of a
governor and four consuls, in consideration of
which, the said company (then consisting of
49 persons) promised for themselves and their
successors to give and bestow to twelve poor
and impotent men of the city, twelve frieze
gowns, viz.: — to each of them one, at the
feast of All Saints, for ever." — This Company
did not last after the Revolution.

(9.) The Smiths. A charter incorporating
the Smiths, Cutlers, and Saddlers was granted
under the seal of the city in 1560. It was
renewed in 1607.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

189

(10.) The Coopers, The Coopers and Hell-
yars (Slaters) were incorporated under the
common seal of the city in 1566.

(11.) The Butchers. A charter incorporating
the Butchers was granted by the city in 1575.
A Company of Butchers existed in the city
long before this date, for Izacke mentions them
in 1437. This may be explained in the same
manner as the reference to the Bakers' Com-
pany has been, and indeed has been shown in
the case of the Tailors. In 1592 several mem-
bers of this company were imprisoned for
disturbing the Markets and taking away the
** victuals of the foreign butchers."

(12.) The Brewers. A charter of incorpo-
ration was granted to the Brewers in 1579.

(13.) The Painters. A charter incorporating
the Painters, Joiners, Carpenters, Masons,
and Glaisers was granted by the city in 1586.
Izacke gives the date as 1602, but probably
this was a renewal of their charter, for Mr.
Cotton, in the paper previously referred to,
says ** there is a copy of their grant from the
mayor, etc., in the muniment room, in MS.,
and it contains a curious and elaborate
petition by the fraternity, dated 29th March,
1586."

Izacke, in his ** Remarkable Antiquities of
the City of Exeter," gives a list of the various
trade guilds, together with their arms and
mottoes ; therefore it has been thought by the
writer hardly necessary to give them in this
short notice.

Although the foregoing notes put forward
little claim with regard to new matter, it is
hoped that in this condensed and collected
form, they may be not altogether unacceptable
to the readers of the Western A ntiquary.

A CURIOSITY in journalism has reached us vid Suez,
being copies of two single sheet " Newspapers," published
on board s.s. ** Iberia," by our old subscriber and corres-
pondent, Mr. C. Wood, of Saltash, now on his way to the
Antipodes. Mr, Wood took with him a small printing-
press and fount of type, with the intention of printing a
paper during the voyage. ** A Light on the Ocean Wave,"
is therefore the outcome of his enterprise. We wish Mr.
Wood and his fiunily every success in their new home.

xi

41 flotea. <•

Sir Walter Raleigh in Wiltshire, —Amongst
old country mansions connected with the life and mis-
fortunes of the excellent Sir Walter Raleigh is a fine
old brick-built mansion, standing near Corsley Church.
It was anciently the Manor-house of Whiteborn?, and
I expect occupies the site of an earlier one built by
one of the Kingstons. The arms of this family may still
be seen — in an excellent state of preservation — over the
principal entrance from the road or highway. Sable^ guttee
(Ceau^ a litni rampant or, A few miles away stood the
Hospital for Leprous Maidens, which Manasseh Besset
had founded in 1154. Following the example of some of
his neighbours, William de Corseleigh was so charitably
disposed as to grant to the '* Prior, Brethren, and Sisters
of Maiden Bradley," a portion of his lands at Whitebome,
including the old manorial residence. It continued to be-
long to the Hospital till 36 Henry VIII., when religious
houses were dissolved and their lands found new owners.
Richard Andrews, of Hayle, and Nicholas Temple obtained
a good share of this Hospital's endowments. However,
some of their acquired lands they disposed of, and for
Whitbome Manor-house and its appurtenances they found
a generous purchaser in Sir John Thynne, Knt, who had
recently settled down in Wiltshire, and is known as the
founder of Magnificent Longleat, the seat of his lineal
descendant, John Alexander Thynne, 4th Marquess of
Bath. Sir John Thynne's first wife was Christian, sister
and heir to Sir Thomas Gresham, the founder of Gres-
ham College, and who built the first Royal Exchange
in London. Some time after her death the gallant knight
wedded Dorothy, daughter of Sir Wm. Wroughton, of
Broadhinton, co. Wilts. Dame Dorothy Thynne lost her
good husband on May 21, 1580. A few days after, a long
funeral train started from Longleat following the body of
its late lord and founder in a wagon (there were no
hearses then), to the old church of Longbridge Deverill.
** At his funeral 60 gowns were given to so many poor men.
61 mourning suits were given to so many servants ; also
cloaks were given to a great number of gentlemen for
mourning gowns." Heralds with pennons, and men carry-
ing escutcheons were in that train. Dame Dorothy had
been most generously and handsomely provided for in her
late husband's will. Sir John had bequeathed to her the
third part of all his plate and household stuff at Longleat,
and Corsley, in Wilts. Included in this dower was the fine
old mansion at Whitebome, to which she probably retired
shortly after the death of her husband. However, it was
not to be thought of, that a lady possessed of such ample
means and owning such high and honourable family con-
nections should long remain unsought for. Mr. Carew
Raleigh, a Devonshire gentleman of good repute and of
ancient lineage, wooed and won the hand of the rich
widow, and I expect spent a portion of his life beneath
the finely gabled roof of Whitebome Mansion. Carew
Raleigh's famous brother. Sir Walter, was at this time lire-

igo

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

quently at the Court of Queen Elizabeth. There he
would meet Catherine Thjmne, the step-daughter of his
brother Carew, and her friend Elizabeth Throckmorton,
both Maids of Honour to the Queen. The good and gentle
Elizabeth captivated his noble heart. He paid her niarked
attentions and offered himself in marriage to her. It was
now that he felt the resentment of his Royal Mistress,
whose jealously he had excited, and whose imperious tem-
per he could not afford to irritate or set at defiance. He
(wise man and faithful lover) found it convenient and
prudent to withdraw quietly for awhile from the Queen's
presence. And what spot more suitable for calm and un-
disturl)ed retreat than this remote Wiltshire home of
Carew and Dorothy Raleigh? Here, it is said, Walter
Raleigh lived for some time the life of a country gentleman.
Corsley people will tell you to this day, that he used to
stroll abroad in the parish and sometimes call at the village
inn (perhaps the White Hart or Cross Keys), and take his
cup of home-brewed ale and smoke his pipe. It was on
one of those visits, —

" That taking out his pipe and lighting it, in a room
by himself, the Landlord was so frightened at what he
saw, and the smoke coming out of his mouth without his
being discomposed at it, that on his leaving the house
and asking what be had to pay, the Landlord refused to
take the money, concluding that he must be an emissary
from the r^ons of eternal fire.'*

I see no reason for doubting the truth of this legend ;
we may reasonably believe that the landlord and his
friends, according to the superstitious credulity of that
time would be persuaded in their minds that the visitor
was an enchanter. The interior of the old mansion where
Raleigh sojourned still retains some of its originality in the
interior. In the spacious hall may be seen the massive
oak table, which has borne the burden of many a banquet
and the feastings of old English hospitality. The mullioned
and transomed windows still remain, but the old family
portraits no longer look down upon you as you pace
through that hall, neither are there the old fire dogs
supporting the blazing logs of wood. But amidst all the
changes the memory of Sir Walter Raleigh dwells there
and lends a charm to the spot. Like so many houses of
its kind, the old mansion of the Kingstons and their suc-
cessors has, for years, been a fine old English farm-house,
furnished and surrounded with mcxlem comforts and
modem ideas.

There are, still living, Kingstons who bear for their
arms : — Sadie guUde d*eau, a lion rampatU^ or^ and, for all
that I know, they may be able to trace their genealogy
down from that Sir John de Kingston, who owned the
manor of Whitebome when the ill-fated Edward of Carnar-
von was King of England. — (1307-1327.)

One of Sir Walter Raleigh's most intimate and
gincere Wiltshire friends was Sir Walter Long, Knight,

of South Wraxhall House, whose wife was Catherine,
daughter of Sir John Thynne, of Longleat, and of White-
borne Manor-house, Corsley.

A curious anecdote is told of Lady Catherine's
second marriage, which quaint old Aubrey, the Antiquaiy,
had better repeat in his own words in the Western
Antiquary : —

'*Sir Walter Long's widow did make a solemn promise
to him on his death bed, that she would not marry after
his decease. But not long after, one Sir (Edw.) Fox, a
very beautiful young gentleman, did win her love ; so that
notwithstandng her promise aforesaid, she married him.
She married at South Wraxhall, where the picture of Sir
Walter hung over the parlour door, as it doth now at Draycot
As Sir (Edw.) Fox led his bride by the hand from the
church (which is near the house) into the parlour, the
string of the picture broke, and the picture fell on her
shoulder, and cracked in the fall (it was painted on wood
as the fashion was it those days) ; this made her ladyship
reflect on her promise and drew some tears from her eyes."
Sir Edward Fox, Knight, was of Gwemoga, Montgomery-
shire.

Sir Walter Raleigh initiated his friend in the use of
the *' fragrant weed," who soon introduced the fashion of
smoking amongst the gentry of Wiltshire. The parties
which assembled in the stately Hall of the old mansion at
South Wraxhall, probably used one pipe (perhaps silver),
which was passed round to those who wished to indulge in
the new fashion of tasting tobacco.

As the habit of smoking became more common, wal-
nut shells were used instead of silver pipes, and the smoker
often drew his whiff from the nutshell bowl through a reed
or piece of wheaten straw. J. Whiticarsh.

A Preventive of Toothache.— Some 20 yean
ago I was rebuilding the nave of my church, acting myseli
as the architect. There was, on the south side of the nave,
an ugly and nearly ruinous mortuary chapel, belonging to
the manor house, which adjoined the churchyard. This
had long been used as a vestry, and it was now determined
to take it down, with the approval of the lord of the
manor, and to build a vestry elsewhere. It was connected
with the nave by an arch, beneath which lay a grave-stooe
recording the death of the last resident lord of the manor,
about 150 years before, at the age of about 40. I was
going from home for a few days ; and in giving instructions
to my mason about taking down the old building and re-
storing the wall at the arch, I observed that in going down
for a foundation, he would probably find in the lord of the
manor's grave, considerable remains, which I desired him to
bury decently in a little grave within side the wall.

On my return, I enquired what he had found in the
grave, when he told me he had found a perfect skeleton and
bad made a nice little vault inside the wall as I directed,
and buried the bones of the poor lord; " but " he addedi

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

19*

"my chaps served the jaws of 'en bad, for he'd got a per-
fect cage of teeth, and they bite 'em all out of his jaws,
and spat 'em in upon his bones, and I couldn't stop 'em
till they'd a bite out every tooth." I was perfectly aston-
ished, and asked what what could have induced them to
do so disgusting a thing? " Why Sir," he replied, ** Don't
you know, that if you meet'h with a dead man's jaws with
a perfect cage of teeth in 'em, and bite out only one tooth
ril, jTOull never have the tooth-ache ? But I s'pose they
thought 'twas better to waJke furt, and so they never
stopped till they'd a bite 'em all out."

I have since heard that the same superstition prevails
in the East of Devon and in the North of England.

John C. D. Yule, m.a.
Priestcot, Brandis Comer, N. Devon.

V nf nf

Old Street Names. — Plymouth readers of the IV, A,
may be interested in the long endurance of local names
evidenced by a Latin deed now before me. It is engrossed
on a dilapidated piece of parchment (iiin. x8in.) to which
the label is still appendant, though the seal is lost Dated
at Plymouth, 20 January (?) 15 H. viii. (1523), it witnesses
that William Randell (presumably the William Rundell of
Mr. Worth's list of mayors), in consideration of ;f 20,
grants to Elias Elford, a messuage Sec with garden adja-
cent within the borough of Plymouth, in the street called
Kyntthury Strttty between the tenement of William
Chopyn, on the north, and tenements late of Thomas
Bonde, Robert Bovy, and of the said W. Randell on the
south, and a garden of Richard Chomplyn and " Caunterie

de " (the Chauntry of — ^?), on the west and the said

street (vico vocat 'Kyntesburystrete) on the east. The
first witness named is John Bovy then mayor, (Johe Bovy
tunc maiore burgi p'dict'). R. D.

Exeter.

* * *

The Town-crier of the borough of St Ives is indig-
nant that a letter delivered to him, bearing the Manchester
postmark, should have this address: — "C. Paynter, Esq.,
town-crier, bill-sticker, travellingnewsmonger, and borough
poet, blacking and blacklead merchant, teetotal spouter
and wind raiser, care of his master, Mr. White, St. Ives,
Cornwall." The Municipal Revieto, Jan. 21, 1885.

* * *

Folk Lore of Pig Killing. — A superstitious story
comes from South Molton. "A certain person made
arrangements to have a pig killed at a given hour in the
morning, at which hour the butcher arrived. The owner
wished to postpone the deed until a later hour of the same
day. The butcher was unable to comply with the request
to grant poor piggy a brief respite, and asked what were
the extenuating circumstances. The reply was that at the
later hour it was the " growing of the moon," and that if
pig^ were disposed of then, the meat would take salt and
keep better than if it were killed at any other time. The
batcher, being a man of business and oommon-sense,
refused to accept evidence of that sort, and dispatched

the porker without more ado. This superstition is said
to exist largely in the neighbourhood of South Molton."

An Old Watchman.— " At South Molton, a few
days ago, a well-known character died at the advanced
age of 87. John Bridgeman was the last of the night-
watchmen, or bellmen, employed by the Council, which
office he resigned about fifty years ago. It was the duty of
this officer to keep watch over the town, and at about mid-
night to ring his large bell and inform the inhabitants what
time it was, and whether it was a starry night, or a frosty
night, or a rainy night. It was part of the bellman's duty
to whip convicted offenders, and about sixty years ago they
used to be whipped in public on a market day and tied to
a cart, which was driven through the streets. The last
who was whipped in the town was a boy, who was chastised
in this way by Bridgeman's predecessor in office, who had
a wooden leg, with which he hopped through the street^
whipping the boy at the cart-tail — ^a good picture for a
pictorial humorist."

I clipped these two notices from an Exeter newspaper,
dated 6th January, 1885. Harry Hems, m.s.a.

Fair Park, Exeter.

* * *

Johnson Centenary. — Although Dr. Johnson's cen-
tenary was not observed in Plymouth, his history is not
unconnected with that town and the neighbouring town of
Devonport (Dock) ; for he visited the neighbourhood and
took a warm interest in the controversy between Plymouth
and Plymouth Dock, particularly respecting the water
supply. An account may be found in Boswell's Life af
Johnson, The republication of the history of the squabble
between the Plymouth people and the ** Dockers" would
be amusing, but scarcely edifying. W. S. L. S.

•J* 1* •P

John Herring.— Now that the story of our Devon-
shire novelist. Rev. S. Baring-Gould, "John Herring"
is so popular, it may be interesting to mention a real Sir
John Herring, who was connected with the ancestor of
some of our Devonshire folk. Sir John Herring had a
daughter, who was put in a convent as a nun. The young
lady was not so good as she seemed, for she managed to
get to a farm near where she had assignations with a young
. gentleman. The indignant father, John Herring, found her
out, and in a rage one night set the house on fire with the
erring damsel and her Romeo in it The consequences
were fatal. They were burnt or suffocated to death.
Justice demanded punishment. Sir John Herring was in
peril, both from the King and the Church. In his straits
he applied to his friend William Somerville, Baron of
Linton, who kindly mediated for him, and got him out of
his scrape. But there were suspicions that SomerviUe's
sympathy was not quite disinterested. John Herring had
a pretty daughter, aged 18, the beauty of the neighbour-
hood. Somerville then 48, offered to the fiur girl and
neither she nor her fieither could refuse, so about the time
when John Herring was reconciled to Church and King his
pretty daughter became Lady Somerville.

192

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Exeter.— Perhaps Exeter men may not be alwajrs
aware of the great historic interest attaching to their ever
faithful city, which neither Lincoln, nor York, nor Chester,
nor Norwich, nor Worcester, nor Gloucester, nor even Can-
terbury itself can quite rival. ** It has," Mr. Freeman truly
says, *'a peculiar interest of its own, in which it stands
alone among the cities of England. It is one of the few ties
which directly bind the Englishman to the Roman and the
Briton." Originally a British hill fort, it was a Roman
fortress, an ancient Romano-British capital (long the capital
of Danmonium), a mediaeval cathedral city, a little urbs of
the far west. No city in England has such a continuity as
Exeter. W. S. L. S.

"Dr William Pryce and Emanuel Da Costa.

" Redruth 7th Deer. 1778.
«« Dr. Sir

**I have observed that long since your first vol. of Con-
chology has been published of wch I have no other
information but through the St James's Chronicle. When
this comes to your hands I hope you will send a coloured
copy of the work to Mr James Phillips printer George yard,
Lombard street, who will pack & send it to me with some
other books by the next waggon. I long to congratulate
you on the success of your publication in which you may
trust my sincerity, as the feelings of a brother in the same
predicament, one actuated by the same principles viz : the
love of fame and the desire of gain. All the Reviewers
have honoured my treatise with their approbation, for
which no doubt I am very much indebted to their Worships.

** I am much indebted to you for your introduction of
me to the correspondence of Mr Waring, I think him one
of the most friendly sensible gentlemen who think proper
to communicate with me and hope I shall never regret his
addition to the small list of my friends.

** Mr Soper of St Columb has several large specimens
of single tin grains from Bohemia, one of them weighs six
ounces. They are the largest I ever saw, but as they are
foreign I apprehend Mr Giddy*s in my treatise must be
heaviest from Cornwall. I am, requesting again that you
will not forget to send the book, Pray let it be a coloured
copy. Your most olxit. hble. Servt.

"Wm. Pr)Te
"Mr Emanuel Da Costa, at Mr. Kettlewels
" Silk Dyer No 404 Strand
** London.
•* Post mark Truro 11 Dec. Postage 4d."

The above is a copy of a letter preserved in the British
Museum, and is in the Additional AfSS. 28541, fo/. 52.
The Mr. Waring mentioned was, no doubt, Richard Hill
Waring, Esq., of Leeswood, co. Flint. On the MS. is a
pencil memorandum, in the handwriting of E. Da Costa,
to this effect ^** Answered by conversation and by present-
ing him a plain copy." George C. Boasb.
I5f Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster.

.91 ^ueriee. <»

Proverbial Expression. — Can any light be thrown

on the following proverbial expression — Rather than (do so

and so) I'd shave my head, and go East ? It was used by

a Port Loe woman, about seven years ago, in my hearing.

Helstone. S. Rundle, Junr.

•jt iji ^*

Haselbury Charity. — The following is from the
i>Vestem Gazette^ for January 2, 1885 : —

** Haselbury Plucknett (Somerset) Charity. — On a
brass in the church the following is recorded : — *Mrs. Mary
Mountford gave the rent of a close of land in this parish,
called Newman's or woodland's close, containing two
acres and a half, for keeping her Vault Tomb, with the
inscription thereon, iron-railing and shoot, in repair for
ever : and the surplus to be distributed in Bread to the
poor of Haselbur)' by the Minister and Churchwardens
annually on St. Thomas's Day. No less than forty dozen
loaves were distributed on Tuesday." Perhaps some of
your Somersetshire correspondents may be able to give the
date of the establishment of this interesting charity.
Exeter. P. F. Rowsell.

* * ♦

Whim. — Drew, in Hist, of Cornwall^ Vol. X., p. 613,
furnishes the following derivation of this word : — " Whim
is the name of the machine used for drawing material from
the bottom of the mine. This (the whim) is said to have
derived its name from a gentleman, called Coster, who was
asked as to the meaning of some machinery that he vras
employed about. He replied, ' I have a whim in my head
and am trying to reduce it to practice.' This whim proved
to be the machine in question." Is this derivation correct,
or is to be placed in the same category as the ordinary one
of Lost-wiihiel. S. Rundle, Jdnr.

Helstone.

* * *

Gayzoking. — Have any of your readers ever heard
this word in the mouth of a Comi.sh person ?
Helstone. S. Rundle, Junr.

* * *

•

" Cruel."— In the dialogue between the Rector of a
parish in N.W. Devon, and Dick Stanlake the Sexton,
given in the note on "Chrisomers* Hill," occurs the phrase
** cruel rough weather," and also ^* cruel small cheeld."
On reading this I was reminded that my grandfather, an
old North Devon man, frequently used the word cruel in
conversation in the place of the word very^ for instance —
in speaking of a person whose voice was weak, he would
say : — *' That young man has a cruel small voice."

Since the death of my old grandsire, about 30 years ago,
I do not remember having noticed the expression until I saw
it revived in the pages of the fVeslem Antiquary,

Is the use of the word in such a connection peculiar to
North Devon, and how is it accounted for ?
Plymouth. John Taylor.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

193

HoLMAN. — Can any of your readers give me some
information respecting the children of Benjamin and Eliza-
beth Holman» of Ivybridge? All their children were
christened at Ermington Church. I should like to have a
list of births from 1821-42, and also the deaths of the
following children, viz. : — Louisa, Henry, and Elizabeth,
who died between 1821 and 1829. Or any information
respecting the family about that date. S. H. Holm an.
Exeter.

i9f ^ lih

WoLFERSTAN FAMILY.— According to B\uke*s Landed
Gtniry (original edition), Nicholas Wolferstan, one of the
family of Statfold Hall, Staffordshire, resided at Bury, co.
Devon. Was this Bury, the property of Admiral Bury ?
I presume too that he was the grandfather of Mary, wife
of the Rev. W. Chanter, of Hartland, and mother of the
Rev. J. M. Chanter, oC Ilfracombe. W. H. Kelland.

Barnstaple.

lit ifi ifi

Rural Tales of the Resuscitation of the
Dead. — Would it be worth collecting the various tales
floating about the country districts of Devon and Corn-
wall, respecting such supposed occurences ?

Some of these relating to certain families have al-
ready been noticed in your columns, and I should like to
ask if there is any better foundation than usual, in the case
of one related of Stokenham Churchyard ?

The tale as I heard it narrated was this :—

Nearly 4 years since, a person, then alx)ut 60 years of
age, pointing out a particular spot, said that when a boy
of twelve, he was engaged with his companions in a game
of Hare and Hounds, in the course of which, as he was
hiding in the churchyard, he was astonished to hear a
sound of knocking proceed from a newly made grave — the
interment which had taken place on the same morning.
Upon hearing the noise he immediately called the attention
of the Sexton to the circumstance, and that individual set
to work to disinter the coffin. In the end, it was found
that the supjsosed dead man, had recovered consciousness,
and made the sounds heard by the narrator at the time.
In conclusion we were informed that the buried man (said
to be named Pritchett), thus rescued from a premature
death, lived for 20 years afterwards, before being again
laid under the soil of the same churchyard.

' I ask particularly about this instance, because it seems
to afford many points to us 'hat investigation can be
brought to bear upon.

For example, is there any record, tombstone or other-
wise, of the burial about the time specified of a person of
the name given ? Is there any record of the same indi- •
vidual's subsequent burial ?

Supposing the name to be fictitious or erroneous, is
there any record in the register, or elsewhere, of the burial
of any single individual on two occasions at about the
dates of 1832 and 1852?

Surely we may expect the parish register to contain
some reference to so extraordinary a circumstance at the
time of the alleged resuscitation ; if it really did take place.

Will any of our readers in the special locality take the
trouble to investigate the matter and communicate the
results to your columns ? Devs. Junr.

* * "i"

Society for Encouraging Original Research. —
Is there any society in Plymouth for the encouragement of
Original Research ? I know you have your venerable and
much valued Plymouth Institution, which has done impor-
tant work in the past ; but from what I can understand, it
is at present more or less a lecturing institution, where
lectures of a higher class than those acceptable at the
Mechanics' Institute are delivered and discussed. But if
an archaeologist made a new find, or a botanist discovered a
new plant, or any small observation had been made
which could be related in ten minutes, I am not sure
that the Plymouth Institution would be a favourable society
before which to bring a short paper for discusion. In the
Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society, papers
are usually about 15 minutes long, and discussion is pretty
free. Of course, original discoveries cannot be exf)ected
every month, but it is usually supposed that papers should
not be compiled from books, and that the observations and
researches of the readers should l)e given. Cornish or
local topics are also given the preference, whether in
science or antiquities. The same plan prevails at the
Royal Institution of Cornwall, and indeed is usual in the
London Scientific Societies, where short papers on original
researches are encouraged. Penwith.

Christ Hubberd, of Padstow. —Thomas Holland,
Mayor of Dartmouth, to Secretary Cecil, "I send eight
papers and parchments with seals, found on some Spaniards '
who came in a ship of the Spanish fleet, 14 November last
(1589), who are now removed to Kirton. I have seen
Christ Hubberd, of Padstow, who was taken by the
Spaniards six years ago, carried to Mexico, thence to
Havana, where he was prisoner in the galleys till cast
away by weather ; he was thence sent to Spain, and was at
Porto Rico when Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins
were there ; thence to Seville ; he has served as volunteer
on Spanish ships in the West Indies, and was boatswain of
a Spanish ship at Cadiz when the Elarl of Essex was there.
He is coming to London to see his mother, Ann Halland,
of Wood Street. I will send any intelligence I may
gather from Spain if required. The post-masters of Ash-
burton and Exeter should have orders to convey my letters."
** State Papers, Domestic Series, ttmp, Elissabeth, 1598."
Is anything more known of Hubberd, for he must have seen
a great deal ot strange life and adventure if this story be
true ? He may have written his life and experiences with
his Spanish captors, but I do not find him alluded to in
the Bibliotheca Comubiensis, E. Parfitt,

Exeter.

194

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

♦ 'RepUea. ♦

Obsolete Words. — Venella, — ^Note at page 91 —
meaning of? Viculas, Angiportu, vi& stricdor, a narrow
street.

Fuller details will be found. — ^Maigne d*Amis, Du-
cange.

Ficages, — Page 96. Payments with town for permission
to erect booths at fair time. — Spellman.

Pontiles, —Fees for permission to feed swine in public
forests, woods, etc., and very likely by corruption in public
parks, fields, etc. — Spellman, Bailey, etc.

Portages. — Payments at the gate of a /town, a kind of
octroi. — ^Maigne d'Amis, j^^ Ducange?

PofUage^ — Bridge toll.— Bailey, Maigne d'Amis.

Murget or Murage. — Tax levied to keep the town wall
in repair.— Bailey, Spellman. Paul Q. Karkeek.

Torquay.

Obsolete Words. — (^i^., Oct., 1884.) Picage, —
Money paid at fairs for breaking the ground to set up
booths, stalls or stands.

Pannage, — (Law term.) The feeding of swine upon
mast in the woods, also money paid for sudr a license, also
a tax upon cloth. — Bailey.

In the manor of Ruislip, Middlesex, as stated in
Domesday Book, there were among other properties,
"pasture for the cattle of the manor, and a park for
b^ists of the forest. Pannage — ^there is for 1 ,500 hogs and
twenty pence rents". — Greater London^ Part 6, Cassell
and Co.

Portage. — Money paid for the carriage of Goods. —
Bailey.

Pontage.-^K contribution for the repairing and re-
edifying of Bridges, also a Bridge-toll. — Bailey.

il/wr^j.— (Not found.) G. T.

Exeter.

Obsolete Words. — (Vol. IV., Page 96.) In reply
to your correspondent M.V.Y.T. I send the following.

Picages. — In Ogilvie's Comprehensive Dictionary is
this, Piccage (Noun Pecker) money paid at &irs for
breaking ground for booths.

Panages, — The same authority says. Pannage, (Lat.
Panis), the money taken by agistors for the mast of the
king's forest.

Portages, — ^These may have been taxes paid by vessels
entering the port, from the Lat. Portus, or it may be that
they were tolls paid for passing gates from the Lat. Porta.

Pontages, — (Lat. Pons. Pontb) money or tolls paid on
bridges for repairs.

Murges, or Murages (Lat. Mums), money paid for
keeping walls in repair. P. F. Rowsell.

Exeter.

The " obsolete words *' to which your oorrespondent
(M.Y.Y.T., p. 96) draws attention are all mediaeval Latin
terms to express aids, contributions, or taxes levied for
various purposes, and are commonly met with in old deeds,
charters, etc Their explanation may be seen in Jacob's
Law Dictionary^ Cavell's Interpreter^ Les Termes de la
Ley (1641), Glossaries to Liher Alhus and Liber Custuma*
Hum Roll's Series), etc. The following is an abbreviated
rendering : —

Piccage, — Money paid in fairs for breaking up the
ground to set up booths or standings.

Pannage at Pnwnage, — Money taken by the agistors
for the feed of swine with the mast of the king's forest

Portage, — Porterage.

Pontage, — A contribution towards the nuuntenance or
re-building of bridges.

Murage, — A toll levied for the Imilding or repair of
the town walls.

They appear to have been somewhat elastic in actual
practice; e.g,•^ Pontage was sometimes levied on persons
passing in a boat under a bridge, as well as those who
passed over, while Murage was extended to include public
buildings. T. N. Brushfield, M.a

Budleigh-Salterton.

^ Jb ^

IIOGNER Bread. — ^This expression formed the subject
of a private enquiry made to me a short time since. From
the extracts sent, it appeared that the word "Hogner" is
always preceded in the Churchwardens* accounts by a
numeral I ; thus "Item fori 'hogner bread,'" or "hognor
bread," so much. The conclusion to which I (and I think
a friend whom I consulted) came to was, that 'hogner' or
Cho^ner' means the yearling of some animal, most pro-
bably a male calf, which has been subjected to the operation
that gives its name to a hog-pig, or a hog-colt With 'hog'
is associated the idea of 'hacking' or 'cutting.' Thus
hog-lambs means lambs of a year old, which have been
shorn : the 'h<^;ged' mane of a pony, a pony's mane which
has been cut; and so on. 'Hogginer,' 'hogen^,' or
' hognor,' is not mentioned by Prof. Skeat, in his Snpplem.
to 1st Edit"- of 'Etm. Dictionary,' just published, page
811; but 'hogat,' 'hogaster,' 'hoggerel,' 'hogUn,' are
given." There seems little doubt that the expression means
a yearling male calf that has been 'bred,' i,e, reared;
'bread' being merely a misspelling. J. B. D.

* * *

Lamburne (Lambourne). {Western Antiquary y
S. IV., Fart VI., Page 1 16.) Lamburne is in the Parish
of Perran-zabbloe, close to the present church.
Helstone. S. Rundle, June.

* * *

Worshipful and Right Worshipful. — ^The reply

of " R. D." (Vol. I, Page 39,) to the query •' A dty and

a county in itself," will in a certain degree answer the queiy

of " Plymouthian " on this subject. P. F. R.

Exeter.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

195

BuDDLB. — In Part ii., Fourtli Series of the H^esfem
Antiquary^ the Rer. M. Swabey, contends that Buddie
Lane and Buddie Park, in St. Thomas's Parish, near
Exeter, derive their name from the Budgell Family. I have
now before me the original deed by which the Earl of
Bedford conveyed the land on which I am now residing,
called Buddie Park, to one Richard Fry, of Exeter,
Yeoman. In this deed the land is called Buddie Parkes,
and the conveyance is dated Nov. 13, 1639. I presume
this fact disposes of Mr. Swabey's theory. The word
Buddie is an old word for a brook, and the name, or any
form of it will always be found attached to land intersected
by a rivulet or brook. So it is here. Wm. Everitt.

Buddie Park, St. Thomas*.

lii 4i 4>

Lord Mountjoy and Bbbrferrers (p. 117). — I
find the following respecting Dorothy Blount, 2nd wife of
William, Lord Mountjoy, k.g. : —

In Hutchin*8 Dorset ^ III., 7, she is daughter of Sir
Henry Keble, alderman of London.

In Baker's Northampton^ I., 659., she is again daugh-
ter of Henry Keble (here called Lord Mayor of London,
1 510), but she is the widow of William Brown (Lord
Mayor of London, 1507), and her Christian name is Alice.
However, there seems a little doubt as to her name, as
Lord Mountjoy is here stated to have had 3 wives, the 3rd
being Dorothy (?), no name given.

Mr. Rogers in his Sepulchral Effigies of North Devon,
p. 374, states Dorothy Brown as one of Lord Mountjoy*s
wives.

Lieut. 'Col. Vivian's Visitations of Devon^ p. 102, gives
Dorothy Grey as being wife of Lord Mountjoy.

Further evidence is wanted to show whether he had

two or three wives. There is no doubt about Elizabeth

Say being his first. . E. A. Fry.
King's Norton.

Lord Mountjoy. — Your valued correspondent, the
Rev. J. Ingle Dredge, has given the wives of Mountjoy
correctly. Dugdale was in error {Bar, i., 521). A few
mistakes, however, occur. Charles Blount, Lord Mount-
joy, was the son of the first wife, Elizabeth Say. Gertrude
and Catherine Blount were by the second wife, Alice,
daughter of Henry (not Sir) Kebyll, Lord Mayor of Lon-
don ; his will is dated 25 April, 1517 (P.C.C. Holder).
Dorothy, daughter of the third wife, married Sir R(^er ^
Bluet, of Devon (not John Blewett), and the above Charles
Blount, Lord Mountjoy, married Anne, the daughter of his
stepmother. Lady Dorothy, by her former husband, Lord
Willoughby de Broke.

The Bereferrers entry corroborates a conjecture inde-
pendently arrived at respecting the personal history of Sir
Francis Drake.

The above corrections are partly finom Francis Town-
send's (Windsor Herald) additions to Dugdale; partly from
my own researches.

Mr. Dredge has repeated all Lysons could say about
Tindal, the rector. He was the ancestor of Rapin's con-
tinuator, Tindal, who lies interred about a mile from
where I write, and I anticipate that a full pedigree will be
furnished by another correspondent. Our thanks are due to
Mr. Dredge for his account of Wakeham,
London. Wyvern Gules.

* * *

"Rearing" Supper.— If ** Devs. Junr.," had been
connected with the building trade, this designation would,
instead of surprising him, have probably brought to his
recollection many sunny memories of jovial feasts. A
rearing supper is a jollification given to all the men
employed upon a new building, as soon as the ridge is fixed
up>on the roof. It is a general trade term, and not merely a
local one. The members of the building and their associate
trades are very cosmop>oHtan ; and there are many ordinary
and accepted expressions amongst them, that probably
often strike outsiders as curious. As an illustration of
how communities of skilled artificers are brought together,
and of their Bohemian character, I may add, that out of
my staff of between 50 and 60 art-workers in Exeter, only
two are natives of this " ever faithful " city !
Fair Park, Exeter. Harry Hems, m.s.a.

»!* * *

Frog-moor, &c. — There is a Frog-well at Stockleigh

Pomeroy, Crediton, a little to the N.E. of the present

church. S. Rundle, Junr.

Helstone.

^ ^ ^

Ichabod W. Chauncy. — Your correspondent will
find a very full pedigree of the Chauncy family in Miscel-
lanea Genealogica, etc., edited by Dr. J. J. Howard, con-
tributed by Stephen Tucker, Esq. (Somerset Herald.)

Ichabod Chauncy, of Bristol, m.d., died 25, and was
buried at St. Phillip's, Bristol, 27 July, 1691, aged 56, but
I presume this is not the one he refers to, if so, however,
I shall be glad to give further particulars. G. T. W. M.

Southampton.

* * *

Dipping Rod—S. IV., Part 5, p. 96. So far is it
from the fact that the use of the divining rod is confined
to Devon or Cornwall, Hunt says (in his Introduction
to the Romances and Drolls of West Cormvall) that it was
unknown in Cornwall until the reign of Queen Elizabeth,
when it might have been introduced by the *' Duch minerall
man," whom Sir F. Godolphin brought over to instruct the
Cornish miners in new plans of dressing tin. Pryce, in his
Mineralogia Comubiensis, Ed. 1778, p. 113, traces the use
of the divining rod to the ancient sorcerers of Egypt,
adding that traces of its supernatural efficacy seem to be
hinted at in the legendary tales of Circe, Mercury and his
Caduceus, and some others. The divining rod is a well-
known agent for discovering water and minerals in Somer-
setshire and the Channel Isles. Sir W. Scott, in the
Antiquary, has a striking account of an attempted impos-
ture by a divining rod in the hands of a German, [Your
correspondent will therefore see that the divining rod is not

ig6

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

only not confined to Devon and Cornwall, but is not even
indigenous to these counties.] Pryce, Afin, Com. says
that there is no mention made of the dipping rod (as such,
until the eleventh century). Georgius Agricola (died 1555)
says that " the application of the enchanted, or divining to
metallic matters took its rise from magicians." The book
your correspondent mentions, was probably published in
connection with the corpuscular theory, which was said to
account for the action of the divining rod, as "the corpus-
cules that arise from the minerals enter into the divining
rod, and cause it to bend down in a parallel line with the
vertical lines which the effluvia cause to*arise." The cor-
puscular theory was very prevalent in France towards the
end of the seventeenth century. The divining or dipping
rod, is therefore, by no means indigenous to Cornwall.

Helstone. S. RUxVDLB.

* * *

Sir Matthew Wood, Bart. — {fi'.A, 4th S., 174).
It is a mistake to say that "as a reward for public services,
he was knighted by Her Majesty the Queen, in 1837 — her
first act of this kind." He was created a baronet Dec. 16,
1837. It is also, perhaps, a slight inaccuracy to say that
"he sat as member for that city [London] in nine succes-
sive parliaments, in the beginning of the present century ^
inasmuch as he was one of the representatives of London
in the nine successive parliaments preceding his death,
which took place so late as Sept. 25, 1843.
Clifton. B. H. Blacker, m.a.

•X* fP •2*

Brice. — The following entries are in a Latin Bible,
now in the possession of the Rev. Edward Grigson, Rector
of Whimburgh with Westfield, Norfolk :—

"Andrew Brice, Printer, the Son of Andrew Brice,
Shoemaker, was bom August the 21* 1692, in the House
where Mr. May Hellier now lives [1719] near the Butche-
row.

"Andrew Brice the first Son of Andrew Brice was

bom Aug. 19. 1714-

" Andrew the Second Son of Andrew Brice, Printer,
was bom on y« I3**> Day of August, 1717, being Tuesday
between 11 and 12 of the Clock at Noon in the upper
House adjoining the Black Lyons- Inn, in Southgate-street,
Exon ; and was baptized the 3<* Sunday following at
James's Meeting-house, by the Rcvd. Mr. Lavington.

"John, the 3** Son of Andrew Brice, was born on the
9»b of July 1 7 19, being Thursday, about ii a-Clock in the
Forenoon, in the House of Mr. Browning, in the Court
opposite to the Bear-Inn, in Southgate street, Exon ; and
was baptized by the Revd. Mr. James Peirce, in the said
House

" Sarah the 4»h Child (but first Daughter) of Andrew
Brice Printer aforesaid, was born March the 9*'* 17JJ, a little
past 7 a-Clock in the Morning, in the same House with
John last mentioned; and was baptized on Wednesday
Evening March 29* by the Revd. Mr. Joseph Hallet,
junr." Francis Grigson.

St. John's Wood, N.W.

Memorials of a Dissenting Chapd, its fonndatum
and worthies; being a sketch of the Rise of
Nonconformity in M'lnchester, and of the erecH$B
of the Chapel in Cross Street^ with notices of its
Ministers and Trustees. By Sir Thomas
Baker. London and Manchester, 1884.

An exceedingly valuable volume, for not only
does it contain memorials of the Cross Street
Chapel, but it embraces within its pages a
very full historical summary of the progress
of Nonconformity in the great manufacturing
city, of which the author, Sir Thomas Baker,
was recently Mayor, and in 1883, he received
the honour of knighthood for his public ser-
vices. The work contains numerous portraits
of ministers and prominent members of the
Nonconformist Churches, has biographical no-
tices of many eminent men, and is further
enriched by a copious list of '* Books, Sermons
and Pamphlets, by ministers of the chapel."
The author informs us in his Preface, that these
memorials are published in response to a re-
quest often made, and adds, ** perhaps it is
well that, amidst the onward progress of a
great city, some record should be preserved
of an interesting chapter of its history." We
cordially endorse this sentiment.

Exeter, during the Religious Persecutions and Re-
bellions, being a Religious History of the City
during a period ranging from the Rise of Wiclif
to the Accession of the Prince of Orange, By
T. J. NoRTHY. Plymouth : W. H. Luke,
Western Antiquary Office y 1884.

We have on several occasions called atten-
tion to Mr. Northy's work, and now congratu-
late him upon the production of a pamphlet,
which reflects credit upon the writer, and
adds one more to the many interesting his-
torical essays which have been written regard-
ing the ever faithful city, Mr. Northy has done
well to publish his lecture, and we trust he
will receive suflScient encouragement to war-
rant his carrying out the wish of his heart, to
publish a cheap ** Popular History of Exeter."

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

197

The History of th$ City of Exeter^ by the Rev,
George Oliver^ D.D.^ 1861. — Index. Compiled
by J. S. Attwood, Exeter, 1884.

We heartily commend this good work, so
satisfactorily completed by our correspondent,
and trust that other patient workers may be
found to take similar pains with other local
histories, which, however valuable in them-
selves, lose half their merit because insuf-
ficiently indexed. In these days when it may
truly be said "of the making of many books
there is no end," the student has not the time
or the inclination to plod through lengthy
volumes, when searching for a solitary fact
which, on reference to a carefully-prepared
Index, could be found in a minute.

Reminiscences of Travel in Australia^ America^ and
Egypt. By Richard Tangye. London :
Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1884.

The fact that this volume has reached its
fourth edition in so short a time is a sufficient
indication of its merit. Mr. Tangye, by sim-
ply jotting down a few notes from day to day
whilst on a trip around "this nether globe,"
has produced a book that will be read with
interest, by many who are not acquainted
with the writer and his remarkable career. We
are somewhat reminded, in glancing over its
pages, of the Voyage of the ^'Sunbeamy' while here
and there are flashes of meriment and wit
which recall Mark Twain's Tramp Abroad.
The illustrations, by E. C. Mountfort, are
numerous, and add much to the charm of the
book. Mr. Tangye's course was from Ply-
mouth to Victoria ; thence through Tasmania
and New South Wales. Then across the Pacific
to America; afterwards paying a visit to
Egypt. It may not be generally known
that Mr. Richard Tangye is head of the great
Cornwall Engineering Works, at Birmingham,
which has business relations with all parts of
the Colonies, and with America. We hope
the next time Mr. Tangye goes abroad that
he may note some further facts and present
them to the public.

Menhardoc : A Story of Cornish Nets and Mines.
By G. Manville Fenn. London: Blackie
and Son, 1885.

Years ago we became acquainted with the
writings of Mr. Fenn, through the medium of
his admirable series of Penny Readings' volumes.
We have read scores of his pieces, perhaps
hundreds of times, and found them always
effective. He is particularly happy in his de-
scriptive passages. Consequently we have
been delighted to renew acquaintance with a
favourite author, and to follow him in this
narrative, which, as its title states, relates to
two of the most notable and lucrative indus-
tries of Cornwall. In Menhardoc "our boys"
will find a tale of thrilling interest, and one
that will set them longing to seek adventures
on the wild Cornish coast, amongst the hardy
fishermen and miners. We are glad to see
that the mantle of the late W. H. G. Kingston
has fallen upon such good writers as Mr. G.
A. Henty and Mr. G. M. Fenn. We need
scarcely add that the book is beautifully prin-
ted and in tasteful covers, seeing that it comes
from so eminent a firm of publishers as Messrs.
Blackie & Son.

Out of the Depths. A Temperance Tale. By the
Rev. W. Evans Darby. London : Nelson
and Son, 1885.

This is another tale of the western land, for
although the names of places are fictitious,
there are sufficient indications of the locality
in which the scene is laid. Mr. Darby, who
is at present minister of a Congregational
Chapel in Plymouth, has produced a telling
narrative which ought to have considerable
influence for good amongst the rising genera-
tion. We commend this little volume to the
notice of those who are striving to inculcate
temperance principles in the minds of our
youth.

Harriet Martineau, By Mrs. F. Fen wick
Miller. London: W. H. Allen & Co.,
13, Waterloo Place, S.W., 1884.

We are very pleased to call attention to this
volume, one of the Eminent Women Series,

igS

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

/■

Edited by John H. Ingram. The volumes
already issued of this admirable series are
George Eliot ; Emily Bronte ; George Sand ;
Mary Lamb ; Maria Edgeworth ; Margaret
Fuller ; Elizabeth Fry ; Countess of Albany,
and the one before us.

Mrs. Miller's work bears evidence of patient
research, for it not only embodies all that was
published as an Autobiography in 1855, but con-
tains a record of the last twenty-one years of
Harriett Martineau's life, now for the first
time brought before the public. Further, some
of her letters are here published for the first
time, and they are singularly beautiful speci-
mens of their class. This volume is a memorial
of a woman who was deservedly respected
and honoured ; the great value of whose life
was to give us a splendid example of the
moral qualities which we should carry into
our widest sphere, and which we should display
in our public exertions. Every woman will be
the better for reading this work. Only one
thing we regret with regard to it, and that is
that the author has not appended a chrono-
logical list of Harriet Martineau's writings.
We speak in the interests of bibliography.

Bibliography: or. Books about Booksy their makings etc,^
including Alphabets^ Bookbindings Copyright^ Inky
Libraries, Newspapers, Periodicals, Printing, Writings
forming part of the Reference Department of Birming-
ham Free Library, Catalogued by J. W. MULLINS.
Birmingham : Jones, 1884.

Nearly four thousand books are here catalogued in a most
acceptable manner. Mr. MuUins has placed his colleagues
under a great obligation, as he has given them a very use-
ful handbook to a valuable department of literature. Not
only so, but as this Catalogue will be placed in nearly all
our Free Public Libraries, it is accessible to the public as
well as to those who are engaged in library administration.

^Biographical Notes relating to Cornwall, are being issued by

y^ the Editor of the Bibliotheca Comubiensis. No. 44,

brings up the Chronicle to include the well-known

names of Peard, Pearse, Pellew, Pender, Pendarves,

Pengelly, and others.

Our Antiquarian Exchanges comprise the following : —

Antiquary for February, (No. 62, Vol. XI.) has,
amongst other valuable articles, one " On the Insecurity
of English Coasts in the Past;" by G. B. Leathom.
The Western Coasts, of course, come in for their share of
attention. Antiquarian Magatine and Bibliographer.

Mrs. Boger contributes the second portion of her paper
on JCing Alfred in Somerset; — The Legend of St. Neot,
and Mr. Cornelius Walford continues his History of Gilds,
To Book-Lore, Lord Charles Bruce, M.P., contributes his
paper on the Althorp Library, read at the Dublin Meeting
ol the Library Association. Gloucestershire Notes and
Queries, has reached its twenty-fifth quarterly part, and
still maintains its position. The East Anglian, Part II. is
to hand. We trust its editor will receive sufficient en^
couragement to warrant his increasing the number of pages,
now limited to 16. The Manx Note-Book; a Quarterly
/oumal of Matters, Past and Present, connected wiih the
Isle of Man, Edited by A. W. Moore, M.A., Number I.
January, 1885. Price is. 3d. Douglas, G. H. Johnson.
If the style and general arrangement of this, the first part
of a new magazine, be sustained, the Manx Note-Book
will be a powerful rival to all its predecessors. It is admi-
rably printed, tastefully illustrated, carefully edited ; and
contains a mass of most valuable information. Fact and
Fiction, Edited by E. L. T. Harris- Bickford, Vol. I. No.
I, January, 1885. Bradford, Robinson. Although this
little aspirant for public favour professes to be "devotod to
Literature, Music, "Science, Art, the Drama, and Anti-
quarian Pursuits," we fear that it contains too little on
either of these topics to secure for it a large circulation or
long life. Parodies, Part 15, Vol. 2, contains Parodies of
the Works of English and American Authors, notably of
"The Raven," by Edgar Allen Poe. Clarendon Histori-
cal Society, New Series, No. II. contains a continuation of
" The Journal of King Edward's Reign,"

The following important works are also recently re-
ceived, notices of which are unavoidably held over to our
next number : —

The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hut-
chinson, Esq., 6fc., df*c. By Peter Orlando
Hutchinson. London: Sampson Low & Co.

The Evelyns in America ; compiled from Family Papers
and other Sources, 1608- 1805. Edited and Annotated
by G. D. Scull. Printed for Private Circulation by
Parker & Co., Oxford.

And also Dorothea Scott, otherwise Gotherson and Hogben,
of Egerton House, Kent, 1611-1680. By G. D. Scull.

* * *

j^ £ft)[iodrapbical flotee. ^

Messrs. E. & G. Goldsmid, of Edinburgh, are issuing
in monthly parts the Hakluyt Voyages, Part IV. is just
to hand, which brings the work up to 184 pages. This is
a very useful and moderately-priced edition of a valuable
work and ought to have a ready salei

Wb are pleased to note the growing interest in his-
torical, literary and geneuogical matters relating to the
western counties. In previous nambers we have called
attention to various bibliographical and historical works^
and we have now the satisfaction to announce as " in the
press and to be completed early in 1885, The VisitaHom

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

199

9f Somerset in 1^31 and jj'^j. Edited by Rev. F. W.
Weaver, m.a., Magd. Coll., Oxon." This book is not a
mere copy of the Visitations, but it contains many notes
and references to Collinson's 'Somerset,* Hoare's 'Wilts,*
Hutchins* 'Dorset,* Westcote*s 'Devon,* and to the
Visitations of those Counties, and also some pedigrees
from Sir Thomas Phillipps* Visitations of Somerset t a very
scarce book. In nearly all cases the Editor has given the
parish where a manor may be found. The work will be
privately printed, by Mr. W. Pollard, North Street,
Exeter, to whom intending subscribers should apply.
Price (to subscribers) 12/6, post free.

Merry England for August 1884, has a paper entitled—
Reminiscences of Devon^ by the Rev. J. F. Cornish, but
beyond a few local proverbial expressions there is little to
commend it to the notice of students of folk-lore.

In a very interesting and convenient form, Mr. W. H.
Luke, of Bedford Street, has recently issued a new snd
enlarged edition of his Illustrated Handbook to Plymouth,
Devonport, and Stonehouse. Starting with the Hoe, and
ending with Mount Edgcumbe, Mr. W. H. K. Wright,
who is the author, furnishes a comprehensive and reliable
description of all that is worth seeing among the local
lions. By following Mr. Wright in his perambulations the
visitor will with a minimum amount of trouble reach all
the points of beauty or interest in the Three Towns, and
will acquire at the same time an amount of local informa-
tion which without the assistance of the handbook could
hardly be obtained by a month of personal and unaided
research. The printed matter is prefaced by an admirable
map of the Three Towns, and the whole is published at
the comparatively small price of a shilling.
IVestem Morning News, February 13, 1885.

* * *

* ®ur 3llu0tration0. *

With the present number we issue two sheets of illus-
trations; one containing an engraving of what is con-
sidered the most authentic portrait of the great Devonshire
Admiral ; the other the arms granted to Drake by Queen
Elizabeth ; also a sketch of the Drake Memorial unveiled
on Plymouth Hoe, on February 14, 1884. We hope to
give some particulars respecting the portraits of Drake in
our next number, from the pen of our esteemed correspon-
dent, "Wyvern Gules.'* Our readers will find some
interesting papers relative to the Drake Arms in the first
Vol. of the IVestem Antiquary » The Drake portrait and
Drake Arms are inserted per favour of the Religious
Tract Society, who have supplied electros from blocks
used in their publications.

Wb hope to issue with our next number a portrait of
the late Thomas Holloway, in connection with the interest-
ing narrative by Mr. G. C. Boase, which appears in the
present part ; and also a sheet of Arms of the City Trade
Companies, to illustrate the article on that subject, by Mr.
P. F. Rowsell.

* CorrcaponDcncc^ ♦

THE WALLS OF EXETER.
Dear Sir,

Mr. E. A. Freeman, who is Professor of Modem His-
tory at Oxford, &c., &c., has an advertisement out for a
book, to be published by Midsummer, on Exeter. May I
have your aid in soliciting help from you with regard to
the Walls of Exeter ? A note from yourself, or a publica-
tion in the columns of the IVestem Antiquary of my
enquiry, may supply much more information than I have
been able to gather.

Was not Exeter in her earlier days a twin city with the
skirt line of her walls decidedly divided ?

Was not the Rougemont Castle eminence the centre of
one wall, and the hill near St. David's Church the centre
of the other ?

Did not this wholly exclude the Cathedral; and in
Mr. E. Parfitt's notice of St. Sativola, pp. 38& 39, of your
first volume, does not the reference to the Ancient
Martyrology of Exeter Cathedral, Augusti 2, Britannia,
"Foras murum Civitatis Exonie Sancta Seviola Virginis et
Martyris," refer to the wall of the Rougemont Eastern
Gate?

The conditions under which Exeter was defended in
earlier days had changed considerably by the year 1067 ;
and I ask for any dates which may limit accurately the
times when additional ground was taken within the walls?

Also a plan of the walls given by Lysons in his article,
in the Afajpta Britannia^ on Exeter, may suggest to your-
self, or to some of your readers, further and pertinent
observations.

I am, yours faithfully,

Reginald H. Barnes.
Heavitree Vicarage, Exeter.

[We trust that some of our Exeter antiqusurian corres-
pondents will follow up this interesting topic. Editor.]

Kelland Family.— February 2, 1885. With respect
to the notes of a '*Genealogist" in your last issue, that gentle-
man can refer to a previous number of the Antiquary for
a pedigree of the Lapford Kellands from Mr. Lyne. A
comparison in print of the relative rank of families would
be a tedious and invidious task ; but, as to the family being
small yeomen, "Genealogist** is certainly in error. A
reference to the Domesday Book, or Return of Owners of
Land, 1873, published in 1875, ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ Kelland
family, of Lapford, possess 1,703 acres i rood 27 perches,
of the gross estimated rental of ;f 1,865 ^-i while the
representatives of P. Saunder (who succeeded under the
will of P. Kelland, Lapford Court, 1850), possess 331 acres
I rood 37 perches, of the gross estimated rental of
;f403 13s. "Another Genealogist.**

ERRATUM.

Page 177, col. 2, line 10, for "Testament** read
" Testimonium,** the abbreviated form commonly adopted;
" Test.,'* having probably caused the mistake*

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THE

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OR,

*Rote*:l6ooh for H)evon, Cornwall anb Somerset.

No. lo.]

MARCH, 1885.

[Vol. 4.

ENGLISH CHANGES OF CELTIC
CORNISH NAMES.

BY FRED. W. P. JAGO.

•■•'^URING the long period that the an-
j^J cient Cornish language was gradually
decaying, many names of farms, fields,
hills, valley's, etc., underwent a curious change;
old Cornish names took an English form, and
the original meanings of many of them have
been completely lost.

Under this process the old words have
assumed a phonetic disguise in English, and
Celtic Cornish names, which are very descrip-
tive, and were easily understood by the old
Cornish people, have become quite metamor-
phosed by English use and interpretation.

The following list is given as an illustration
of the constancy with which names are handed
down from generation to generation. It will,
however, be seen that such names, permanent
as they are in themselves, rapidly lose their
true signification when they become a part of
another language. Such has been the fate of
a very large number of Celtic Cornish names
of places.

In the examples given below, the definitions
are mostly according to Dr. Bannister, but
with some variations. (See his Glossary of
Cornish Names.)

Although many names of places admit of
various explanations, yet the following list
will afford singular instances of the phonetic
changes of Cornish names into English —
a mere glance will show how utterly differ-
ent th^ English names are from the Celtic

Cornish terms and meanings. All the words
in the following list have been compared with
those of the ArcluBologia Cornu-Britannica of
Pryce, and the Lexicon Cornu-BritannicuM of
Williams. The spelling of the latter has been
generally followed.

Arrow Park. — Garow Park. The rough park
or field : from garow, rough, pare, a field or
close.

Bacchus Park. — Bagas Park. The bush park

or field : from hagas, bush, pare, a field or
close.

Bacon Park. — Beehan Park. The little park
or field : from beehan, little, small, pare, a
field or close.

Barbary. — Bar bre. The top of the hill : from
bar, the top or summit, bre, a hill, a mountain.

Beagle Moor. — Bigal Moor. The shepherd's
moor or common : from bigal, shepherd.

Bean Park. — Byhan Park. The little park or
field : from byhan, little, small, pare, a field.

Billows Field. — Pilcz Field. The bare field:
from pilez, bare, bald.

Bliss Park. — Pilez Park. The bare or barren
field : from pilez, bare, bald.

Blue Park. — Flew Park. The parish park
or field : from plew, parish, pare, a close or
field.

Bolster. — Bol tir. The earth pit: from bol^
a pit, a hole, tir, land, earth, soil, ground.

Bony. — A Celtic Cornish word for an axe, a

hatchet.
Boosy. — Boudshi. A cow-house.

Brandy. — Bran ty. The crow's house : from
bran, a crow, ty or ti, a house.

202

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Bugle lnn^—Bugti Inn. The herdsman's or

shepherd's inn : from bugel, a herdsman or

shepherd.
Button. — Bod oon. The dwelHng-house on

the down or common : from bod, a dweUing-

house, oon or gwon, a down, common, or

field.
Camel Field. — Cammen Field. The path

field : from cammen, a way, a path ; or, the

chamomile field. Chamomile flowers are

called camels in Cornwall.
Cane Vh^K.—Kein Park. The ridge park or

field : from hein, the ridge of a hill, pare, a

field.
Cavil Ci.osE.—Kevil Close. The horse field :

from kevil, a horse.
Channel Croft. — Tshei an hal Croft. The

moor-house croft: from ishei, house, hal,

moor.
Chin Park.— C^>/ wyn Park. The white house

park or field : from chy, house, wyn, white,

pare, a field.
Coal Park.— Caol Park. The cabbage close

or field.: from cool or caul, cabbage, pare, a

close or field.
Cod Park.— Caul Park. The wood close or

field : from coid, a wood.

Cold Harbour.— Co/ ar burg. The narrow

neck over the camp : from col, a neck, ar,

over, above, upon.
Come to Good. — Cum ty coed. The wood

house valley; from cum, valley, ty or it,

house, coed, a wood.
Coney Ear. — Goony hir. The long down or

common : from goon, a down, hir, long.
Cornhill. — Carn heul. The sun rock: from

cam, a rock, keul, the sun.

Cotton. — Coit oon. The down or commons
wood : from coit or coed, wood, oon, goon, or
won, a down.

Cracker. — Carrag hir. The long stone : from
carrag, a rock or stone, hir, long.

Cut Fark.— Coit Park. The wood park or
field: from coit, coid, coed, or cuit, a wood,
pare, a field.

Darkey. — Dour chy. Water house : from dour,

water, chy, a house.
Dice Meadow. — Diz Meadow. The people's

meadow : from dis or diz, the people.

Dinah's Hill. — Dinus Hill. The fort hill:
from dims, a fort, fortress, fortified town, a
city.

Dipper Park. — Dippa Park. The pit close or
field : from dippa, a pit, pare, a field.

Door Downs. — Dour Downs. Water downs:

from dour, water.
Dorcas. — Dor cus. The forest or wood land:

from dor, land, cus, a forest.
Dower Park. — Dour Park. The water park

or field : from dour, water, pare, a field.

Dry Field. — Adri Field. The home field:
from adri, homewards.

Gallows Park. — Golez Park. The lowest, or
bottom close or field : from golis or gokz,
the bottom, the lowest part.

Gold Arrows. — Gweal daras. The field by
the door : from gweal, field, daras, door.

Good Grace. — Coed cres. The middle wood:
from coed, sl wood, cris, middle.

Goose Ford. — Ciis fordh. The way by the
wood : from cUs, wood, fordh, a way.

Groan Field. — Grow or growan Field. The
sand field": from grow or growan, sand, gravel.

Grouse Croft. — Crows Croft. The cross field :

from crows, a cross.
Grumbler. — Grambla. A climbing place : from

grambla, to climb.

Gull's Park. — GoUs Park. The bottom close
or field : from goUs, the bottom, the lowest
part.

Gun. — Goon. The down or common.

Gun Park. — Goon Park. The down park or
common : from goon, a down, pare, a field or
close.

Gun Pool. — Goon Pool. The down pool, or
pool on the common : from goon, down or
common, pol^ pond, pool, stagnant water.

Hawkey's Praise. — Hawkey's pros. Hawk-
ey's meadow : from prds^ a meadow.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

203

Kissing Close. — Kesan Close. The turf close,
or field : from kesan j a turf, a sod.

Lawyer. — Lau hit. Long hand : from lau,
hand, hit, long.

Laugher. — Lan veor. The great enclosure :
from Ian, inclosuro (also, a church), veor,
great.

LosTwiTHiEL. — Les uthifi, or -uhei. The high
court or hall: from its, a court, a hall, uthiei,
uihel/, ukelf high.

Maiden Bower. — Maenveur. The great stone :
from maeUt stone, veur, great.

Manacles. — Maen eghs. The church rock :
from maen, rock or stone, eglos, church.

Man of War. — Maen veur. The great stone :
from maen, stone, veur, great.

Men Park. — Maen Park. The stone park or
field : from maetiy a stone, pare, a close or
field.

Merry Maidens. — Meur tneyn. The great
stones : from meur, great, tneyn, stones.

Nine Maidens. — Naw meyn. The nine stones:
from imw, nine, meyn, stones.

One and All (a place so named). — Gwon an
haL The moor field : from gwon, field, hal,
a moor.

One Field. — Oon Field. The down field :
from oon or goon, a down or common.

Parsley (Park). — Park isella. The lower field
or close : from pare, a field, isella, lower.

Paul Pry. — Pol Pry. Muddy pool : from pol,
pool, /W or pry, earth, clay.

Peach Field. — Beck field. The little field :
from hechan, little, small.

Penny Ball. — Pen y Bal, The head of the
mine : from pen, head, extremity, summit,
bal, a mine, a parcel of Tinworks.

Penny-come-quick. — Pen y cum gwic. The
head (or end) of the creek-coomb : from pen,
the head or end, cum, a coomb or valley,
and gwic, a creek or inlet of the sea.

Pericles Cove. — Portk eglos Cove. The
church cove: from porth, a port, a bay,
eghs, a church.

Pitch Park. — Beck Park. The little field or
close : from beckan, little, small.

Player. — Pol keir. The battle pool ; or Pol kir,
the long pool : from pol, a pool, keir, battle,
or kir, long.

Poll Brandy. — Pol bran ti. The crow house
pool : from pol, a pool, bran, a crow, ti or ty,
a house.

Poll Brown. — Pol bruin. The rush pool:
from pol, a pool, bruin, a rush.

Policy. — Pol Issey. St. Issey's pool.

Poll Park. — Pol pare. The field pool: from
pol, a pool, pare, a close or field.

Poll Fry.— Poll pri. Muddy pool : from pol,
pool, pri, clay or mud.

Poll Quick. — Pol gwic. The village pool or
creek : from pol, a pool, gwic, a village, a
creek.

Poll Rose. — Pol ros. The wheel pit : from
pol, a pit, ros, a wheel.

Proclaim. — Pare clam. The footbridge field :
from pare, a field, clam, a footbridge.

Pull Main. — Pol maen, — The stone pit : from
pol, a pit, maen, a stone.

Purgatory. — Pare a dourie. The watery park
or field : from pare, field, dour, water.

Purse Hill. — Pare isal. The low close or
field : from pare, a field, isal, low.

PussEY. — Pos Hay. The post close : from pos,
a post.

Queen Park. — Gwin Park. The white field :
from pare, a field, gwin, white.

jReader. — Rid kir. The long ford : from rid
or ryd, a ford, kir, long.

Red Tye. — Rid ty. The house ford : from rid
or ryd, a ford, ty, a house.

Rosy. — Ros kay. The net field : from ros, a

net.
Shake's Moor. — Shag*s moor : from skagga^

a shag or cormorant.

Skin Field. — Heskin¥ie\d, The sedge field :
from kesken^ sedge.

Tar Park. — Dar Park. The oak close or field :
from dar, an oak tree.

204

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Tinker's Lake. — Tan caer Lake. The fire
castle lake : from tan, fire, caer, a castle.

Toddy Well. — The tadpole well : from tom-
toddy, a tadpole.

Try Corner Field. — Tri Corner Field. Three
corner field : from tri, three.

Turkey Park. — Dourgi Park. The otter close
or field : from dourgi, an otter pare, a field

TuRNAVORE. — Tur7i an veur. The great tower:
from tur, a tower, veur, great.

Turn a Penny. — Turnupan Hay. The tnmip
field : from turnupan, a turnip.

Well Man. — Gweal maen. The stone field :
from gweaL a field, maen, a stone.

Whistle Park. — Isel Park. The low field :
from isel, low, pare, a close or field.

* * *

RECUEIL AND RATIONALE OF

PLYMOUTH APPARITIONS ;

OLD AND NEW.

BY SYDNEY SMITH.

^yi i -^HEN a few months ago, without much
^J[^JJ^ premeditation, I promised to under-
take this paper, it did not occur to
me that such a subject was rather ** a big
thing," as the Americans say. In occult
matters especially ** conditions " are every-
thing, and I fear I am unable to fulfil the
necessary conditions even to write upon such
a grave question. For in the first place, one
must needs be an octogenarian (and I cannot
lay half-claim thereto), and secondly, the
required octogenarian should be also a ver-
itable repository of well-authenticated ghost
stories. A ** well authenticated ghost story ''
to most people is an anomaly — ** quite an
irregular thing," which has no value in point
of evidence, serving only to amuse or terrify.
As to the actual witnesses of ghostly doings —
an ** over-wrought imagination " beautifully
(explains the rest. But the Imagination itself
is a Fact, whose source is identical with
that from whence spring all the phenomena
of daily life — the Spirit and Energy of toiling

Manhood — out of which the Fphysically] "dead
man'* is practically for ever removed. Hence
then Apparitions, or putting-in of appearances,
by some means, after due quittance from the
body. Science declares this to be impossible,
but Science has declared in times past a great
many things to be impossible which are now
in familiar daily use. Scientists as a body
when questioned concerning the possibility of
the life hereafter will not utterly deny it, yet
at the same time, they determinately set their
faces against the least attempt at affirmation
or demonstration from their own (the scientific)
point of view. On the other hand too. The-
ology pronounces it to be a matter of faith,
and that research is forbidden. Still the
belief in supernatural agencies — in dreams and
disturbances, ghosts and grimness, portents
and presentiments — continues in the world
based upon a daily accumulating foundation
of historical fact, amidst much that is mis-
leading through false impression, exaggeration,
and, natural tendencies. To account for such
occurrences people quote Hamlet's declara-
tion : —

** There are more things in heav*n and earth, Horatio,
Than are dreamt of in our philosophy."

or the indisputable opinion of Dr. Johnson, in
Rasselas : —

** That the dead are seen no more, I will not under-
take to maintain against the concurrent and unvaried testi-
mony of all ages, and of all nations. There is no people
rude or learned, among whom apparitions of the dead are
not related and believed. This opinion, which perhaps
prevails as far as human nature is diffused, could become
universal only by its truth : those that never heard of one
another, would not have agreed in a tale which nothing but
experience can make credible. That it is doubted by single
cavillers can very little weaken the generil evidence ; and
some who deny it with their tongues confess it by their
fears."

To mention the sentiment of Fear will carry
us in thought at once, beyond the domain of
Material Fact, into a region purely Spiritual,
wherein the Affections and Passions, which
combine to form our various shades of charac-
ter, predominate and serve to mark the
distinctions between, and the identity of,
every man within and without the body.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY,

205

In the spiritual world which surrounds this
earth, Man in Progression may most certainly
be perceived, and differing but little from what
he was when dwelling in the ** house of cla)'.*'
Still we must be wary in drawing conclusions
from individual instances we may meet with,
possibly, too near at hand. It is unwise to
judge of a house by a single brick. It would
be equally so were an inhabitant of another
planet, who should visit us for the purpose of
studying our humanity, to pronounce mankind
alike depraved and unenlightened, because he
had only an opportunity of inspecting ** the
dark places of the earth."

Speaking once more as. regards Fear in the
progress of research into these matters, I am
fully aware of the existence and diffident
nature of the Nicodemus Club. Notwith-
standing, for our general encouragement, let
it be noted that the Society for Psychical
Research have at length decided ** there are
such things as ghosts after all.'* * Further, our
Editor, in noticing Mr. John H. Ingram's
second volume on Haunted Homes and Family
Tradiiions, declares the realms of Ghost-land "
to be ** vast and largely unexplored," and
invites contributions to this class of literature
from West of England sources, so I cannot
do better than conclude my tedious introduc-
tion and offer some account of: —

The Haunted House on Richmond Hill,

Plymouth.

Before commencing my story, I think it will
be well to show that Mr. W. H. K. Wright
was quite correct, when in the course of
his lecture on ** Plymouth Street-names,"
Novemb=ir, 1883, he stated that York-street
was once known as Richmond Hill. In
Vol. III. of the Western Antiquary, p. 195, a
correspondent, **E.G.B.," asserts that "York-
street and Richmond-street are of compara-
tively recent origin." This gentleman does
not positively deny Mr. Wright's statement,
but submits, if such were the case, ** there
must have been two Richmond Hills in Ply-
mouth." In proof of this he goes on to
mention a certain auction-bill, which, if pro-

produced, will by no means detract from- the
fame of the original locality. Richard III.,
despite his exclamation, — " I think there be
six Richmonds in the field," discovered his
error and the original Richmond in good time,
as this may be to show that " hearsay
evidence " is not always misleading.

In the Devon and Cornwall section of the
Plymouth Free Public Library, I chanced to
find the exact information wanted in the
following little work : — Tlu Plymouth, Plymouth-
Dock, Stonehouse, Morice-Town,and Stoke Directory,
S»c, By N. Taperell. Printed by E. Nettle-
ton, 57, Market-street, Plymouth, 1822. Under
the heading of ** Places of Public Worship,"
there is mention of the ** Richmond-st.
Meeting House," with a ** Rev. Mr. Seabrook"
as preacher ; amongst other entries may be
found " Clouter, Richard, grocer, Richmond-
st."; *' Crimp, John, vict. (Richmond Inn)
Richmond-hill"; ** Adams, J. E., builder and
surveyor, Richmond-hill," etc. The name
" York " and the district of " New-town " are

also mentioned, e.g., ** Bennett, , professor

of music and organist, York-buildings, New-
town." In Brindley's. Directory for 1830 we
find an entry — ** Adams, J. E., Surveyor, &c.,
37, York-st." ; Russell-street also is mentioned,
which shows that at this distant period the
localities of Barrack-street and Richmond-hill
were re-named. Therefore, ** E.G.B." must
have been labouring under a misapprehension
when writing his note upon ** the compara-
tively recent origin of these streets," since the
change dates back to a time when my own
grandfather (who died years before I was
born) was a young man residing in the neigh-
bourhood.

York-street turn at night-time does not
present a very cheerful as|>ect, and it can
well be imagined what a dreary place it was
some sixty-three or four years ago. Then
it was called Richmond-hill and but few
houses stood upon it. Our house (it makes
me shudder even now to think of it) was
next to Adams the surveyor's. How different
the neighbourhood is from what it was. Fields

2o6

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

"were in front and at the back of the house.
A dismal place in which to introduce a young
and newly- wedded bride. I was just sixteen,
and always a nervous girl, given to walking
in my sleep when I was very little, and
always dreaming — true dreams they were too :
money I have found and warnings I have
given times out of number. — How did I know
how to find things I dreamt about ? Well, I
can't explain exactly — but I used to go and
look, and sure enough — more often than not —
there Pd find something. But about the haunt-
ed house. — Well ! We had not lived there
many weeks, before I began to feel very
depressed in spirits. There were always
noises of a strange kind in one part of the
house or another, and more particularly when
I was aloiie. My husband said it was * 'rats'* ;
another time it was * all my foolishness.* By-
and-bye I grew quite miserable, the noises
becoming more frequent. The sounds \vere
not loud, and you couldn't hit upon the exact
place where they came from. We could both
hear them at last, and my husband talked of
selling the house as soon as ever he could.
People in those days used to retire to rest
earlier than they do now, and one night — a
very stormy one — we had gone to bed before
nine o'clock. The gusts of wind and patter-
ing rain without, seemed to keep me awake.
Suddenly I thought I heard footsteps on the
stairs — and then — a sound as if some person
had fallen over them. I screamed out and
awoke my husband and told him thieves were
in the house. Most unwillingly, to my sur-
prise, he got up and dressed, only to quickly
return, saying all was safe and undisturbed,
and that I must have been dreaming. The
same week, the awful disturbances occurred
again, and we would lie still and hear the
sounds as if our bedroom door were unlocked
and slammed with violence. Again and again
this was repeated, with footsteps across the
room, and mutterings, and cold rushes of
air. Once we saw the door of our bedroom
(locked previously) open without hands — only
to be found untouched and secure in the morn
ing. Then failing to sell the house, we got

lodgers, a Lieut. C. and his wile. We said
nothing to them of the cause of terror, and
they never seemed to be troubled. Still, at
intervals, they continued — the noises and
winds, I mean — until I could bear it no
longer. Oh ! And often when I have been
alone in -the house of a summer evening,
about dusk, when Td be looking out of the
window, shaking for fear, and waiting anxious-
ly for my husband to come home, I've seen a
gentleman on horseback ride up and down.
Then he would stop, and with the handle of
his long riding-whip, give one tremendous
knock at our door, which had a stout bolt
and a heavy chain. I never dared go down
and open the door, and nobody else ever seemed
to know anything about the man. I remem-
ber how one night we were sitting talking in
the kitchen ; all of a sudden, my husband
called my attention to a very bright and
piercing pair of black eyes, which seemed to
run along the carpet. ** There!" he said,
* that's my brother Tom's eyes, for a wager I
Something has happened to him.' A few
days after this, we received a letter which
contained the news of Tom's death, at the
very minute we saw the pair of eyes. Not
long after, we sold the horrid place, and
when comfortably settled in another and
brighter house, my husband told me how he
had heard that the house was haunted, but
that he had always ridiculed the story, which
was to this effect, that many, many years be-
fore our coming-in, a man had been killed
there, being found dead at the foot of the
stairs. The house, too, had been one of
doubtful reputation, some bad women having
been ousted therefrom. The house went
cheap — but had I died of fright, it would
have been a dear bargain to him.

[What shall / say ? Verbum sap. This is
the history and mystery of Richmond-hill, in
the very words of my narrator. Can I give the
tone ? No ! But it is true, and, if agreeable
to your readers, in a future number, I will
furbish up, from the storehouse of the same
revered memory, matter as interesting. — ^S.S.]

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

207

THE PHILOSOPHERS* OF SOMERSET
IN THE TWELFTH & THIRTEENTH

CENTURIES.

BY MRS. EDMUND BOGER.

Adelard, of Bath, 1130.

IF the reign of Henry III. was, as Bishop
Stubbs affirms, " the golden age of
English Churchmanship,** no less was
it the golden age of mediaeval science. It is
remarkable that the most illustrious of these
pioneers of scientific truth went forth from
Somerset. A goodly band they were, who in
their endeavours to wrest her secrets from the
realms of nature had to struggle not only
against ignorance and lack of instruction, but
also had to encounter prejudices and opposi-
tion which culminated at times in actual
persecution-
Foremost among them was Adelard, of
Bath, who precedes this period by nearly 100
years and whose name is scarcely known in
these days. Whether the legend of his native
city — the scientific researches and travels of
the Royal Swineherd! — had anything to do
with leading him to search for himself in
Arabia and the East, then the home of
mathematical science, it is impossible to say.
Perhaps it is wiser to connect his enthusiastic
desire for the investigation of scientific truth
with the Crusaders. It was not long after the
return of the first Crusaders, that he, fired
possibly by the accounts which they brought
back of the learning of the East, determined
to start on his travels and gather for himself
the firuits of scientific research.

This pilgrim of science then travelled
through Europe, visited Spain, the richest
part of which then was in possession of the
learned and cultivated Saracenic Moors. Here
were to be found the best schools of instruc-
tion in science, kept by Moors and Jews.

* The word Philosopher is used here in its largest
significatioD as a lover of wisdom.
t King Bladud.

Aristotle and Plato, Euclid, Appollonius,
Ptolemy, Hippocrates and Galen were taught,
and many treatises now lost in the original
are to be found in Arabic versions. Geometry,
algebra and astronomy, chemistry, botany
and medicine formed part of their regular
course of instruction. From Spain he went
into Arabia and Egypt, and disregarding the
prejudices of his age, thought it no wrong to
bring home the spoils of learning from the
enemies of his faith. He translated the
elements of Euclid into Latin from the Arabic
before any Greek copies were known in the
West. He also wrote and translated several
treatises on astronomy, mathematics, and
medicine. These are said to remain in manu-
script in the Libraries of Corpus Christi and
Trinity College, Oxford.

Authorities : Hutton*s Mathematics ; History of Spain,

Maurice, of Somerset, Circa 1193.

Maurice of Somerset was a Cistercian in Ford
Abbey, which at that time was remarkable for
its great learning. This Abbey, altered into a
dwelling house, retains its name to the present
day. It is remarkable as standing so exactly
on the meeting point of the three counties of
Somerset, Devon, and Dorset, that no two
authorities agree as to which it belongs.
Fuller, in his Worthies^ says he (Maurice) was
bred in Oxford and became Ahhot of Wells.
But here he must be mistaken, as Wells was
a foundation for secular clergy, as Glaston-
bury was for the regulars. Perhaps he was
Dean of the Cathedral or head of the Vicars'
Choral.

He wrote several books and dedicated them
to Reginald, Bishop of Bath.

Alexander, of Essebie or Ashbv,
Circa 1220.

Is called by Fuller, "the prince of English
poets in his age." He put our English festivals
into verse, and wrote the History of the Bible

2o8

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

with the lines of some of the Saints in an
heroic poem.

He became Prior of Essebie Abbey and
flourished under Henry HI.

Adam de Marisco, Circa 1257.

In the Middle ages the diocese of Lincoln
was of immense extent and included the City
and University of Oxford. The Bishop of
this See had it therefore in his power mater-
ially to assist and strengthen those pioneers
of new learning and advanced thought of
whom we are speaking, and we consequently
find a close relation existing between these
Somerset philosophers and the far distant See
of Lincoln, through the connecting link of
Oxford. Thus Hugh, of Avalon, Bishop of
Lincoln, whose first benefice in England was
Witham Friary, in Somerset, brought forward
Hugh, of Wells, who succeeded him in his
Bishopric, and Hugh, of Wells, was one of
the first to discern the greatness of Robert
Grostete. When Grostfite became in his turn
Bishop of Lincoln, he paid back his debt to
Somerset by largely encouraging and befriend-
ing two of these seekers after truth who came
from the western diocese.

The name of Adam de Marisco in the
lapse of ages has been well-nigh forgotten;
and what hints we can find with regard to him
have to be gathered from the lives of his more
famous contemporaries. To say that he was
the pupil and afterwards the life-long friend
and correspondent of Grostete, the great and
virtuous Bishop of Lincoln, as well as of
Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, marks
him at once as no ordinary man.

Fuller, in his Worthies, says of him : —

''Adam de Marisco or Adam Marsh was born in this
county, where there be plenty of marshes in the fenny part
thereof. But I take Brent Marsh, as the principal, the
most probable place for his nativity. It seems that a
foggie air is no hindrance to a reBned writer, whose infancy
and youth in this place was so full of pregnancy. He
afterwards went to Oxford, and there became Doctor. It
is argument enough to persuade any man of his abilities,
becau.sc that Robert Grostete, that learned man and pious

Bishop of Lincoln, made of his paines that they might
jointly peruse and compare the Scriptures. He afterwards
became a Franciscan Friar at Worcester, and furnished the
library there with mo^t excellent MSS., for then b^;an the
emulation in England between Monasteries who should
outvie the other for most and best books."

It appears that Adam Marsh was considered
a candidate for the Bishopric of Ely. What
caused de Marisco to be passed over and
Hugh de Balsham nominated does not appear;
but Fuller who was a student of Peter- House,
Cambridge, quaintly adds : —

'* I cannot grieve heartily for this Adam, his losse of
the Bishopric of Ely, for because Hugh de Balsham his
corrival got it from him, the founder of Peter-IIouse in
Cambridge."

«

The Franciscan order was the outcome as
well as the cause of a great religious and
intellectual revival which marked the reign of
Henry IH. Nor were the labours of these
earnest men confined to the souls or minds
of men. Their work was physical as well as
moral. It was in the Lazar houses — the hos-
pitals of those days — that, by the order of
their founder, St. Francis, they sought their
work; when, in the middle ages, fever, plague,
and leprosy swept off their tens of thousands.
They also started a school at Oxford, where
Grostete lectured, and when he was raised to
the See of Lincoln, he steadily used his
influence to secure their establishment at
Oxford. He was ably seconded by his scholar,
Adam Marsh, under whom the Franciscan
School at Oxford attained a reputation
throughout Christendom. Lyons, Paris, and
Cologne borrowed from it their professors.

We know little of the {personal history of
Adam Marsh, but it is not likely that he, the
man of study, should have been less accom-
plished in the learning of the day than his
more active and busy friend ; and Dr. Hook
thus sums up Grost^te's acquirements : —

" Besides a knowledge of the Hebrew, Greek, Latin,
and French languages, and that acquaintance with theology
and philosophy to which he was led by his professional
studies, he was no means proficient in civil and canon law,
criticism, history, chronology, astronomy* and the other
branches of literature and science then known."

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

209

Adam was also the intimate friend and cor-
respondent of Simon de Montfort, Earl of
Leicester. In one of de Montfort's letters to
him, he speaks of finding patience in his Gas-
con troubles from the study of the book of
Job. And these three great men seem to have
struggled and prayed and fought for that free-
dom and light in religion and politics, which
was to be the heritage of a later generation.
It is a marvellous picture, and no ideal one,
to endeavour to realize the earnest and busy
churchman and reformer, Grost^te ; the great
soldier and far seeing politician, de Montfort;
aT>d the learned Friar and teacher, Adam
Marsh, studying the word of God in its native
languages, taking counsel together, and up-
holding each other's hands in the search for
truth and the struggle for liberty.

It is worth noting that it was not till after
his two friends' death that de Montfort's
struggle ended in rebellion.

We have no record of the exact date of
de Marisco's death, but he was buried in
Lincoln Cathedral, his grave being between
Bishop Grostete's tomb and the wall of the
south transept.

Side by side they had laboured and side
by side they lie in that glorious cathedral
church.

Authorities: Adam de Marisco's Letters; Speede ;
Fuller ; Churton's Early Enoiish Church ; Hook's Eccle-
siastical Biography ; Qtxt^ii^s History of England ; etc,

A PLEA FOR A
DEVONSHIRE BIBLIOGRAPHY.

By W. II. K. Wriciit, Borough IJltrarian, Plymouth,
and Editor of the Western Antiquary,

HE following paper is reprinted from
the Report and Transactions of the United
Kingdom Library Association, Cambridge
Meeting (1882). It was prepared with a
view to elicit the opinions of librarians upon
this most important subject, and, if possible, to
secure their co-operation in the work of biblio-
graphical research. From a pressure of other
business at the meeting, the paper was '* taken

as read," hence the discussion hoped-for
was not realized, and, owing to the delay in
publication of the volume, the paper has only
recently reached the members of the Associa-
tion. It is only necessary to add to the fore-
going a brief explanation for its appearance
in the pages of the Western Antiquary. Pre-
pared in the general interests of bibliography,
it aims to bring about, by some means, the
particular object which has for several years
been advocated in this journal — the compila-
tion of a Devonshire Bibliography — and the
author desires to call forth the candid opinions
and criticisms of those who equally with him-
self, are anxious to see this want of Devonian
literature supplied, but who, for tangible
reasons may differ from him as to the means
for accompHshing that object. He also wishes
to ascertain what support w^ould be forth-
coming in the event of its being determined
to devote a special portion of the Western
Antiquary (Fifth Series) to the publication of
a series of bibliographical lists relating to
Devonshire : —

((

LIBRARIANS AND LOCAL BIBLIOGRAPHY.

i>

My desire in this paper is to suggest sundry
propositions which I trust may evoke some
practical and useful discussion, and be the
means of promoting the interests of Local
Bibliography.

In a paper read at our Oxford meeting, I
urged upon librarians the desirability of
making special collections of local books in
the various provincial libraries. I now desire
to advocate the preparation of duly certified
lists or bibliographies of all such works in
their several districts, with all the necessary
particulars as to author, subject, place of
printing, date, and known locale of scarce or
unique v/orks.

I*et me at the same time suggest that some
member of our Association should turn his
attention to the preparation of a list, as com-
plete as possible, of provincial bibliographies,
a list which shall be open to receive, from
time to time, additions from every town or
district represented by this Association. I

2IO

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

am persuaded that such a list would be
welcomed by our own members as well as by
many persons outside the Association who are
making local history and topography their
study at the present time. The knowledge it
would afford those who are engaged in the
administration of provincial libraries, whether
small or great, is considerable, for few of us
have opportunities of consulting the great
national storehouses — the British Museum,
the Bodleian, the Cambridge University
Library, or the Advocates' Library at Edin-
burgh. My own knowledge of existing county
bibliographies is but little, I admit ; still I
would learn more, and will readily assist and
encourage to the fullest extent of my powers
their production wherever practicable.

It is for this I have craved permission to
address you on the present occasion. My aim
is, if possible, to stimulate provincial librarians
especially to do what they can in this highly
desirable work ; much valuable aid might be
afforded by our metropolitan colleagues, who
have in some respects greater facilities for
such work than those who reside in the
provinces.

An excellent plan has been adopted by some
writers, particularly of local, historical, and
topographical works, in giving as an appendix
a list of all known or most reliable works
relating to the particular district treated of.
Were these lists more general, we should have
at our command ample material for those
more extended bibliographies of counties and
districts which I advocate.

I have said that my own practical acquain-
tance with provincial bibliographies is but
small ; I must, however, except those of my
own district, — Devon and Cornwall. One of
the completest and most useful works relating
to the county of Cornwall is that produced by
two members of this Association, the **Biblio-
theca Comubiensis '* of G. C. Boase and W.
P. Courtney. Speaking of Cornwall naturally
leads me to speak of my own county — Devon-
shire. We need a bibliography, and in several
other respects, from a literary standpoint, we

are poorly off. We have no good, complete,
and reliable history; our only biographical
treatise is the "Danmonii Orientales Illustres,
or Worthies of Devon," of the Rev. John
Prince, vicar of Berry Pomeroy, published in
folio in 1 701, and reprinted, with additional
notes, in 1810. Both editions are rare. The
addition of many illustrious names to the long
muster-roll of Devonshire Worthies inscribed
in the pages of Prince's noble work, would
render a new edition, brought up to date, a
much-to-be-desired work of the near future.
Lastly, our ** Bibliotheca Devoniensis " can
hardly be brought into the same category as
that work illustrating the Hterature of the
sister county which I have just mentioned.

Thirty years ago Mr. James Davidson com-
piled his "Bibliotheca Devoniensis," and,
small and incomplete though it is acknow-
ledged to be, it is still the only text-book to
Devonshire literature we have. In the pre-
face to that work he says : — " The following
catalogue originated in the compilation of a
list of books relating to Devonshire in a
private library ; but it has been thought
worthy of extension and of publication for the
use of those who take an interest in the topo-
graphy, history, or biography of the county,
and as an accessory to the labours of future
historians." He further remarks that works
of general interest, though containing inciden-
tal or particular reference to Devonshire, are
not included in his list.

The work of Mr. Davidson, therefore,
although useful and admirable, was only so
in part, and certainly does not fairly represent
the extensive literature of Devonshire, or ad-
equately meet our wants in the present day,
especially as of late years many novel features
have been introduced into the work of the
practical bibliographer, and the increase in all
literature, local as well as general, has been
very great. To give an idea of the incomplete-
ness of the existing **Bibliotheca Devoniensis,"
I may mention that in the British Museum
Catalogue under the head of Gay (John),
there are nearly two hundred entries of works

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

211

and editions, whereas in Davidson there are
but nine. Recent investigations into the
bibliography of Drake, Raleigh, Gay, Kitto,
and others have shown me the utter useless-
ness of such a work for present wants, and
the absolute necessity of a more comprehen-
sive bibliography.

The questions I wish to propound are
these : —

1. Is a Bibliography based upon the sys-
tem of the " Bibliotheca Cornubiensis ** prac-
ticable for any large county, district, or town?

2. What are the essential features of such
a work, and the main lines upon which such
a bibliography should be prepared ?

3. Will librarians, who are deeply in-
terested in the results of such labours, assist
in carrying them out ?

4. Will the members of this Association
generally assist so far as to offer practical
suggestions to guide those who are willing to
undertake any branch of local bibliography ?

My first proposition almost necessitates a
comparison between works as regards their
comprehensive character, and between dis-
tricts, as to the extent and scope of their
literature. This must be made very briefly,
and for obvious reasons. Devonshire is a
larger county than Cornwall, Yorkshire is
larger still. What may be fairly practicable
in a small district would, on the same plan,
and under somewhat different circumstances,
be utterly impracticable and undesirable in
another larger area. The literature of such a
county as Cornwall is extensive certainly, and
full of the highest historical interest and im-
portance; but that of Yorkshire, Warwickshire,
Lancashire, or Devonshire would possibly be
much more extensive, and require a somewhat
different method of treatment, otherwise our
bibliographies would be works of great mag-
nitude and cost, thus defeating the aims of
those who would advocate their publication.
If the application, therefore, of a system like
that of Messrs. Boase and Courtenay (com-
plete and serviceable as it is) has produced,

in the case of Cornwall, a work of three folio
volumes, containing more than fifteen hundred
pages, what may be expected if the same
system be applied to larger counties, where
the population is more dense, the historical
interest more general, and the literature, as
a consequence, richer and more extensive?
Need it therefore be inferred that on account
of its magnitude, its cost, and the great labour
involved, the task is insurmountable and not
therefore to be attempted? By no means.
Nay, I am sanguine enough to believe that an
Association which has already planned and
carried out great works, either collectively
or individually, will be able to suggest the
means by which this work also may be set in
motion, and with less time, less labour, and
less cost than would at the first glance seem
possible.

Let us now examine the second proposition,
as to the main or essential lines to be laid
down to guide those who undertake the com-
pilation of provincial bibliographies.

What are the absolute necessities of such
a compilation ? What its superfluities and
luxuries ?

Is a biographical sketch of each writer
necessary, and to what length ?

Should the entries be limited only to those
relating to a particular locality or writer, or
include all, from every available source, which
has been written or printed relative to that
locality or individual, or by that particular
writer ?

Should the accidental circumstance of a
visit to a place, and the consequent publica-
tion of some pamphlet, sermon, or other work,
not otherwise connected with the locality,
warrant the bibliographer to include the name
of the writer or preacher in the local biblio-
graphy, and possibly other of his works
therein ?

Take the case of a clergyman, for instance,
who has for a time held a living in a certain
town or country parish (he being bom else-
where). He remains there for some years and

212

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

publishes sermons, becoming thoroughly iden-
tified with the place. Would his sometime
residence qualify him as a local author, and
warrant the compiler of the bibliography in
entering under his name all that he has ever
written or published before and after his brief
sojourn in that particular locality ?

Again, take the case of an individual born
in a certain town or village, but removed in
early life never to return to the place of his
birth, except as a passing visitor. The whole
of his literary career is spent elsewhere ; all
his works are published elsewhere ; he perhaps
does not produce anything relating to his
native place or county. Does the accident of
birth warrant his being included in the local
bibliography with other writers, and should we
be justified in entering his name and all his
works in the same, a list which might also
fairly be claimed by the town or district in
which they were produced or published ?

Or, take the case of some distinguished
person whose name is famous in the world's
history. His residence in the place of his
birth may have been but brief: to follow the
bent of his aspirations he has gone to the
court, the camp, or to sail on unknown seas.
His career has furnished materials for his-
torians, biographers, poets, dramatists, and
every other class of writers. How should we
deal with him ? It appears to me that one
might justly record all the works that have
been written concerning him (even though he
has not been a writer himself) in our local
bibliography.

Again, an individual whose parents are
natives of a certain district is, by an acciden-
tal temporary residence abroad, born in another
place or country, but returns to the home of
his fathers in early childhood, where he con-
tinues for a portion of his life. Would such
an accident of birthplace disqualify him from
being considered a native author ?

What, then, are the limits of bibliographical
reference ?

Let us take a case in point. I have been
for some time collecting materials for a biblio-
graphy of Sir Francis Drake, the renowned
sea-captain and circumnavigator. To what
extent should my labours in dealing with him
be prosecuted ? He produced little or nothing
himself, but nevertheless, the Drake literature
is very extensive. In the first place, I should of
course include what little of a literary charac-
ter he has produced, then all actual historical
or biographical works relating to him, as
well as separate accounts of his voyages. I
should also add poetical and dramatic works
bearing upon his career or exploits. Would
it also be necessary to furnish references to
all works of general history, biography, and
voyages in which he figures, the number of
which would be legion : also all works in
foreign languages treating of the same ; besides
casual references, articles in encyclopaedias,
magazines, reviews, fragmentary sketches,
fugitive poetry, acts of parliament with which
he had to do, documents published or un-
published relating to him, and many other
items which I cannot here enumerate?

I might suggest other difficulties and doubt-
ful cases, but I forbear. I have endeavoured
to show that the work of a bibliographer who
desires to be both conscientious and loyal is
beset with many such difficulties, some of
which he may find impossible to solve : it is
desirable, therefore, that some distinct plan of
action should be laid down by competent
persons, in order that the work, when under-
taken, may be carried out satisfactorily and
uniformly.

In concluding my remarks upon this branch
of my subject, I would suggest that the col-
lective wisdom and experience of the Library
Association might fairly be utilized in drawing
up rules for the preparation of bibliographies,
in the same manner in which the cataloguing
rules have been already produced.

My next proposition suggests the prac-
ticability of librarians assisting in the pre-
paration of local bibliographies of their par-
ticular districts, and possibly of joining in a

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

213

kind of co-operative system for the promotion
of the work in general. Of course I shall
be told that the librarian is a hard-worked
individual ; that his time is already fully occu-
pied by the thousand-and-one duties of his
profession ; that his time and energies are so
constantly in demand by the public as to
leave him but little opportunity for purely
literary labour or aught akin thereto, however
much his inclination may lean in that direc-
tion. I know all this, and have fully expe-
rienced the burdens myself. At the same
time, I know that librarians have found time
and inclination for literary work, and that
some notable instances might be cited in
support of my statement.

I might also suggest that the same machin-
ery which is now used in some of our libraries
for the preparation of their catalogues, might
very well be utilized for the more extended
work of compiling local or district biblio-
graphies.

A librarian, with the requisite time at his
disposal, is to my thinking the man, above all
others, most fitted to undertake such a work,
inasmuch as from the nature of his daily avoca-
tions he must necessarily become more or less
acquainted with the wants of his particular
district, as well as of the literature connected
therewith or relating thereto, and he should
aim to be an authority on matters purely local,
in order that he may guide the seeker after
information.

•

Nearly all our librarians are now, I presume,
making "local collections" a special feature
of their work, and here, and in the catalogues,
is to be found the nucleus of the more exten-
sive collections which shall take in at one
grasp the literary features or the book-lore of
each particular district.

I do not for a moment suggest that the
hard-working librarian has either the time,
the money, or the material that is necessary
to produce these works without great and
substantial aid. This would be a very un-
practical proposal. I therefore content myself

with suggesting that the librarian should take
the initiative in the matter, gathering the
materials as he goes on ; endeavouring in the
first place to awaken public opinion to the
necessity for such a work, and the means by
which it is to be brought about ; next seeking
for co-operators and co workers in the great
task of collecting from all available sources,
as well as the equally necessary pecuniary
assistance, without which it would be impos-
sible for any one to succeed. The librarian
has undoubtedly great influence, and his in-
fluence is widening steadily and surely ; and
if that influence be used in the direction I
have indicated, he may promote the aims of
bibliographical research very considerably.

Of course my suggestions can be, at the best,
but of a general character, as local circum-
stances must at all times govern the actions
of those who undertake such labours, as well
as influence the success of any such project.

My next and last proposition has almost
been anticipated by the others. It is simply
to ask the members of this Association for
practical suggestions as well as for offers of
co-operation. I would also repeat my former
suggestion of the preparation of bibliographical
lists to be published from time to time in
*' Monthly Notes," if thQ editors of that period-
ical will undertake the duty of their collection,
compilation, or reception, now incorporated
in the " Library Chronicle.**

Would it not also be useful to publish from
time to time lists of books (catalogues or other
works) added to the Library of the Association,
and let it be impressed upon members that it
is desirable to send to our secretary copies of
any such works in which they may have been
engaged, making special mention of existing
bibliographies connected with their respective
districts.

For my own part, I shall be glad to receive
hints from my brother members on any of the
points to which I have alluded, as well as a
notification of the works published in different
parts of the country, the particular object of

214

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

which is to illustrate the literature of that
district, and I will do my best to reciprocate.

In bringing my remarks to a close, I would
commend its various suggestions to your
favourable consideration, earnestly hoping
that some practical good may be the out-
come of my endeavours to place the matter

before you.

* * *

4^ IRotea. ^

Admiral William Bligh.— In Mr. Tregellas' " Cor-
nish IVarthies^^^ Vol. I, p. 139-140, we are informed: —
** The Admiral was bom, in all probability (though there
has been some uncertainty on the subject), on the Duchy
Manor of Tinten, in the parish of .St. Tudy, about half a
mile south of the * Church Town,' aliout the year 1753 —
the son of Charles and Margaret Bligh ; although I am
aware that, according to another account, he is said to
have been the son of John Bligh, of Tretaune, in the
adjoining parish of .St. Kew."

Both statements are incorrect. William Bligh was
born 1754, and was the son of Francis Bligh, ol H.M.
Customs, lx)rn 1 721, who died 27 Dec. 1780, and whose
tombstone is in .St. Andrew's Church, Plymouth ; which
tombstone states that Francis was the son of Richard
Bligh, of Tintan, in St. Tudy. The wife of Francis
Bligh, was Jane (said to have been a daughter of ... .
Bond), Francis Bligh was her second husband, the name
of her first is doubtful.

Admiral W^illiam Bligh married Elizabeth, daughter of
Richard Betham, first collector of Customs in the Isle of
Man. By her, he had six daughters.

], Harriet Maria, b. 15 November, 1782, m. 3 Janu-
ary, 1802, Henry Aston Barker, she died 26 February,
1856; 2, Mary, who married Sir M. O'Connell ; 3, Eliza-
beth, who married Richard Bligh in 181 7, and had issue,
Richard, John, William Russell, Grace Jane Harriet
Campbell, Frances Anne, Mary Jane, and Rose Helen,
Mary Jane married the Rev. George II. Nutting ; and Rose

Helen married the Rev. 0*Connell ; 4 and 5, Frances

and Jane, twins ; 6, Anne, b. 1785, d. 1844.

Mr. Tregellas says, that " Bligh left six daughters and
three sons, William, Henry, and Richard (the latter a
barrister-at-Iaw and author of several legal works), who
sold the Tinten property." This is a mistake. Admiral
Bligh had but two sons, twins, who only survived their
birth a day or two, and it is uncertain whether they were
ever baptized or named. Richard Bligh was the son-in-
iaw^ not the son of Admiral Bligh.

The descendants of the eldest daughter Harriet Maria,
who married II. A. Barker, were as follows : —

I. William Bligh, b. 23 November, 1802, d. 23
October, 180^.

2. Henry, b. 21 April, 1804, m. Albina Elizalieth
Andrews, II April, 1839, d. 8Septeml>er, 1883, with issue
as below.

3. Elizabeth Caroline, b. 6 Februar)% 1806, m. Wil-
liam Glennie, 26 November, 1833, and is still alive with
issue, as below.

4. William Bligh, b. 28 July, 1807, ro. Martha Lucas,
February, 1833, d. April 1862, alive, with issue as lielow.
5. Robert, b. 28 July, 1809, d. 13 August, 1809.

6 Mary, b. 22 February, 1811, m. North Pritchard,
II July, 1847, d. II June, 1877.

The children of Henry Barker and Albina Elizabeth
Andrews.

1. Henry Andrews, b. 25 February, 184 1, m. Eliza-
beth Sophia Littlehale, 29 October, 1862 ; and has issue,
Henry, b. ii September, 1863 ; Amy, b. 1866, d. 1867;
Violet Amy, b. 6 November, 1868.

2. Robert, b. 3 February, 1844, m. Frances Nutting,
II September, 1874, no issue.

The children of Elizabeth Catherine Barker and
William Glennie.

1. Walter Henry, b. 16 January, 1835, ***• ^cy
Stephens, September, i860 ; no issue.

2. Harriet Mary.

3. WMlliam, b. 19 February, 1839, d.unni. 19 March,
1861.

4. Catherine Sophia, b. 9 November, 1839, m. John
Englis, 8 January, 1866 ; and has issue.

5. Isabella Maria.

6. Alexander William, b. 31 December, 1843.

7. Mary Elizabeth.

8. Gavin Henr>', b. and d. 1848.

9. Margaret Gavina.

10. Elizal)eth Anne.

II-. George Frederick, b. 6 January, 1855.

The children of William B'igh Barker and Martha
Lucas.

1. Henry, b. November, 1 833.

2. William, b. 1835.

3. Mattie, b. 1850, m. Arthur Clarke, 1872, has
issue.

4. Bligh Lucas, b. 1854.

I do not know any particulars of Richard Bligh,
of Tinten, who married Elizal:>eth, 2nd daughter of
Admiral Bligh, nor the dates and descent of his children.

I may add a few scattered notes which may serve to
amplify the scanty pedigree of Bligh of Bodmin, in Col.
Vivian's Visitations of Cornwall .

Emmanuel Bligh, 2nd son of Thos. Bligh, of Bodmin,
Mayor in 1559 and 1570, was buried at St. Neot, 20
February, 1562. Francis Bligh, of Boimin, Mayor in
1674 and 1684, jnarried Charity Richards, at St. Neot,
24 August, 1 67 1. James Bligh, his brother, married Anne
Rawley, 19 July, 1682, also at St. Neot. Genealogist.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

213

Oral Tradition. — It was argued in the Plymouth
press, that the popular tradition of Drake's jjiving the
water could not have l^een false on account of the numl^r
of corroborations it received, and the great facilities our
forefathers had for correction. They would not have done
a thing at great cost to themselves and given the credit to
Drake. One case was instanced of a person receiving
evidence from an intermediate, who, according to the ages,
could have conversed with a man who had actually worked
on the leat, and it would be useful if some of your corres-
pondents would supply parallel information such as the
following which appeared in the Pall Mall Gazelle^ 21
February, 1 885 : —

" It seems, at first sight, incredible that an occurrence of
215 years ago could be reported with but one link, between
the person who tells you and the actual witness. Such,
however, is the fact. The narrator in question, was the
venerable rector of Bushey (Rev. W. Falconer), just
deceased, at the age of 84. He had heard his grandfather
(the celebrated Dr. Falconer, of Bath), say that he had
been told by his grandmother that she could remember
being held up to the window to see Haley's comet, which
api)eared in 1669. She was then six years old. Dr. Fal-
coner, the intervener, was born in 1774, and died in 1824.
Assuming him to have been at least six years of age, when
this story was told him, his grandmother must have Ijeen
ninety. But the wonder might be increas'id. For if Dr.
Falconer told the story in the last year of his life (1824),
to a child of six years, it mitjht 1^ passed on to the next
ccntur)', with only one link between the witness and the
narrator. After all, we are not so dependent on writing as
we sometimes assume ourselves to be."

The lady mentioned in the abc*ve paragraph could
have conversed with a person who had worked on the leat.

Observer.
* * *

French Church at Plymouth and Mr. Pente-
cost Barker. — The following extract from a letter
written by Pentecost Barker of Plymouth to the Rev.
Samuel Merivale of Tavistock, may be of interest to your
readers, owing to its local allusions; as also will the copy
of Will of the same individual which is appended thereto,
from one in the handwriting of J. Herman Merivale.
Exeter. A.\V.M.

May I, 1762.
"The French Parson seems to be decaying. Should
he die, as he must some time or other, I take it that church
will be void, as most of the norw French were born here or
at Stonehouse. Those of whom I remember many scores,
who came from France in 1685-6, &c., are mostly dead;
and their offspring are more English than French, and will
go to the English church, though some few may come to
us. What an alteration Time makes! There was (when I

was such another as Mr John ) a French Calvinist

church, and a Church of England French church here,
besides a church at Stonehouse. Many women in wooden
shoes, — ^very poor, but very industrious — living on limpets,

snails, garlick and mushrooms. I'll make you laugh. A
Gentleman employed a gardener to pick snails from the
walls, and, coming into the garden behind his back, heard

him, in killing the snails, say " take the French!

When they came here first, they would not suffer a snail
to live ; but they are now grown so proud, that we are
overrun with them." When I went to Rochelle, in the
year 17131 I brought over several pair of sabots de bois (so
they call them), for some at Stonehouse. But they are all
dead and gone."

(From a note in the handwriting of J. H. Merivale.)
"The Will [of Pentecost Barker], which was proved
at Doctors' Commons, Oct. 20, 1 762 and bears date 17th
Nov. 1758, commences in the following characteristic
strain. * I resign and commend my Soul or Mind to the
Eternal Mind, the Great God, the Fountain of Light, Life,
and Love, hoping for every good thing in an after state
from the inconceivable Benignity or infinite Goodness of
the Divine Nature, as divulged in the Gospel of Jesus
Christ.' He then directs his body to be buried in the
Upper Churchyard of St. Andrews, Plymouth, and eight
poor inhabitants to carry him to the grave, and wishes his
funeral to be performed *in as public a manner as possible.'
He gives all his estates in Devon, Cornwall, Kent, or
elsewhere, together with all the residue of his personal
property, to Tristram Avent, of Plymouth, William Phelp,
of St. Kew, and Abraham Brown, of Endallion, Gentle-
man, &c., whom he also appoints his Executors, on trust
to pay the rents, interest, &c., * to his dear Wife Jane
Barker, or as by some called Jane Mills, during her life,*
and afterwards to several persons as his residuary legatees
therein named ; and the Will is proved by Avent and
Brown, two of the Executors, the third having died in the
interim.

" To sum up all that I have, besides, been able to dis-
cover with relation to this excentric personage, as well as
to the unhappy disputes in the Plymouth congregations in
which he bore so active a part, I have only to refer the
reader to the reported Case of ' The King against Barker
and otuers,* in the 3rd volume of Burrowes's Reports, p.
1265, from which it appears that on the loth of June, 1761,
the Court of K.B. was moved by Norton for a mandamus
to the surviving trustees, &c. ..."

* * *

St. Martin's Church, Exeter. — In the Parish
Register of this Church, there is to be found the following
interesting note. It refers to the closing of the church
during the time of the Commonwealth : —

** Since Ano. 1644, thre hath been no names entred
in this register book* of Christnings Weddings or Burialls
by reason thr« hath been no Divine office of othr* prayer
or preaching constantly pformed in this pish wh'* unto
this book® be longeth and shuch as hath been baptized
maried or buried hath been (for the most p«) strangers or
thos ministers that hath officiated the sam^ hath been
strangers.

2l6

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

"The Lord in his gocxJ tym« doth open the doors of fhe
churches again (if it be his blessed will) and restor his
ordinances in power and purity that so both pastar and peopl
may meet*' w^h freedom and safiy to prays and glorify his
blessed nam« w«i) is and allwaye shal be the pray or of the
most unworthy Rector of St. Martins

Rob. Parsons."

The following note has been added by some other
person to the above.

**N.B. — Mr. Parsons was at the same time Rector of
St. Martin's and Priest Vicar of the Cathedral Church,
lived to be restored to both these Preferments and died
according to Dr. Walker {Sufferings of the Clergy^ pt. 2nd
p. 32), about July, 1679." P. F. Rowseli..

Exeter.

* * *

The Manor of Taunton Deane — Names of the
Tenants in the Year 1450. — The Manor consists of
five hundreds, of which in the year 1450 the following were
its tenants : — The Hundred of Holway (including the
Tithings of Ruishton, Henlade, Holway in the parish of
Taunton, St. Mary Magdalen.

Chipleigh in the parish of Nynehead, Galmington and
Sherford, in the parish of Wilton). John Lobl>e, Johanna
Baker, Silu'o Baudyn, Richard Lichefilde, Richard Cole,
William Cocke, Rcynald Spuvinge, Robert Ochard, John
Godwyn, William Dawe, William Rexe, John Obve, John
Carye, John Cary, Junr., Stephen Kcme, Richard Burton.

The Hundred of Hull (including the Tithing of Dip-
ford, in the parish of Trull, Hull and Rumwell, in the
parish of Bishop's Hull, and North Trendle in the parish
of Pitminster). John Cause, John Hawes, Thomas Lobbe,
Robert Hayne, Johanna Upcote, Richard Scote, John
Lewys, and Thomas at ocke [Shatlock].

The Hundred at Pondisford (including the Tithing of
South Trendle of Blagdon Pitminster, South Fulford and
Duddlestone and Corfe). Thomas Warre, John Hatherigge,
Thomas Atway, William Roocke, John Poke, Johanna
Payne, Thomas Swayne, and William White.

The Hundred of Staplegrove (including the Tithings
of Staplegrove and Byrland, in the parish of Staplegrove,
l^yrland, Oldridge, Mill Lane, and Grass Grove, in the
parish of Taunton, St. James, Holford in Combe Flory
and Lydeard, St. Lawrence, and Ilbeer, in the parish of
Kingston). John Hurrell, John Gaylard, Johanna Poyh-
nar, Thomas Prest, John Stone, Joh|^ Pere, Johanna
Huddon, John Wint, John Dawe, William Hoope, Henry
Illarye, John Langham, Alice Bonde, Richard Winter,
Julianna Norman, Richard Umale, Alice Joye, Christina
Warman, and William Pere.

The Hundred of Nailsbournc (including the Tithings
of Kingston, Nailsboume, North Fulford, Cushuish, all in
the parish of Kingston). Richard Sale way, Vicar of
Kingston, Agnes Royer, John Att. Castle, William Ham-
lyn, Junr., John Bockland, John Royer, John Waterman,
and Stephen Pere.

These were the Tenants of the infaring division.
The manor of Rimpton, two miles north east from
Sherborne, also formed part of this division.

The outfaring division contains the parishes of Angen
Leigh, Bagborough, Bradford, Cheddon, Fitzpaine, Combe-
Flory, Cothelstone, Heathfield, Hillfarrance, Lydeard, St.
Lawrence, Nynehead, Norton, Fitzwarren, Oake, Orchard*
Portman, Otterford, Tolland, and Withiel Flory. The
lords of lands situated in the outfaring division held
according to the custom of the manor of Taunton Deane,
principally by military service, and were bound by oath to
attend at the Taunton Castle. It is stated that when the
lords of these lands died they were buried in Taunton
Priory.

One of the customs which prevails within this manor
is that of Borough English, the youngest son inheriting to
the exclusion of the eldest.

Also this unique custom, viz., that the widow is heir
to her husband, that is, she takes in case of intestacy his
copyhold estate to herself, her heirs and assigns absolutely.
Thus, if a tenant dies without a Will, his second wife
would inherit to the exclusion of either his eldest or young-
est sons by a former marriage. The Castle of Tauntoo,
where the lord of the manor formerly held his Courts, was
originally built in the year 700 by Ina, king of the West
Saxons, as a frontier fortress to keep the Britons of Devon-
shire out of Somersetshire. A. J. Monday.
Taunton.

* * *

St. Renan. — M. Ernest Renan, in his RecolUc-
tions of my Youth ^ says, " St. Cadoc, St. lUud, St.
Conery, St. Renan (or Ronan), appeared to me as giants.
In after years when I had come to know India, I saw
that my saints were true Richis^ and that through them I
had become familiarised with the most primitive features of
our Aryan world, with the solitary master of nature,
asserting their power over it by asceticism and the force
of the will.

"The last of the saints whom I have mentioned naturally
attracted my attention more than any of the others, as
that by which I was known. (The ancient form of the
word is Ronan, which is still to be found in the names of
places, Loc Ronan, the well of St. Ronan, [Wales.]) There
is not a more original figure among all the saints of
Brittany. The story of his life has been told to me two
or three times, and each time with more extraordinary
details. He lived in Cornwall, near the little town which
bears his name (St. Renan). He was more a spirit of the
earth than a saint, and his power over the elements was
illimitable. He was of a violent and rather erratic
temperament, and there was no telling beforehand as to
what he would do. He was much respected, but his
stubborn resolve, to take in all things his own course,
caused him to be regarded with no little fear, and when be
was found one day lying dead on the Boor of his hut, there
was a feeling of consternation in the country. The first

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

217

person who, when looking in at the window as he went by,
saw him in this position, took to his heels. He had been
so self-willed and peculiar in his lifetime, that no one
ventured to guess as to how he might wish to have his
body disposed of. It was feared that if his wishes were
correctly interpreted, he would punish them by sending
the plague, or having the town swallowed up by an earth-
quake, or by converting the country around into a marsh.
Nor would it be wise to take his body to the parish church
as he had sometimes shown an aversion to it.

** He might perhaps create a scandal. All the principal
inhabitants were assembled in the cell, with his stark black
corpse in their midst, when one of them made the following
sensible su^estion : — * We never could understand him
when he was alive ; it was easier to trace the flight of the
swallow then to guess at his thoughts. Now he is dead,
let him still follow his own fancy. We will cut down a few
trees, make a waggon of them and harness four oxen to it.
Then we can let them take him to the place where he
wishes to he buried.* This was done, and the body of the
saint deposited on the vehicle. The oxen, guided by the
invisible hand of Ronan, went in a straight line into the
thick of the forest, the trees bent and broke beneath their
steps, with an awful crackling sound. The waggon stopped
in the centre of the forest just where the largest of the oaks
reared its head. The hint was taken, and the saint was
buried there and a church erected to his memory."

** Konan, or Renan," says a writer in the Nineteenth
Century^ "seems properly to have been one of those
autochthonous divinities, connected with earth and the
elements, who preceded almos*: everywhere the advent of
more exalted gods. lie was received, however, after some
hesitation, into the Christian Pantheon, and became the
eponymous saint of a Celtic clan. This clan of Renan
migrated from Cardiganshire to Ledano, on the Triaux, in
Brittany, about the year 480, and has lived in honourable
poverty, engaged in tilling the ground and fishing on the
Breton coast. From this simple and virtuous stock, in the
atmosphere of Old World calm, the subject of the present
note, Ernest Renan, was born 60 years ago. "

The Nemaean wood or forest in which the saint is said to
have raised an oratory, was at the time full of wild beasts,
and was not far from what is now Falmouth Harlxjur, and
it would seem from the description of the church as given
by C. S. GiUjert, V. 2, p. 774, that this, if not the actual
structure raised by the saint, is probably on the site
of the old oratory. The church, he says, ** is a small
gloomy building, and with its low tower wears the feature
of remote antiquity. It is on a hill, whence the road
rapidly descends to a neat fishing cove." This church is
dedicated to St. Rumon, or, as it is written in the Valor of
Pope Nicholas, St. Ruan, and is undoubtedly the same. The
locality has greatly changed in the lapse of time: the little
church above mentioned probably indicates the spot chosen
by the saint ; its surroundings have much altered, but
the legends connected with the locality still remain, and

in the name of the distinguished Frenchman may it long
be perpetuated.

In an historical survey of the county of Cornwall by W.
Penaluna, he says "that the two parishes, St. Ruan Major
and Minor, were formerly included in one, and both were
included in St. Keverne. Near the church of Grade is
an estate, which is known from tradition to have l)een
the residence of St. Rumon and is therefore denominated
St. Rumon at present." This quotation [xirtly answers
my question : at the same time there is perhaps more to be
added by some Cornish antiquar>'. In Murray's Hamibook
for Devon and Cornvall^ edit. 1872, p. 430, it is said that
the relics of St. Rumon were enshrined at Tavistock, but in
the Annals 0/ the Kin^iom of Ireland by the Four Masters^
Vol. I, second edition, p. 405, it is said that "the relics of
Ronan, son of Berach, were placed in a shrine formed of
gold and silver." In the same volume, p. 275, "The Age
of Christ, 664," it says, "great mortality prevailed in
Ireland this year, and the following saints of Ireland died
of it: St. Feichin, Abbot of Fobhar, on the 14th February,
St. Ronan, son of Bearach," etc., etc. There is, it will
be seen by this, evidently room for further enquiry.

Perhaps some of the Cornish readers of the W.A, will
be kind enough to say where St. Renan or Ronan is
situate, as I cannnot find the story above transcribed in
any book on Cornwall, nor can I find the name of the saint
either in Welsh, or Roman, or English Calendars of
Saints. The nearest approach to the name, and to the
circumstances related in the life and death of the saint, is
that of St. Rumon, now written Ruan, Major and Minor,
two villages on the banks of the Fal, situated in the
hundred of Kirrier. Mr. Whitaker, quoting from William
of Malmesbury, who has preserved the memorials of
St. Rumon, says, the scene of Rumon's retirement is fixed
by his biographer in terms which indicate the latter to have
written, when his name was well-known in the country.

The hagiology of Cornwall has yet to be written, and it
would be difficult to find a richer field for the research of
the antiquary than this would afford, for every nook and
corner of it is teeming with legends of the most extra-
ordinary kind. The stories connected with the names of
these Cornish saints would form a curious and entertaining
volume. E. Parfitt.

Exeter.

P.S. — Probably the story of St. Renan may be found in
the Rev. S. Baring-Gould's Lives of the Saints^ but I
have not the work to refer to. E.P.

* * *

Statue of St. Peter, "Father Peter," Exeter.
This ancient figure, which is situated at the corner of
High-street, on the premises of Messrs. Ilolman, Ham &
Co., chemists, cannot fail to attract the attention of visitors
to Exeter, whether they have a love for antiquities or not.
As it has recently been re-painted, it may not perhaps be out
of place to give some little account of it in the columns
of the Western Antiquary,

\

2l8

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Some five or six years ago, when it was re-painted,
the top of the head was found to be in rather a queer
condition, and it was then filled up with putty. Alex.
Jenkins in his History of the City of Exeter ^ 1806, writing
of the old house to which it was formerly attached, says,
** The only remains of this ancient structure is a statue of
St. Peter, large as life, treading on another representing
Paganism; this statue is of wood, well-executed in a
crouching posture, supporting the angle of the house (its
original position, about six feet from the ground), holding
in its right hand a Gothic church and in its left a book,
open, and at the fourth and fifth fingers hung the usual
emblems, two keys, but these are now broken off."
Whether Jenkins was right or wrong in saying that two
keys were between the fourth and fifth fingers in its left
hand, they are not so now, fur it holds two keys in
its right hand with the church. These may possibly have
been placed there since the time of which he wrote. As
regards its position it was placed where it now stands,
some 12 or 14 feet from the ground, in a niche over the
corner of the shop, in 1821, when North-street was widened
by the Improvement Commissioners. I have heard one
or two gentlemen say that they remember quite well seeing
it in its original position, and Mr. James Cossins in his
Reminiscences of Exeter Fifty Years Since (1877), says,
** I remember when a child, being lifted from the street to
touch the * black man'; the figure was protected with iron
rails." There appears to be great doubt as to its history.

The late T, G. Norris, Esq. , in a paper read by him
to the Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society, at the
College Hall, Sept. 22nd, 1862, gave the following: —
** Walter Stapledon, one of the most valued of our early
bishops, was murdered in the fourteenth century in Cheap-
side, being at that time entrusted with the custody of
London, during the reign of Edward II., with whom he
stood in high favour. His brother, Canon Thomas
Stapledon, granted a rent oi £\ 4^. for the maintenance of
the obit of his family on a tenement that once formed a
corner house in High Street." Upon these facts he founds
the theory that the citizens of Exeter may have erected
the effigy of the patron saint of their cathedral to the
memory of their beloved prelate, against the very house
yielding money value towards the observance of his obit;
the house being in the most frequented part of the city.

Should any of the readers of the Western Antiquary

know more about this ancient statue, it would no doubt

be of interest to many, if they wouhl note it in these

columns. P. F. Rows ell.

Exeter.

[An illustration of this figure appeared in Vol. I. of
of the fV.A.f facing page 115. — Editor.]

We are pleased to call attention to the fact that
Elfrida: an Historical Romance of the Twelfth Century , by
our valued contributor, Mrs. Edmund Boger, is now ready,
and may be had at all the libraries. The publishers are
Messrs. Swann, Sonnenschein & Co. We hope to review
the book in our next issue.

<s» ^uertee. ^

Celebration of the " Mass " in a Cornish
Church after the Reformation? — Can any of your
Cornish readers throw any light on the statement made
some time since by a writer in the Times^ that monumental
inscriptions in St. Columb Major Church " reveal the
somewhat startling historical fact that so late as the year
1602 . . . Mass must have been said . . .
within the precincts of an edifice appropriated to the
Protestant Established Church "?

Is there any reason to believe that the Anindels, to
whom these inscriptions relate, retained the actual possession
of the aisle named after their family, for a time, just as the
Duke of Norfolk holds the chancel of Arundel Church at
the present moment, and has recently vindicated (in the
law courts) his right to the exclusive possession of it and
to the celebration therein of services according to the
Roman Catholic rites — though the rest of the church is
used by the parishioners for worship according to the
forms of the Church of England ? Hibyskwe.

* * *

Kennaway Family. Is it of Scotch or of
Devonshire Origin ?— According to a tradition in the
family it sprang from a place called Kennaway in Fifeshire.
The following evidence will show that if there l>e any
foundation for this tradition, it must be sought for in a
period anterior to the influx of Scots into England, on the
accession of James the ist; that is to say, a period when
the intercourse between Scotland and south-west Britain
was of the slightest possible kind.

About the year 1854, the late Rev. Dr. Oliver published
in an Exeter newspaper a valuable series of articles under
the title Biographies of Exoniatis, Of this series, No. 25 is
devoted to the family of the first Sir John Kennaway. It
commences, "The Kennaways, we learn from wills that
we have seen, came originally from Dartmouth. In the
early part of the last century some of the family settled in
Exeter. William Kennaway prospered as a merchant-
married on the 1 2th February, 1750, at St. Leonardos
Church, Frances Tozer [a near connection of Sir Robert
Palk by the mother's side] . . . and, dying on 18th
January, 1793, let. 75, was buried in [Wynard's] chapel
dedicated to the Holy Trinity." This William Kennaway,
the great grandfather of the present baronet, was the
eldest of the three sons of William Kennaway by his wife,
Joan, fourth daughter of Robert and Joan ( liollocombe)
•Abraham of Ashburton, whose fifth daughter, Frances,
was married to Walter Palk of that place and was the
mother of Sir Robert Palk, the founder of the recently
ennobled family of Haldon.

One of the wills referred to by Dr. Oliver, was no
doubt, that of Richard Kennaway of Dartmouth, proved
in the Principal Registry at Exeter, 4th April, 1608, or
about a century before the marriage, in the same part of
Devonshire, of the above W^illiam and Joan (Abraham)
Kennaway. The testator mentions his wife, Alice; a son,

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

219

William; and three daughters, Margaret, Dorothy, and
Tamison.

Other evidence of the presence of Kennaways in the
neighbourhood of Dartmouth early in the seventeenth
century is found in the Court Rolls of the Manor of
Stokenham, at that time belonging to the Gary family,
then of Cockington, but now of Torre Abbey, At three
different courts held 3 Jac. I (1605) the jury and homage
presented that Hugh Kennaway, a tenant of the manor,
had made default in attendance. At this time several
Dartmouth people held fish cellars on the coast near the
Start and were content to incur the small fines imposed on
non-attenders at the Stokenham Court Leet. Hugh
Kennaway was probably one of these.

In the Parish Register of Holy Trinity, Exeter, we
find that ** Peter Genaway of this parish" was buried on
the 26th of November, 1717, This b the earliest occur-
rence of the name which I have met with in Exeter, and,
as parish registrars of that period had very loose and
phonetic notions of orthography, it may be that this
Cenaway was really a Kennaway^ and his connection with
Trinity may have led to the later settlement of the family
in that parish, as stated by Dr. Oliver.

Can any of your readers, especially those of the
neighbourhood of Dartmouth, throw any further light on
the early history of the Kennaways ? We find them in
Devonshire for three centuries, and shall not willingly
resign to Scotland the claim to be the cradle of so worthy
a race. R,D.

Exeter.

* * *

Lover's Leap, Auckland Drives. — Where can I
find an account of the tradition (if any such exbts) which
gave such a romantic name to this spot. I have searched
Carrington*s Dartmoor^ Rowe*s Dartmoor, King's Dart-
moor, and other works which treat of the locality, without
finding a trace of the story. F.G.

Plymouth.

* * *

HooE, NEAR Plymouth. — Can any of your readers
give particulars of the early history of Hooe? It is
certainly a very old village. Mr. Worth, in his History of
Plymouth, states that Hooe sent two ships and twenty-four
men to the siege of Calais in 1346: therefore it must have
been a place of some importance at that time, and there
is every reason to believe it has been the scene of many
interesting incidents and occurrences. R.S.K.

Modbury, South Australia.

* * *

Devonshire Painters. — Can any of your corres-
pondents tell me of a work which gives brief biographies
of the principal Devonshire painters? I know of Dr.
Pycroft's admirable book, Art in Devonshire, but I have
been informed of another work dealing with the same
subject, published in Exeter, neither the author nor title of
which I have been able to discover. W.B.

Plymouth. .

Ghost Stories of the West Country. —I would
emphasize your request made in reviewing Mr. Ingram's
Haunted Homes and Fofnily Traditions^ and urge upon
your correspondents in various parts of Devon. Conwall,
and Somerset, to communicate in your pages the particulars
of any well-authenticated ghost stories with which they may
be acquainted. Amongst a people so superstitious as the
natives of these counties, there are doubtless many tradi-
tions which have never yet been ** put upon paper "; and,
not only might Mr. Ingram be glad to know of such, but,

possibly, you also, Mr. Editor, may be tempted one of
these days to collect and publish a little work which will
do for Devon and Cornwall what Mr. Ingram's book has
done so well for the country generally. Frank Plume.

41 4 41

Cocker or Coker Family of Somerset (?).— On
page 97 is a query, copied from Notes &* Queries, relative
to the Cocker family of Devonshire. It would be well to
know whether there was ever a Cocker family of Somerset.
My reason for supposing there was, is this : Near Yeovil
are two villages aUled Blast and West Coker, and also a
seat called Coker Court, now the residence of II. Helyar,
Esq.

By referring to Robson*s Royal Court Guide and
Peerage, 1840, I find that in some places it is spelt
Cocker, in others Coker; this would suggest that the
word has been gradually * corrupted from Cocker into
Coker.

Further information on this subject would be interest-
ing, and can no doubt be supplied by some of your
correspondents. P. F. Rowsell.

Exeter.

* * *

Morris of Topsham. — Can any correspondent tell
me if there is any mention of this family in Westcote's
Devonshire Families f This family appears to have used
Arms, (sa.), three hawks (ar.), belled (or), each perched on
a rest gold, and a crest separately, a man's head crowned.
The above arms agree with those of Trehawke of Tre-
hawke and Rosilian, co. Cornwall, into which family th^
may have married, and assumed their arms. Can anyone
tell me if there is any marriage with Morris in the pedigree
of that family, and what is their crest.

Portswood, Southampton. G. T. Windyer-Morris.

»{« « ii«

John Mutton. — In St. Neot Church, Cornwall,
there is said to be **an extremely fine " stained glass
window called "The Mutton Window," and at the foot of
it is the legend, Orate pro anima Johannis Motion hujus
ecclesia benefactoris. Can any of your readers say who
this John Mutton was, where was his residence, and what
is known of him ? There was some 123 years ago, a John
Mutton, the son of a John and Mary Mutton, who resided
in the adjoining parish of Cardinham. Was he a descen-
dant of the donor ? What were the family arms ? N.H.
Liskeard.

220

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

The Family of IIiliun.— In the Harleian MSS. in

the British Museum, the arms of the family of IIiliun are

given as belonging to the County of Devon in the year

1539. The arms tricked out are those of a buck, or hart's

head calxished. Can any of the readers of the IVestem

Antiquary inform me where the family of IIiliun resided

in the county of- Devon in the year 1539? The arms are

similar to those quartered by the Ralcighs of Warwickshire,

in the *' Visitation '* of that county in the year 1619,

through the marriage with Rose, the heiress of Sir Peter

Helion of Upton Ilelions, co. Devon, /emp. Edward III.

Also the same as those borne by Sir Walter de Helion of

Helions in the county of Hereford, a crusader, who

married the heiress of Walsh. A. J. Monday.

Taunton.

* * *

Rkv. Henry Borlasr. — Can anyone inform me of the

exact dale of the death of the Rev. Henry Borlase, who

died at Plymouth in either October or November, 1835 ?

He was the first man who set up a society of Plymouth

Brethren; not, however, on the present lines of that body.

If any of your readers have access to the files of some

local newspapers of that dale, an entry may be found

which will elucidate the difficulty. I may add that several

authorities give October, 1835, ^ ^^^ ^^'^ ^^ death, but I

have strong reason for accepting Nov., 1835, ^ ^^e true

date. Alex. Gordon, m.a.

Belfast.

^ IRcplies. ^

Barix^n, Badon and Badbury, Barbl'ry. — Your
correspondent could hardly have read my article aright,
for **Churt(m" states that King Arthur ivoft the Battle of
Badon or Bardon, and therefore Saxon influence did not
rest there for the British Arthur destroyed the Saxon
invader.

As to whether Churton is right in calling Badon
** Bath " I do not say.

Since she wrote the letter to you, I have looked the

.matter up. I find the following — Nennius (chapter 61 and

62) — quoted in Lingard's History of England (vol. i, p.

51), which seems to assert that the battle was fought at

Mount Badon.

I find also in Green's History of Englattdy p. 10,
**The fall of Pevensey fortress, in 491, established the
kingdom of the South Saxons .... and the true conquest
of Southern Britain was reserved for a fresh band of
Saxons, who struggled under Cerdic and Cymric up from
Southampton waters in 495, to the great downs, where
Winchester offered so rich a prize. Five thousand Britons
fell in a fight which opened the country to these invaders,
and a fresh victory at Charford, in 519, set the crown of
the West Saxons on the head of Cerdic We know little
of these incidents .... but it is certain that a victory of
the Britons at ** Mount Badon " in the year 520, not only
checked the progress of the West Saxons, but was followed
by a general pause in the English advance."

I now turn to Bede (Bohn's Edit. p. 34), who refers to
the time when Britain had respite from foreign wars (refer-
ring I suppose to Arthur's success^ but was cut up by civil
war. He then speaks of the wickedness of men, and the
ruin this brought on the country, and then suddenly refers
to Gildas, who was born alx>ut 520, and educated at
I^antwit Major, Glamorganshire, (and was, I believe, a
monk there). Bede says, "Among other most wicked
actions {i.e. of the Britons), not to be expressed, which
their oivn historian Gildas mournfully takes notice of, they
added this — that they never preached the faith to the
Saxons or English who dutelt amongst them " (that is,
Britons). Then Bede goes on to speak of the coming of
Augustine, in 596. If Gildas speaks of his experience in
Glamorganshire, how did the Saxons get there bciween
520 and 577, excepting through Somerset? It is quite
possible also that the birthplace of Gildas, was this very
place, '* Bardon " or ** Badon," as he was called Bardoni-
cus, and is therefore likely to be of the West Country
because he was a Briton.

Green, in page 14 (where he goes on with the West
Saxon conquest), says, " It may have been that the success
of these (Midsex and Essex) landings on the eastern coast
may have roused the West Saxons of the southern coast
to a new advance. Their capture of the hill fort of Old
Sarum in 552, threw open the reaches of the Wiltshire
downs; and pushing along the upper valley of Avon to a
new battle at Barbury Hill, they swooped at last from
their uplands on the rich prey that lay along the Severn.
Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath, cities which had leagued
under the British kings to resist this onset, became the
spoil of an English victory at Deorham, in 577." Could
not a mistake have been made in the names of Badbury
and Barbury? For I do not find the battle of Badbury
mentioned anywhere. Further, Freeman, in his

Norman Conquest^ does not, I believe, mention the battle
of Badbury or Barbury at all. In Second Edit., Vol. I.,
P* 33i he says, *' Twenty years before the coming of
Augustin Ceawlin, the West Saxon, Betwalda, had won the
battle of Deorham, had carried the cities of Bath, Glou-
cester and Cirencester. The district overrun by Ceawlin
beyond the Avon, like the other West Saxon {x>ssessions
north of the Thames, ceased for ever to be Welsh, but
they did not become for ever West Saxon ; but the land
between the Avon and Axe, the northern part of Afodem
Somersetshire^ became a permanent portion of the West
Saxon realm." This does not deny the possibility of there
having been settlers in Somersetshire before this time.

Seeing your correspondent quotes Leland, I have
referred to his Itinerary^ but cannot find the assenioa
that he doubts the identity of the battle of Badon with
Bath. In Vol. III., fol. 154, he says, " IVest Saxon Kings
had hard bye the towne (Winburne) a castelle now caullid
Badbyri but clerely down. The Ditches, Hills, and Site
thereof be yet evidently seene. Now Cnnyesborough in
it." Could not this castle have been built by the Saxons,
and not conquered by them ?

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

221

:^

This is the only reference I can find to Badon, Bardon,

Barbury, or Badbury, in Leiand's index.

Kilmarth. E. W. Rashleigh.

* * *

Langdon and America. — Richard Lee, seventh son
of Robert Lee, see pedigrees of Lee in Miscellanea
Gerualogica^ No. 7, July 1884, emigrated to Virginia,
styles himself a "Colonel." Will dated 1663, in which
he describes himself of Stratford Langton, in the county of
Essex, Esquire, married Elizabeth, daughter of Walter
Langdon, and widow of N. Maynard.

^ *V ^

Langdon of Cornwall. — Sir Wm. Godolphin, Knt
of Cornwall, married Blanche, daughter of John Langdon,
whose daughter, Grace Godolphin, married Sir John
Sydenham, visitation of Cornwall, pedigree attested by
Francis Godolphin, 1620.

** Nicholas Maynard (son and heir of Constant ine
Maynard), living 1620, married as his second wife, Eliza,
daughter of Walter Langdon, of Keverell." Visitation
of Cornwall, pedigree attested by Nicholas Maynard and
Henry Maynard, 1620. Arms of Langdon, of Keverell,
Argent^ a chevron between three lizarcTs heads^ sable.
Pedigree of Lee, Miscellanea Genealogica.

^ * »i«

Thomas a'Becket, and the Chough in Her-
aldry — (4th Series, 165). — According to Hume and
Smollett, Thomas a'Becket was born in London, and of
** reputable parentage, possibly of Cornish descent." In
Burke we find thirteen families or descents of the name
" Becket " and "Beckett" — two of Cornwall, others of
Yorkshire, Wilts, Norfolk, Lincoln, and Ireland. One
only of the Cornish bears "a chough" (Cartuther, co.
Cornwall), and that as a crest, "ducally gorged." It is
borne also as a crest " proper" by the Irish and Wiltshire
families, though al)ove different arms. A shield is given
"Beckett" (but without a county) "Arg, 3 Cornish Choughs
proper," corresponding to E.W.R.'s inquiry.

It should be pointed out that the " Cornish Chough"

is by no means a Ijearing peculiar to Cornish families :

it is quite as familiar in such Welsh families as Jones,

Morgan, Lewis. It is the principal charge (arg, a fesse

gu. l)etween six Cornish Choughs proper) of the Onslows,

a Shropshire family, from whom the Earl of Onslow

derives; and instead of indicating a Cornish family, it is

quoted by Guillim (arg, a cross raguled sable, between

four Cornish Choughs) as the arms of Ithell^ Temple

Dingley, co. Hertford. The pages of Burke's Annory

show that, next to the eagle, falcon, martlet (or martin), it

it is probably one of the most familiar of heraldic birds.

In the middle ages the chough was doubtless a more

familiar object in natural history, and, at the present time,

though scarce, is more plentiful on the Welsh than the

Devon or Cornish coasts. Col. Montagu's Ornithological

Dictionary states the chough as a habitant of parts of

Scotland and the Hebrides, and, though seen with us

mostly on our rocky coasts, has built in the vale of

Llangollen, and is to be found upon the Alps, Southern
Siberia, the mountains of Persia, and even attending the
inundations of the river Nile ! Samuel Knight.

* •J' *

John QviCK—lVestern Antiquary, p. 169.— I should
like to add to the very interesting account given by the
Rev. J. Ingle Dredge, that in a work entitled "1564-
1621. Daniel Chamier: Journal de son voyage k la cour
de Henry IV. Par M. Charles Reed. Paris, 1858," is to
be found " Daniel Chamier's Icon. The Life of M. Daniel
Chamier. By John Quick, Minister of the Court in
London." This life, which occupies pp. 75-198, is taken
from the MS. in Dr. Williams's library.

The two sermons preached after the decease of Mr.
Quick bear the following titles : —

"A funeral sermon occasion'd by the death of the
Reverend Mr. John Quick, late Minister of the Gospel in
London. By Thomas Freke. London : printed by R.
Tookey for John Lawrence at the Angel in the Poultry.
1706 8vo."

"A funeral-sermon occasioned by the death of the
Reverend Mr. John Quick, Minister of the Gospel.
Preached May the 7th, 1 706. By Daniel Williams,
Minister of ihe Gosi^el. London : printed by J. Hum-
freys for John Lawrence at the Angel in the Poultry,
1706. 8vo." George C, Boase.

15, Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster.

* * *

Reply to Query on " Cruel."— In Polwhele's
History of Cornwall he mentions " cruel " thus : —

*' Cruel^ very ; cruel-good, cruel-sick. (A Cornish
and Devonshire word.)"

In Devon it is used as an amplifier in a more general
manner. A Devonshire woman being told a surprising
story, answered thus: "Massy! Massy! cruel soce !
Unaquontabel-i ! What do-e tell aw ? I don't at al doubt
o't." In Hampshire desperate is used in the same sense.

Soce or soace^ friends [socii]. " Cruel soace."
Saltash. H. Boyle Run n alls.

* * *
Resuscitation. — In connection with the communica-
tion of "Devs., Junr.," in your last number (p. 193), I
send the following, taken from The Danger of PremcUure
Interf/untj by Joseph Taylor, 181 6: p. 28.

"The late Sir Hugh Ackland of Devonshire apparently
died of a fever, and was laid out as dead : the nurse, with
two of the footmen, sat up with the corpse. Lady Ack-
land sent them a bottle of brandy to drink in the night :
one of the servants, being an arch rogue, told the other
that his master dearly loved brandy when he was alive,
and, sa3rs he, *I am resolved he shall drink one glass with
us now he is dead.' The fellow accordingly poured out a
bumper of brandy, and forced it down his throat : a gug-
gling immediately ensued, and a violent motion of the
neck and upper part of the breast. The other footman
and the nurse were so terrified, that they ran downstairs ;

222

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

and the brandy genius hastening away with rather too
much speed, tumbled down stairs head foremost. The
noise of the fall and his cries alarmed a young gentleman
that slept in the house that night, who got up, and went
to the room where the corpse lay, and to his great surprise
saw Sir Hugh sitting upright. He called the servants;
Sir Hugh was put into a warm bed, and the physician and
apothecary were sent for. These gentlemen in a few
weeks perfectly restored their patient to health, and he
lived several years after. The above, says the writer, is
well-known to the people in Devonshire, as in most
companies Sir Hugh used to tell this strange circumstance,
and talk of his resurrection by his brandy footman, to
whom, when he really died, he left a handsome annuity."
If the above narrative be true, the subject of this
fortunate but uncomfortable joke must have been one of
two persons, viz.: — Sir Hugh Acland, 5th baronet, who
died at an advanced age, and was buried at Broadcl3rst,
9th March, 1714-15 ; or Sir Hugh Acland, his grandson,
and the sixth baronet, who died 29th July, 1728, aged 32.
I think the former is the more likely.

Can any of your correspondents confirm or refute the
narrative? It has been submitted to one or two accom-
plished antiquaries, who know nothing of it.

Exeter. J. S. Attwood.

*I* v V

The Dipping Rod. — Your notes on this subject
(S. IV., pp. 96, 195), remind me that thirty years ago
I witnessed the employment of the "dipping rod" in
search for water at Newport, Monmouthshire. I was
completing my pupilage to a firm of London architects
who had extensive practice in South Wales.

A local builder had contracted to erect a detached
house on part of a field near to the town, and on going
to the ground with a representative of my chiefs, for the
purpose of "setting out" the proposed buildings, we were
mystified at seeing the builder solemnly pacing about the
field, in company with an elderly countryman who held
between his hands a forked stick of the shape noted by
your correspondents. The contractor gravely told us they
were *' dipping for water"; but in such a tone as conveyed
to our astonished minds that it was the ordinary custom.
Part of the builder's work was to sink a well for the new
house, also to serve building purposes, for mortar, etc.,
during erection. The "dipper" (or "diviner," as he may
be called) was a sober Welshman, ignorant of our language,
but he pointed out a certain spot of ground where the well
sAcu/d he sunk. This spot, on setting out the plan— the
site being limited, — was found to be insidg the house; in
the proposed dining room, if I remember rightly ! A
pump close to the sideboard had not been contemplated
by the architects, and, with a laughing twinkle of the eye,
my companion speedily pointed out a position in the
proposed kitchen yard appropriate to the well, insisting on
that site. The "dipper" looked blank, and departed in a
huff; and the builder shrugged his shoulders, declaring it
was waste of time and money to sink anywhere but at the

"divine" spot : nevertheless the well was sunk in its
proper place, and an abundant water supply obtained.

I reiiliin from comment upon the science of "dipping";
but so ancient a practice is likely to have had scmie justifi-
cation. Nor must it be supposed a well of water may be
obtained in every kitchen yard ! A study of local geology
will best qualify for "dipping."

London. Samuel Knight, f.rj.b.a.

lii lit lii

^ IRcvicwa* ^

The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Tkmas
Hutchinson, Esq.^ B.A. (Haward), LL.D.
(Oxon,), Captain-General and Governor -in-C kief
of His Late Majesty's Province of Massachusetts
Bay, in North America; with an Account of his
Administration when he was Member and Speaker
of the House of Representatives, and his govern-
ment of the Colony during the difficult period that
preceded the War of Independence, Compiled
from the Original Documents still remaining in
the possession of his descendants. By Peter
Orlando Hutchinson, one of his great-
grandsons. London (Sampson Low), 1883.

This book is intended to fill an important
blank in the history of the outbreak of the
American Revolution, and this it undoubtedly
does. There is a manifest gap in the
British annals of that period, and it is some-
what remarkable that English historians, with
rare exceptions, have exerted themselves but
little to fill up this gap, or to vindicate their
country in the steps she took in that important
contest. On the other hand, our American
cousins have manifested the greatest possible
interest in the matter, and they are to be
commended, inasmuch as the War of Indepen-
dence was to them their birth as an indepen-
dent nation and their starting-point in the race
for competition with the other nations of the
world. It is not our purpose in this brief
review to enter upon the controversial aspect
of the questions treated in the book, which
has a decidedly English leaning; but simply
to point out its value as a work bearing upon
the history of America, and upon a portion of
our own country's history which has been too
much overlooked. Governor Hutchinson, as
a servant of the Crown, and compelled to

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

223

carry out his instructions under very trying
circumstances, was subjected to much slander,
personal abuse, and misrepresentation in the
discharge of his duties, and it is no wonder
that his descendants have now, although
somewhat tardily, come forward to make an
effort to defend his character, if it needed
defending, or at any rate to remove misconcep-
tions which certainly did exist. The compiler
of this volume has only dealt with the corres-
pondence of Thomas Hutchinson up to the
year 1775, but, should this work meet with
general approval, he intends to continue his
labours down to May, 1780, the period covered
by the Diary which comprises seven MS.
volumes, besides a large mass of letters all
of historical interest. As we are informed
that the volumes yet remaining to be dealt
with are by far the most bulky, it is certain
that more than one such volume as that
before us would be required to reprint the
whole diary ; it is expedient, therefore, that a
careful selection should be made, and that
only those portions which are of real historical
interest and value should be put in type.
There is much in the present volume that
might reasonably have been excluded, and
doubtless, the compiler will see the wisdom of
abridging the remaining portion when he has
decided to print it.

The Evelyns in A nurica : compiled front Family
Papers and other Sources y 1608- 1805. Edited
and Annotated by G. D. Scull, Oxford
(Parker) : Printed for private circulation.

This is another notable record of the con-
nexion of English family history with the
history of the early colonization of America.
The Evelyns emigrated to America (Virginia)
early in the seventeenth century, and some of
them were engaged in the war of the Revolu-
tion. George Evelin was the'first commander of
Kent Island, 1637; Robert Evelin (1634-1648)
was one of the adventurers who founded a
Company for the settlement of the province of
New Albion. Captain William Glanville
Evelyn (1774-1776) was a participant in the

American War of Independence, and died at
New York, of wounds received at the battle
of Long Island; his letters, from which
copious extracts are made, give a good idea
of the character of this brave officer. Lieut. -
Col. William Harcourt (1776- 1777), afterwards
Earl Harcourt, was a family connection of
the Evelyns, and as such his letters occupy a
prominent place in this volume, for they also
refer to the same period. The name of John
Evelyn, the Diarist and author of Sylva, is
enough in itself to commend a work of this
kind to the notice of the student, but we may
add that the book is of great historical value,
as dealing with a period in which students
on both sides of the Atlantic are now taking
a deep interest. The old bitterness has died
out, and each section of the great Anglo-Saxon
family can look with impartial judgment upon
the actions of their respective ancestors who
took part in that notable struggle. The book
before us being privately printed, and the
edition being limited to 250 copies, the supply
must necessarily soon become exhausted.

Dorothea Scott, otherwise Gotherson and Hogben, of
Egerton House, Kent, 161 1- 1680. A new
and enlarged edition. By G. D. Scull.
Oxford: Printed for private circulation, by
Parker & Co., 1883.

This work is the narrative of the troubled
life of Dorothea Gotherson, for circulation
among her descendants in America. To it is
appended tlie reprint of a work written and
published by her, entitled — A Call to Repentance^
which was addressed to Charles II. and the
people of England in 166 1. As a member of
the Society of Friends, or Quakers, she did
not escape the persecution of the times in
which she lived. She became a minister
among her people and held meetings, besides
writing and publishing religious exhortations.
She ultimately settled in America (Long
Island). Trouble and persecution followed;
her religious views, being reckoned peculiar,
brought her from time to' time under great
obloquy. What she endured may better be
gathered from the following lines, which are

224

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

prefixed to the volume before us, than from
any words of our own : —

"Reader ! Within this unpretending volume lies

The story of a gentle life, surcharged with tears ;

A worn and stricken heart, assailed by fears
And wrongs, that cry aloud across the centuries.
Hers was the hapless lot, to bear enduring strain

On love maternal, Christian's faith and joy,

And her sad life suffused with such alloy
As drove her from her Kentish val.' across a stormy main.

She bade her old ancestral hall a last farewell,
And to the western world her laggard footsteps pressed ;

There, nigh the uncultured savage, did she dwell.
Till folded by kind nature in eternal rest.
Strange chance, thus late, that one of her own kindred race
Should pen this In Memoriam page, to note her resting-
place. "

Mediaval Yorkshire: — Memorable Invasions, Battles^
Revolts,, Conspiracies, and Military Achievenunts,
recorded in the Annals of Yorkshire, By Edward
Lam PLOUGH, Author of The Siege of Hull. Hull :
Henry Bolton, 1884.

A most interesting little volume, unpretentious, yet
comprehensive, and eminently calculated to awaken an
interest in the events of Yorkshire history. Commencing
with the days of Edward the Confessor, the reader is
brought on stage by stage through most stirring scenes,
down to the period of the Scottish Invasion in 1346.
Moreover, the author has judiciously arranged his work in
a series of short chapters, each having a distinctive
title, and yet all in due chronological order. This is just
the book which we should recommend as a present for a
youth, as likely to give him an insight into English history,
which at this time, more perhaps than at any other period,
was largely affected by the scenes enacted in Yorkshire.
The names of such notable men as Siward, Tosli, Harold,
Hardrada, Piers Gavcston, and many others, recall the

most romantic days of our national history.

•

^^ Failed to Pass*^; or the Modem Midshipman, Plymouth:
W. H. Luke. 1885.

This racy little volume will he read with avidity by
naval men and all who are interested in nautical affairs.
Although containing hut little to satisfy the inordinate
craving of some readers of sensational literature, who
delight in plots of the most intense and impossible
character, yet the narrative possesses peculiar interest
which will ensure its being read from beginning to end.
We are given an amusing peep at naval life at Malta; a
glimpse of the recent bombardment of Alexandria; some
sketches of life alx)ard ship; besides various little incidents,
sentimental and otherwise. Perhaps the best and most
exciting chapter in the book is that describing a '*man
overboard" incident, which the writer narrates with telling
effect. Very pathetic, too, is the death of pfX)r Chick, the
gun-room mess "slavey." Of course the pith of the story is
the system of Exams : for the naval service, and the manner

of cramming, coaching, cribbing, and plucking whidi it
involves. We are pleased to commend the book to onr
readers as very nicely and tastefully printed, and reflecting
great credit upon the publishers. We trust it will meet
with the favour it deserves.

Sketches of Old Castles and other Antiquities of South
Devon. By R. King. Plymouth : Brendon, 1884.
Mr. King has improved upon his book of Plymouth
sketches in the work now before us ; the drawings are
more faithful and not so roughly finished, and we are
glad to see that our hint has been taken, by the inclusion
of some descriptive notes. We could have wished, how-
ever, that Mr. King had confined his attention in this issue
to the castles of South Devon of which there are numerous
fine specimens; as it is we are given Berry Pomeroy, Plymp*
ton, Dartmouth, Compton Castles only, the other sketches
being of Buckland Abbey, Hayes Barton, Widey Court,
Buckfast Abl:)ey, Crowndale, Boringdon House, and one
or two other places. Mr. King's notes are, with one
exception, taken from Murray's Handbook of Devon.
There is ample scope for a series of works such as this,
to illustrate Old Devonshire, and we trust some artist,
who has time, talent, and public spirit, will ere long
set himself the task of giving us faithful representations of
the ancient buildings of the county, arranged in groups
with brief descriptive and historical notices.

* * *

4» ■Rotes an^ IRoticefi. «*

Although we have in the present numl^er exceeded
the usual number of pages, we are compelled to hold over
several important contributions from want of space.
Reviews of some interesting works are in type, and will
duly appear. Other works, received as we are going to
press, must also necessarily stand over.

For the same reason, we are unable to give, as
promised, "Notes on the Drake Portraits." These will
appear as an article in our next issue. The description of
the "Arms of Exeter City Companies,** intended to
accompany Mr. Townsend*s excellent drawing, which
appears in the present number, is also unavoidably
crowded out.

In our April number we shall give an interesting
article by Mr. G. C Boase, entitled " Mrs. Bray and her
writings." This article originally appeared in the Library
Chronicle, a Journal of Librarianship and Bibliography,
and the official organ of the Library Association of the
united kingdom. We shall reprint it by permission of the
Editor and also of the author, and trust it will be followed
by other equally valuable contributions towards a Devon-
shire Bibliography.

According to the Athenaum of March 7th, 1885,
" The new novel by the author of 'John Herring,* entitled
* Court Royal,' which is announced to commence in the
April number of the Cornhill Magazine, will be laid in
the same scenes which the author has made familiar to the
public, but deals with the two extremes of social life.**

' p

THE

ntesTgi}!^

OR,

*Wote*Book tot Bevon, Cornwall anb Somerset.

No. II.]

APRIL, 1885.

[Vol. 4.

MRS. BRAY AND HER WRITINGS.

BY G. C. BOASB.

•^nr'NNA ELIZA BRAY was bom in
^Tjt the parish of St. Mary, Newington,
Surrey, on the 25th December, 1790,
at six o'clock in tke morning precisely. Her
father, John Kempe, of a Cornish family, was
born in 1748 ; became bullion porter in the
Royal Mint in the Tower of London, which
situation he held during fifty years, and died
in the New Kent Road, London, ist June,
1823. His wife was Ann, daughter of James
Arrow, of Westminster. She was bom at
Tothill Fields, Westminster, 24th February,
1745-46, and died at Rodney Buildings, New
Kent Road, London, 17th March, 1835.

The subject of this notice was born with a
delicate constitution, and when five years of
age had a violent inflammation in her eyes,
from the effects of which she suffered through-
out the remainder of her life. Up to the age
of ten she took no delight in reading, till
somebody gave her an abridgment of Robinson
Crusoe; this she read with avidity and delight,
and from thenceforth she was a student of
many books.

About this period she was sent to school
under her cousin and godmother. Miss Jane
Wrather. Several of the girls at this estab-
lishment had brothers at Westminster School,
and, knowing what was done there before the
holidays, they obtained permission from their
parents and from the schoolmistress to act a
play among themselves before the breaking-up
at Christmas. The play chosen was "The

West Indian," in which the small part of
Varland, the lawyer, was assigned to Anna
Kempe ; in it, however, she proved herself to
be the best actor in the company. The love
of acting was encouraged by frequent private
performances in her father's house; and a
friend, Mr. William Dowton, the celebrated
comedian, at last made arrangements for her
public appearance at the Bath Theatre. The
night was fixed for the 27th May, 1815, the
character to be Belvidera in " Venice Pre-
served," and the programmes were printed
and publicly distributed. Miss Kempe pro-
ceeded to Bath by the coach to fulfil her
engagement ; the weather, however, was un-
propitious ; on the journey she caught a severe
cold, entirely lost her voice, and on the long-
anticipated evening was ill in bed. The
opportunity passed, she continued ill for some
time, and finally had reluctantly to admit that
with weak health and shaken nerves she must
give up all thoughts of entering on so laborious
a career as the stage.

Years passed by, and in the year 181 8, she
was married to Charles Alfred Stothard. This
artist, a son of Thomas Stothard, r.a., was
born in London, 5th July, 1786. As early as
1802 he commenced making drawings from
the monuments in the churches at Stamford.
The first number of his great work, "The
Monumental EflSgies of Great Britain" ap-
peared in June, 181 1. In 181 6, he was deputed
by the Society of Antiquaries to make draw-
ings from the tapestry at Bayeux. It was
whilst on his route to Bayeux that he made
the discovery of the monuments of the kings
and queens of England in the ruins of the

226

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

abbey of Fontevraud. He made three journeys
to Bayeux, in the last of which he was
accompanied by his wife. In 1821 he was in
England, collecting materials for continuation
numbers of ** The Monumental Effigies," and
whilst employed in Beer-Ferrers* Church,
Devon, on the 28th May, fell from a ladder,
and striking his head against a stone monu-
ment was killed on the spot. Mrs. Stothard's
only child, Blanch Ann Eliza Stothard, was
born on the 29th June following, but died
after a short life of seven months' duration,
in January, 1822. In the Gentleman s Magazine
for March, 1822, p. 257, are found verses ad-
dressed ** To an afflicted lady, on the much
lamented loss of her highly talented and
amiable husband, and the sweetest solace of
that loss her only and infant daughter," these
verses are dated ** Bromley college, Feb. 13.**

Mrs. Stothard's first literary work was
entitled — ** Letters written during a tour in
Normandy,*' brought out in 1820. On account
of its being illustrated by her husband, it met
with great success. Her next undertaking
was, in connection with her brother, Alfred
John Kempe, f.s.a., to continue and complete
" The Monumental Effigies " left unfinished
by her husband, and then to write an account
of her late talented partner under the title
of ** Memoirs of the late Charles Alfred
Stothard."

Within a period of two years she married
the Rev. Edward Atkyns Bray; he was of
Trinity College, Cambridge, b.d. 1822; was
appointed Vicar of Tavistock in 181 1, which
appointment he held until his decease, i6th
July, 1857, aged 78. He was the author of
Poems, 1799; Idylls, 1801 ; Funeral Ode on
Lord Nelson, 1801 ; Sermons selected from
the Works of the most Eminent Divines, 181 8;
Discourses adapted to the Pulpit from Tracts
of Eminent Divines, 1821 ; and a Sermon,
1833. Mr. Bray was a stout old-fashioned
tory, a kind of man one does not expect to
find in a town belonging to the family of
Russell. It was very pardonable in Mrs. Bray
to believe that in her husband the Church

possessed one of her most powerful preachers;
but as he not unfrequently gave political ser-
mons that were distasteful to the majority of
his hearers, or else preached learned discourses
which they did not understand, some difference
of opinion may exist as to the amount of
benefit he conferred on the Church. Many
stories are told about the attempts of the
rustics to find out what some of Mr. Bray's
words meant. " Trismegistus," asked a farmer
of his friend as they walked up the street from
the church together, '* W^ho is Trismegistus ?"
** Lord lov'e,'* was the reply, ** how should I
knoa ? why there's no end to the 'postles."

Mrs. Bray's first work of fiction was " De
Foix ; or, Sketches of the Manners and Cus-
toms of the Fourteenth Century. An historical
romance," 1826; and from this time onwards
hef appearances before the public were very
frequent. On the publication of her novel,
**The Talba; or. Moors of Portugal," in 1830,
she introduced herself to Robert Sou they; he
afterwards visited her at Tavistock, and was
in literary communication with her to the date
of his death, after which time his widow,
Caroline, corresponded with Mrs. Bray. In
the same year in which her second husband
died she removed to London after a residence
of thirty-six years at Tavistock. The serenity
of her declining years was disturbed by the
public report that when at Bayeux in 1816
she had stolen and taken away a small piece
of the tapestry. The small piece in question
having come into the hands of the authorities
at the South Kensington Museum was by them
restored to the Custodian of the Tapestry at
Bayeux. The custodian it appears was ac-
customed to inform visitors that ** Madame
confessed the theft on her death bed.'' A
letter from her nephew, Mr. Charles Kempe,
to The Times produced a leading article, and it
was proved that Mrs. Bray could not possibly
have taken away the fragment, as at the time
it was stated to have been stolen she had
never seen Normandy. She died at her resi-
dence, 40, Brompton Crescent, London*
Sunday, 21st January, 1883. She believed

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

227

profoundly in herself and her works, and made
no secret of it ; but there was a childlike
openness and sweetness in her self-confidence
which attracted instead of repelling. The
autobiography of Mrs. Bray recently published
does not contain all the information about
this authoress which one had a right to expect ;
it is very discursive, and what is generally
known as ** light reading." The editor, Mr.
John A. Kempe, has taken very little trouble
about the book ; their is neither table of con-
tents nor index. No list of Mrs. Bray's works
is given, nor is any attempt made to supply
deficiencies in dates, &c., left by the deceased
lady. Even the date of birth on the title-page
differs from that given in the body of the book.
A caution must be added as to the name of
this authoress : nearly all her works are said
on the title-pages to be by ** Mrs. Bray," but
there is also another lady who writes under
the same appellation, namely Emily O. Bray,
who was born at Buryhill, Dorking, in 1847,
and is the wife of Mr, Reginald M. Bray.
I believe all the following works are by E. O.
Bray : — Our duty to animals, 1871 ; Month at
the sea-side, a sequel to Willie and Mary,
1872; Madge, a tale, 1873; Petite; or, the
story of a child's life, 1873 5 History of Jack-
a-Nory and his brother, a Cornish story, 1876;
Paul Bradley, a village tale, 1876; Ten of
them; or, the child of Danehurst, 1877; We
four, a story, 1881. There is also a third lady,
the wife of Mr. Charles Bray, who is also
known in the literary world as Mrs. Bray.
She has published " Physiology for schools."
Lond., Longmans, i860, i2mo., and other
works. The books in the following list being
all modem and easily procurable, it has not
been thought necessary to give the collations.
Some of Mrs. A. E. Bray's works are said to
have been translated into German.

Annexed is a bibliography of her own
works and of those she edited. When not
otherwise mentioned, it is to be understood
that the words, ** By Mrs. Bray," appear on
the title page : —

Letters written during a Tour in Normandy, Brittany and
other parts of France, in 1818, tui^h numerous Uiusira'
turns afters the drawings of Charles A, Stothard, F,S.A,
By Mrs. Charles Stothard. Lond. Lonpnans, Nov, 1820,
4to, £^ I2S. 6d.

The Monumental Effigies of Great Britain, 147 etchings by
Charles A, Stothard^ with historical descriptions and
introduction by A. J. Kempe (his brother-in-law). Lond.
1817-32, fo. ;f 19 large paper, £2&. Mrs. Stothard
assisted her brother in the completion of this work.

Memoirs, including original journals, letters, papers and
antiquarian tracts of the late Charles Alfred Stothard,
with connective notes of his life, and some account of a
journey to the Netherlands. By Mrs. Charles Stothard.
Lond. Longtnans, 1823, 8vo, 15s.

De Foix ; or, Sketches of the Manners and Customs of
the Fourteenth Century, an historical romance. Lond.
Smith and Elder, 1826, 3 vols. 8vo, £\ 7s. Price after
wards reduced to 12s. — New and revised edition. Lond.
Chapman and Hall, 1884, 8vo, 3s. 6d.

The White Ploods, an historical romance. Lond. Lor^-
mans, nth Fed., 1828, 3 vols. 8vo, £1 lis. 6d. The
Remainders passed to Smith and Elder, who reduced the
price to 12s. — New and revised edition. Lond. Chapman
and Hall, 1884, 8vo, 3s. 6d.

The Protestant, a tale of the reign of Queen Mary. By
the author of De Foix. Lond, R. Colhum, Nov,, 1828,
3 vols. 8vo, £1 IIS. 6d. — New and revised edition.
Lond. Chapman and Hall, 1884, 8vo, 3s. 6d.

Fitz of Fitzford, a legend of Devon. Lond, Smith and Elder,
Feb,, 1830, 3 vols. 8vo, £1 7s., afterwards reduced to
I2S. — New and revised edition. Lond. Chapman and
Hall, 1884, 8vo, 3s. 6d.

The Talba ; or. Moor of Portugal, a romance. Lond.
Longmans, Dec, 1830, 3 vols. 8vo, ;£" I 7s. The Remain-
der passed to Smith and Elder, who reduced the price to
I2S. — New and revised edition. Lond. Chapman and
Hall, 1884, 8vo, 3s. 6d.

Fables and other Pieces in Verse by Mary Maria Colling,
with some account of the Author, in Letters to Robert
Southey, Esq., Poet Laureate. Lond. Longmans, 1831.
i2mo. Published by subscription.

Trials of Domestic Life. Lond. R, Colbum, 1834, 3 vols.
8vo. ;f I IIS. 6d.. — Another edition. Lond. 1848, 3 vols.
i2mo.

Warleigh ; or, the Fatal Oak, a legend of Devon. Lond.
Longmans, Nov., 1834, 3 vols. 8vo. £\ lis. 6d. This
title is frequently found misprinted as Warleigh ; or, the
Fatal Oath. — New and revised edition. Lond. Chapman
and Hall, 1884, 8vo, 3s. 6d.

The Borders of the Tamar and Tavy. Lond. John Murray,
Feb,, 1836. 3 vols. 8vo, ^i 4s. Mr. Bohn purchased
the remainder copies, and gave the work a new title-page
as follows : —

228

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Traditions, Legends, Superstitions and Sketches, of Devon-
shire, on the Borders of the Tamar and Tavy, in a Series
of Letters from Mrs. Bray to Robert Southey, Esq.
Lond. Bohn, 1838, 3 vols. 8vo.

The Borders of the Tamar and Tavy, their Natural History,
&c. A new edition. Lond. IV. Kent and Co, ; Plymouth
(Brendon), printed in 1879, 2 vols. 8vo, £\ is.

Trelawny of Trelawne ; or, the Prophecy, a legend of
Cornwall. Lond. Longmans^ 5M Dec,^ 1837, 3 vols.
8vo, ;fii IS. 6d.— Second edition, 1845, 8vo.

Trials of the Heart. Lond. Longmans, 1839, 3 vols. i2mo.
£\ IIS. 6d. — New edition. Lond. Longmans, 1845,
8vo, 6s

The Mountains and Lakes of SwiUerland, with descriptive
Sketches of other parts of the Continent. Lond. Long-
mans, 1841, 3 vols i2mo, ^i IIS. 6d.

Henry de Pomeroy ; or, the Eve of St. John, a legend of
Cornwall and Devon. Lond. A*. Bentley, 1842, 3 vols.
8vo. £\ 8s. 6d. — A new edition, revised and corrected
by the Author (with the White Rose, a domestic tale).
Lond. Longmans, 1846, I vol. 8vo, 6s.

Court enay of Walreddon, a romance of the West. Lond.
R. Bentley, 1844, 3 vols. 8vo, £i lis. 6d. — New edition.
Lond. Longmans, 1 845, 8vo, 6s.

The Novels and Romances of A. E. Bray. Lond. Long-
mans, 1845-46, 10 vols. 8vo, £3.

The Father's Curse, and The Daughter's Sacrifice. Two
tales. Lond. 1848, 8vo.

The Life of Thomas Stothard, R.A., with personal remi-
niscences by Mrs. Bray. Lond. /. Afurray, 185 1, 4to,
£1 IS.

Novels and Romances by A. E. Bray. Lond. Longmans,

1853, 10 vols. i2mo, 6s. each. Passed to Thomas Tegg,
who reduced the price to is. 6d. per vol.

A Peep at the Pixies or Legends of the West, with illus-
trations by H, K, Brarunu, Lond. Grant and Griffith,

1854, 8vo, 3s. 6d. ; coloured 4s. 6d.

HandeT: his Life, Personal and Professional, with thoughts

on Sacred Music. By Mrs. Bray. Lond. Ward and Co.,

1857, 8vo. 2S.
Poetical Remains of the late Rev. E. A. Bray ; selected

and edited, with a Memoir of the Author by Mrs. Bray,

Lond. Longmans, 1859, 2 vols. 8vo, 12s.
A Selection from the Sermons, General and Occasional, of

the Rev. E. A. Bray. Lond. Rivingtons, i860, 2 vols.

8vo, 14s.
The good St. Louis and his times. Lond. Griffith and

Far ran, 1 870, 8vo, 7s. 6d.

The Revolt of the Protestants of the Cevennes, with some
Account of the Huguenots in the Seventeenth Century.
Lond. John Murray^ 1870, 8vo, los, 6d.

Hartland Forest, a legend of North Devon. Lond. Long-
mans, 1871, 8vo, 4s. 6d.

Joan of Arc and the times of Charles the Seventh King
of France. Lond. Griffith and Juirran, 1874, 8vo,
7s. 6d.

Roseteague ; or, the Heir of Treville Crewse. Lond.

Chapman and Hall, 1874, 2 vols. 8vo, £\ is.
Silver Linings ; or. Light and Shade. Lond. Griffith and

Farran, 1880, 8vo, 7s. 6d. ; reduced Nov. 1883, to

3s. 6d.

Autobiography of Anna Eliza Bray (born 1789 sic, died
1883), edited by John A. Kempe. Lond. Chapman and
Hall, Feb,, 1884, 8vo, los. 6d. with a portrait.

Reminiscences of Thomas Stothard, R.A., By A. E. Braj.
Gentleman^ s Magazine, N.S. vol. ii, 321-323 (1834).

Cothele and the Edgcumbes of the Olden Time. By A. E.
Bray, ib„ xl. 351-357, 444-5° (1853).

[The above is re-published, by permission, from the
Library Chronicle, August, 1884. Editor.]

*ii 4i ^

PHILOSOPHERS OF SOMERSET.

by mrs. edmund soger.

Roger Bacon, 1214-1292.

^^^ RE AT EST among, not only the
\§^ Philosophers of Somerset, but the
Philosophers of Europe of that age;
and haying regard to the ignorance and
obstacles he had to overcome — probably the
greatest in the world, stands the name of
Roger Bacon, known in his own day as
" Mirabilis Doctor." There was a quaint
custom in that age of giving the most cele-
brated teachers of the day some appellation
by which they were distinguished among the
learned. Thus Thomas Aquinas was the
Angelical Doctor ; Alexander Hales, of Glou-
cester, the Irrefragable Doctor ; but none so
well deserved his title as Roger Bacon, the
Wonderful Doctor.

It is remarkable that both the year of the
birth and death of Roger Bacon are carefully
recorded. He was born at Ilchester in the
year 12 14. " The life of Roger Bacon," sdys
Greene, ** almost covers the thirteenth century.
He was the child of royalist parents, who had
been driven into exile and reduced to poverty
by the civil wars. From Oxford, where he
studied under Edmund of Abingdon — other-
wise known as Edmund Rich or St. Edmund,
Archbishop of Canterbury — ^he went to Paris.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

229

It was the custom in those days before the
building of separate colleges had placed the
students under a more exact and careful sur-
veillance, for the scholars to remain at one
University as long as they chose, and having
gained all they could from it to migrate to
another. They attended the lectures of their
professor, and having extracted all the favorite
information he' had to give them they passed
on, it may be to Paris or Bologna. At this
period Oxford and Paris stood highest in all
Europe for the excellence of their professors.
But Oxford then was far different from the
fair and stately city that we see now. ** In the
outer aspect of the University,'* says Greene,
" there was nothing of the pomp that over-
awes the freshman as he first paces the * High*
or looks down from the gallery of St. Mary's.
In the stead of long fronts of venerable colleges,
of stately walks beneath the immemorial elms,
history plunges us into the mean and filthy
lanes of a mediaeval town. Thousands of
boys, huddled in bare lodging-houses, cluster-
ing round teachers as poor as themselves
in church-porch and house-porch, drinking,
quarrelling, dicing, begging at the corners of
the streets, take the place of the brightly-
coloured train of doctors and heads."

Such is a picture of the life into which the
young student from Somerset was thrown. He
studied under William Sherwood, Archdeacon
of Lincoln, celebrated for his mathematical
attainments, and both at Oxford and Paris
under Richard Fishacre, a distinguished
lecturer on the sciences.

But Bacon soon cast aside the trammels of
Aristotelian philosophy, and was himself,
rather than his great namesake, Francis
Bacon, the author of Inductive Philosophy.
The spirit in which he worked is shown by
his saying, on a disputed fact in physics — ** /
have tried it, and it is not the fact but the very
reverse,*^ In Paris he pursued his investigations
in science but was continually hindered by
the want of money for the purchase of books,
instruments, etc., etc. He spent all his own
heritage, and must have managed to imbue

others with a belief in him, for he is said to
have spent the sum of ;^2,ooo on his experi-
ments, an immense sum in those days, fully
equal to ;^50,ooo at the present day.

Discontented with the learning of the
schools, he chiefly employed himself in the
study of what we call the laws of nature : and
soon discovered how fruitless and barren in
results was the philosophy of Aristotle. So
strongly did he feel its tendency rather to
hinder than assist original research, that he
said, " Si haberem potestatem super libros
Aristotelis, ego facerem omnes cremari ; quia
non est temporis amissio studere in illis, et
causa erroris et multiplicatio ignorantice ultra
id quod valent explicari.*'

It was about this time, but whether when
studying in Paris or on his return to Oxford
does not seem certain, that by the advice of
his friend, Grost6te, he assumed the Friar's
gown. These begging Friars were a feature
in the ecclesiastical as well as scientific de-
velopment of that age. The new order seems
to have been formed partly with the idea of
having a body of preachers alike untrammelled
by parish duties or monastic discipline, a sort of
ecclesiastical knights-errant, who owed allegi-
ance directly to the Pope and acted as a kind
of mission clergy. At first they were wel-
comed by earnest churchmen, such as Gros-
t6te, and it was by his advice that Bacon and
others joined their order: and there is little
doubt that their wandering lives, the various'
degrees of society in which they mixed fostered
a free spirit of enquiry than obtained among
the other clergy.

He returned to Oxford in 1240, and, under
the shelter of his Franciscan gown, both
studied and taught diligently. He and his
brother, or more probably his uncle, Robert
Bacon, distinguished themselves by preaching
before the king, Henry III. Robert inveighed
against Peter de Rupibus or Peter des Roches
and the excessive deference paid by the king
to his opinion. Roger had ** a pleasant wit,''*

* The above is borrowed, not as the reader may sup-
pose, from John Gilpin, but from Speede's ChtonicU,

230

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

and enforced his relative's exordium by telling
the king that the most dangerous things at
sea were Petrae et Rupes, in allusion to the
Bishop's name signifying stones and rocks.
** The king, therefore, taking the good advice
of Schollers which he would not of his Peeres,
summons a Parliament to be holden at West-
minster, giving the world to know withall,
that his purpose was to amend by their advice
whatsoever ought to be amended."

But Bacon's name is chiefly memorable as
the first great master in science who investi-
gated nature for himself, and his discoveries,
his guesses, his glimpses of truth are more
wonderful than any like fact we know, espec-
ially when we consider the gross ignorance
that prevailed, and the utterly empirical
methods* that were in vogue at the time. At
any rate, it is he and not his great namesake,
Francis Bacon, who should be called the
father of inductive philosophy, and it seems
absolutely certain that the latter had read
Roger Bacon's works and taken to himself the
credit of the method. The coincidence of
the name after a period of four hundred years
approaches to the marvellous, but this wonder
is rather lessened when we realize that the
younger philosopher borrowed his ideas from
the elder — unacknowledged.* But Bacon's
studies were not confined to what we call
science. He studied Greek, Latin, Hebrew,
and Arabic. He rectified the mistakes in the
Calendars, though his corrections were not
adopted at the time, but later science has
proved their correctness. As a mechanician.
Bacon was more renowned than as an astro-
nomer, and the admiration and stupid wonder
which his achievements excited fixed upon him
the character of a magician. Optics he greatly
improved, and led the way to, if he did not
actually invent the telescope.

But it was in chemistry that his discoveries
were most conspicuous. He invented gun-

* It is not, I think, well-known that Milton, a little
later, committed the same dishonourable piracy: the whole
scheme and many passages almost entire, of his Paradise
Losif are borrowed from the Old Saxon Poet, Cxdmon —
with no acknowledgment.

powder and had considerable knowledge of
practical medicine. But now the idea of
magic, and the unlawfulness of the powers
with which he worked spread to the authorities
and he was confined to his own cell. It was
by the order of Pope Innocent IV. that he
was forbidden to lecture in Oxford, and that
he was afterwards imprisoned.

The Cardinal Bishop of Sabina — a man
whose name should be held in honour as being
above the prejudices and in advance of the
ignorance of his age — hearing of this " Doctor
Mirabilis," sent to him and requested him to
transmit to him a full account of his dis-
coveries. This, however, he could not do,
as he was forbidden by his sujjerior to write
and publish his works.

In a short time, however, the Cardinal be-
came Pope Clement IV., and his authority
over-riding every other, Bacon wrote to him
to tell him he was ready to comply with his
desire. He set to work at once to prepare his
" Opus Majus," a sort of digest or new edition
of his former works, but here new difficulties
beset him : he wanted at least ;^6o in order to
procure instruments, to pay transcribers, etc.
He had spent all his money, his family were
ruined, but some of his inends, by pawning
their goods, managed to iLrnish him with the
sum he wanted in default of an advance from
the Pope which he had expected. Meanwhile
he set to work with almost superhuman energy,
and in little more than a year his work was
completed. It was presented to the Pope, but,
his work was his sole reward. But this year
A.D. 1267, this Annus Mirabilis of English
science should be marked as a red letter day
in her Calendar.

He sent his work to the Pope by the hand
of John, of London, his favorite pupil, of
whom he speaks with remarkable tenderness
and appreciation. In the letter of introduction
to Clement, that accompanied his book, he
says, ** When he (John, of London!) came to
me as a poor boy I caused him to be nurtured
and instructed for the love of God, especially

t Or as some say, John, of Paris.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

231

since for aptitude and innocence I have never
found so towardly a youth. Five or six years
ago, I caused him to be taught in languages,
mathematics, and optics, and I have gratu-
itously instructed him with my own lips since
the time that I received your mandate. There
is no one at Paris who knows so much of the
root of philosophy, though he has not pro-
duced the branches, flowers, and fruit because
of his youth, and because he has had no
experience in teaching. But he has the means
of surpassing all the Latins if he live to grow
old, and goes on as he has begun." This is
all we know of this promising youth.

The work was received by Clement, but his
death soon afterwards seems to have prevented
his giving him any material help. He was
succeeded by another Pope, hostile to progress
and investigation, and by the influence of the
general of the Franciscan Order, Bacon was
again silenced and imprisoned. The prohibi-
tion appears again to have been withdrawn,
for treatise after treatise have of late been
disentombed from our libraries ; they are
but developments of the magnificent concep-
tion he had laid before Clement. From the
w^orld around, he looked for and found no
recognition — ** Unheard, forgotten, buried,"
the old man died as he had lived, and it has
been reserved for later ages to roll away the
obscurity that had gathered round his memory,
and to place first in the great roll of modern
science the name of Roger Bacon.

But it is proposed, not only to tell the real,
but also the mythical history of our Somerset
heroes. And the principal myths and legends
with regard to Roger Bacon, are apparently
embodied in a drama by Greene — a contempo-
rary of Shakespeare — of which is subjoined a
brief sketch. The play is entitled — " The
Honourable History of Friar Bacon and Friar
Bungay."

The fame of these two learned Friars of
Oxford, had travelled abroad, and so great. was
the desire to witness their marvellous deeds of
magic that the Emperor of Germany came to
England to witness Bacon's p)owers. He

brought over with him, one Jacques Vander-
mast, who was supposed to be the greatest
necromancer of the age. He had been
crowned as conqueror with laurel at Padua,
Sien, Florence, Bologna, Rheims, Louvain,
Rotterdam, Frankfort, Utrecht, and Orleans,
for overcoming allwho had come to try con-
clusions with him.

It was agreed between the sovereigns that
the King of England — Henry HI. — and the
Emperor should repair to Oxford, and there
be present at a trial of skill between these
learned masters of magic : and whichever
gained the day was to be crowned — not with
bays, but — with a coronet of choicest gold.

With these came a third, the King of
Castile, who had brought over his daughter,
Eleanor, to be married to Prince Edward.
The kings being seated, a preliminary trial of
skill is proposed between Vandermast and
Butigay And they begin with one of those
quibbling discussions on words which forms so
great a part of the learning of the middle ages.
Having tired of this fruitless struggle from
which no result can be obtained, Vandermast
proposes a trial of magic and asks Bungay
what he can do. Bungay offiers to raise the tree
that in the garden of Hesperides was guarded
by a fearful dragon. The tree appeared and
the dragon spouted out fire and smoke. Then
King Henry asked what they thought of such
cunning skill, but Vandermost laughed at it
as no more than any tyro in the art could do.
He declares that he will produce Hercules,
who shall destroy the tree in spite of the
dragon ; and at the call

** Hercules ! Prodi, prodi, Hercules"

Hercules appears and begins to strip the tree.
Bungay owns himself worsted in the conflict,
and Vandermast demands that he shall be
be crowned.

But now Bacon enters. Vandermast orders
Hercules to proceed with the stripping of the
tree, but Hercules professes himself unable to
do it in the presence of so great a master ;
but when Bacon desires him to take Vander-
mast, the tree and all to Hapsburg, straight

232

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

he obeys and the foiled necromancer is carried
off. Bacon then asks the company to dinner
and gives them only pottage and broth ; at
which, after such proofs of his skill they are
not unnaturally offended. He says that he
only wished to show them a poor scholar's
fare, and promises a feast which shall be
furnished from Egypt, Persia, Spain, Candia,
and Judaea.

■

We are now introduced to Bacon's cell in
Brazen-Nose College, at Oxford. He thus
describes the wondrous head of brass, which
had taken seven years' study to construct, and
what he intends to do by its power : —

** I have contrived and fram'd a head of brass
(I made Belcephon hammer out the stuff),
And that by art shall read philosophy :
And I will strengthen England by my skill,
That if ten Caesars liv*d and reign'd in Rome,
With all the legions Europe doth contain.
They should not touch a grass of English ground ;
The work that Ninus rear'd at Babylon,
The brazen walls fram'd by Semiramis,
Carv'd out like to the portal of the sun.
Shall not be such as rings the English strand
From Dover to the market-place of Rye."

For threescore days have he and Bungay
watched the head, and nature now craves rest.
He desires his servant. Miles, to watch the
head and wake him instantly if it speaks or
all his labour will be lost. He sleeps. After
a time a "great noise" is heard, and the head
says —

" Time is."

But Miles gibes at it, and asks, after his
master's seven years' toil, had it nothing more
worth the saying : and surely it is not well to
wake him from the sleep he so sorely needs,
for two words. So he waits and watches.
Another [great noise and commotion. Again
the head speaks, and says —

" Time was."

Miles still declines to wake his master, and
soliloquises ** Yes, marry, time was, when my
master was a wise man, but that was before
he began to make the brazen head." A fresh
noise, and

" Time is past,"

says the head. Lightning flashes forth and a
hand appears that breaks down the head with
a hammer. Miles now awakens his master,
declaring that the end of the world is come.
Bacon awakes to find that —

" *T'\% past indeed
My life, my fame, my glory, all are past. —
Bacon,

The turrets of thy hope are ruin*d down.
Thy seven years' study lieth in the dust :
Thy Brazen Head lies broken through a slave
That watch*d, and would not when the head did wilL"

After this episode, Bungay comes in to
rouse Bacon from his fit of despair.

Meanwhile, two Oxford scholars seek Bacon
in his cell. They introduce themselves as
Suffolk men, sons of neighbouring squires,
who are friends, as they themselves are. They
desire to know how their fathers fare, and
crave a sight of them in Bacon's wondrous
glass.

They behold their fathers engaged in an
angry discussion which ends in a deadly
struggle, in which they slay each other. The
sons seeing this, engage with each other, and
they in like manner fall down dead.

Bacon, horrified at this double catastrophe,
forswears necromancy and breaks his glass,
vowing that he will

" Spend the remnant of his life
In pure devotion, praying to his God
That He would save what Bacon vainly lost.*'

This play, whose date is of the time of
Queen Elizabeth, of course, represents the
popular opinion with regard to Bacon. The
brazen head seems an allegory : on the known
moral fact that an opportunity let slip, lost
time, etc., can never be restored. For the
legend of the glass, it is evidently a distorted
account of the wondrous powers of the
Telescope which he certainly, in some degree,
invented. It is thought that Friar Bungay —
who was a real personage — was a charlatan,
and tried to mimic some of Bacon's discoveries
by trick and so-called magic ; but whether he
was this, and if so, by his pretended powers,
was in some degree answerable for Bacon's

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

233

being deemed a wizard and his consequent
persecution — or whether he was only a humble
friend and admirer of his great master's mar-
vellous knowledge is not, I think, known.

Authorities for the life of Bacon : — Various Biographies
and Greene's History of the English People ; for the
legends, Robert Greene's Play of Friar Bacon and Friar
Bungay.

KEYNSHAM ABBEY.

BV JOHN TAYLOR, BRISTOL.

HE following transcript of a document
dealing with the disposal of the estates
of Keynsham Abbey, one of the most
important of the Benedictine establishments
of Somerset before its overthrow at the Disso-
lution, may be of more interest by being
introduced with a few particulars concerning
the monastery itself.

Keynsham is situated four miles from Bristol
on the road to Bath. The only prominent
object that now arrests the eye of the traveller
through the broad pastoral country is the
church, which has a western tower, rebuilt,
and of no great merit. Within the church is
a portion of a fine chancel rood-screen and
some monuments of the Bridges. Of the
noble abbey that once stood eastward of the
church he would, until recent years, have been
able to discover nothing : the work of dilapi-
dation had been so thoroughly done that only
a suspicious looking elevation of part of the
surface of a green field a little removed from
the public roadway gave any indication of
the site of what was in mediaeval days a grand
monastic church, with the various buildings
of a complete conventual establishment, with
its gatehouse, almonry, dormitory, refectory,
calefactory, guest-house, granaries, and other
apartments, some of which, like the cloistral
walks with their grassy interspace, would not
meet the gaze from the outside. So un-
sparingly had the work of destruction been
eflFected that the editors of Dugdale's Monasticon
were justified in stating that, according to
visible evidence, ** not the least remains of it

(the abbey) are now extant." That the build-
ing stood eastward of the parish church was
the accepted belief, and this was verified by
the gradual disclosure, on digging foundations
for new houses, of the outlines of the church
of the monastery, including many fragments
of columns, carved niches, fretwork, and en-
caustic pavement of rich design. By an effort
of imagination we may, in standing amid
these broken relics, see the massive Norman
piers with their rudely carved capitals again
ascend from the ground, and the bold, round
arches bend to unite pillar with pillar together
to support the spreading roof, while by the
sombre light of the cavernous windows of
clerestory and aisles, we view the black robed
brethren pass in silent procession to chant
their solemn litanies or dirge-like penitential
psalms in the choir.

Like Bolton Abbey on the Wharfe, Keyns-
ham Abbey on the flowing Avon was founded
in memory of a beloved son. The founder
was William, Earl of Gloucester, son of the
famous Robert the Consul, natural son of
Henry I., and the most powerful of the barons
who opposed King Stephen. The first Earls
of Gloucester were not less distinguished for
their architectural works than for their deeds
of warfare, one of which latter on the part of
Robert, included the capture of Stephen and
his confinement in Bristol Castle, the EarPs
chief stronghold. The original foundation
charter of Keynsham may be thus trans-
lated : —

'* William, Count of Gloucester, to all bis barons and
servitors of France, England and Wales, and to all the
faithful of Christ both present and to be, in salutation:
Know that Robert my son and heir, while lying in his last
sickness, being moved by divine inspiration, requested Id
the presence of religious men, for the sake of his soul,
and that I should found a house of religion ; which petition
and desire of my son, when I had signified my purpose to my
lord King Henry, son of the Empress Matilda, and himself
bad graciously heard me concerning the matter, by the
counsel of Roger, Bishop of Worcester, my brother, and
of other distinguished and faithful men, my own friends,
for the welfare of my.own soul, of the Countess Haweria
my wife, and of my aforesaid son, Robert, and of others
my friends and ancestors, for the honour of God, of the
Blessed Mary, of the Apostles Peter dbd Paul, I carried

234

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

into effect and have founded the abbey of canons regular
in my manor of Cainsham.'*

The signatories were Roger, Bishop of Wor-
cester, the Bishops of Bath and Exeter, the
Abbots of Gloucester, Evesham, Pershore,
Ford, Neath, and St. Augustine's, Bristol, the
Prior of Taunton, and Haweria, Countess of
Gloucester. This was in the year 1171.

In due time the baronial founder of the
Abbey was sepultured within its precincts, as
was also, in 1495 the powerful Jasper Tudor,
Earl of Bedford, uncle of King Henry VII.,
the mayor of Bristol meeting the funeral pro-
cession of the latter from Thornbury, with
2,000 men on horseback, all in black gowns.
King Edward I. in 1280 stayed at the Abbey ;
as may be found by his Itinerary. In 1520
we find the great Duke of Buckingham, so
familiar to the reader of Shakespeare's
" Henry VIII." coming from his manor of
Thornbury to make an oblation at the ** Mon-
astery of Keynsham.'* On May 18, of the
same year, three maidens of Keynsham were
afforded 8d. for " bringing hawthorns to my
lord's grace, being in his orchard " at Thorn-
bury. Not long after this three terrible
messengers of the king's body came with a
letter, that conveyed a dismal and fatal sum-
mons to the proud noble.

Upon the Dissolution, the abbot and fifteen
monks deserted allegiance to the Pope and
subscribed to the King's supremacy. Keyns-
ham with its abbey and rectory, became part
of the jointure from the Crown to Katharine
Parr, whence ** Queen's Charlton " of the ad-
joining village. Just before the confiscation
of the house, John, Abbot of the Monastery
of the Blessed Mary, and of the Blessed
Apostles Peter and Paul, as he is styled, 30th
Henry VIII., demised the granges of West-
over and Estover, &c., with the rectory of
Keynsham, &c., to John Panter, gentleman,
for the term of 80 years for £^6 yearly return.
Furthermore, it was agreed (as explained
below) that John Panter and his assigns shall
receive 12 conventual loaves and 20 flagons
of convent ale every week, and other donations

and privileges. The site of the monastery
was afterwards devised to John Panter for a
term of years. The revenues of the house at
the Dissolution, were valued at £^s^ 3S. 6d.,
which we must multiply at least by ten to find
the present equivalent.

King Edward VI. granted the site of the
Abbey, in 1553, ^o Thomas Bruges or Bridges,
brother of John, first lord Chandos, sheriflF of
Gloucester, with whose family interest in the
estates the subjoined record deals: —

Augmentation
Office.

Translation of the particulars
for Grant to Tho. Bridges Esqre.
6 Ed. 6.

County of Somerset.

Parcel of the Jointure of Katherinc very
lately Queen of England, and formerly
parcel of the Possessions of the late
Monastery of Kaynsham in the County
aforesaid.

Granges of Estover and Westover with the Rectoiy of
. Keynsham are valued in * * * • *

The Farm of two Granges lying situate & being within the
parish of Keynsham in the County afores** with thdr
Appurts called Westover & Estover with all Houses
Buildings Dovecotes Bams Stables Sheephouses & all
other useful Buildings to the afores<* Granges or Farms of
old time appertaining or belonging And also with demesne
lands meadows Feedings & Pastures Woods Underwoods
Moors Commons Pastures upon the Downe there and in
all other void lands & pastures there & also with all the
Works of Customary Tenants there together with the rents
& farm of Stockwood in the County afores** and with the
other Commodities Liberties and Advantages whatsoever
to ihe af** Granges or Farms & other the premises above
specified of old time had accepted or reputed to appertain
or belong or to any parcel of the Premises And also of all
that the Rectory of Keynsham with all and singular their
Appurt's together w^ith all Lands Meadows Feedings A
pastures to the same Rectory appertaining and belonging
And also all and all manner Tithes as well of Corn Grain
Hay as other Tithes called the St re we* Tithing together
with all other Tithes whatsoever and Profits to the af*
Rectory or to any of the Premises in any wise of old time
belonging or growing except & entirely reserved One
Close called the Cosyns Close in Fylton near Whitchurch
in the County af'* One other Close called the Cowelease
One Underwood called Ilsing-grove One other Close
called the Brodemead in Chewton and also all other
Demesne Lands now being in the hands of any Tenants

• n

Shrive " — ConfessionaL

TH

H

Statue of Sir Francis Drake
ON Plymouth Hoe.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

235

for Term of Life or Years by Indenture or a Will before
demised together with all Tithes as well of Com Grain &
Hay as of other Tithes of Chewton Charleton & Whit*
church ft Bristelton in the County af** so demised to John
Panter Gent by Indenture of John late Abbot of the Mon-
astery of the Blessed Mary & the blessed Apostles Peter &
Paul of Keynsham in the County of Somerset, and the
Convent of the same Place dated under the Conventual
Seal of the same late Monastery the i"* day oi Sept' in
the 3oti> year of the reign of the late King Henry the 8^^
amongst other Things may more fully appear to have & to
hold all the afores<* Granges or Farms with all the s**
Houses & Edifices above specified the demesne lands
meadows Feedings and Pastures Woods Underwoods
Moors Commons Pastures upon the Downs af<* Works of
Customary Tenants together with the s^ rents of Stokewood
afd with all other the Prem'es above specified with their
Appurts And also the afd Rectory of Keynsham together
with all & all manner Tithes as well of Corn Grain & Hay as
of the other Tithes afores** called Strewe Ty thing af** with
all other the Premises above specified with their Appurts
except before excepted & reserved to ihe s^ John Panter
and his Assigns from the feast of St. Michael the Archangel
next after the date of the presents for the end & term of
80 years next following & fully to be compleated rendering
therefore yearly during the term as** 36^ of good & lawful
money of England at 4 terms of the Year, viz. Xmas,
Lady Day, Nativity of St. John Baptist & Mich' by equal
portions for all Services and it is covenanted that the
Abbot & Convent and their Successors during the Term
aforesd shall well and sufficiently repair sustain & maintain
the s<i Granges or Farms and all other Houses Buildings
Dovecotes Bam Stables Sheep and other Houses to the s"*
Granges appert^ or belonging in Walls Timber Tiling &c.
at their proper charges when necessary And further it is
agreed that the s^ John Panter & his assigns shall have &
receive 12 conventual loaves & 20 flagons of conventual
Beer in every week in as ample manner & form as Rob^
Storege or Arthur Player before had or I2** in money
every week during the s** Term And it is further agreed
that the s** John Panter & his Assigns shall have power to
shred cut & carry away the Boughs of Underwood Ac. as
by the s*" Indenture exemplified in the Court of Aug-
mentations 28 April 31 Hen. 8 more fully appears 36^.

Memorandum that the Premises abovcsaid are not
parcel of any Manor but entire Granges of themselves

Ex' ^ Hen. Leke. And.
15 Dec. 1552.

Scite of the late Monastery of Keynsham demised to
John Panter by Ind« for a Term of Years £1. 6s. Sd,

Coun. Somerset.

There b growing in a Pasture called the Clowde
belonging to the Premises 650 royill Oaks &c.

16 Dec' 6 Edw. 6

for Tho»' Bridges Esq"*'

PORTRAITS OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE.

BY "WYVERN GULES.

»

ONE Mr. Drake (a gentleman, who died aged above
ninety) saw the original of your illustration (p. 179)
for the first time when he was over eighty — and
was affected to tears by the resemblance it bore to his
father. He remarked the set of the head and shoulders,
spread of chest, elevation of eyebrow, look of vacant sur-
prise, and form of the cheek bones. His son rallied him
for having always disclaimed Sir Francis Drake and having
written out a statement that, according to tradition, he
belonged to "the true old Drake family of Devon that
bore the red dragon," and not the fess and pole stars.
The dragon in the back ground and on the helmet led him
to conclude (reasonably enough) that all the Devon Drakes
were of one family. On being pressed for a more precise
statement, he said that his brothers had paid more heed to
the subject than he had, but he remembered that his father
frequently (on his way to visit a Plymouth friend, named
Prideaux, who came from Dartmouth) took him, when a
child, into St. Andrew's Church, to show him the arms on
a Drake monument under the tower, and his own and only
reason for repudiating Sir Francis rested on Prince's \vell-
known anecdote. He was surprised to learn that Bernard
Drake's property, including Ash, was mortgaged to Sir
Francis at the time of the alleged altercation, — that Sir
Francis had advanced money to Bernard's brother, Richard,
to take him to Court, where he became equerry to Eliza-
beth, — that the friendship between Richard and Francis was
well-known, inasmuch as eulogistic verses on Francis were
dedicated to Richard, and that they were styled cousins
on legal and other contemporary documents. The author
of the anecdote lived three generations later than Drake ;
Prince published it about forty years after his informant's
decease ; it rested only on hearsay which the jsortrait
before him could contradict, and the error was not without
motive. Prince, in these exacting days, is considered a
random and careless writer ; he states in the same nar-
rative, that Sir Bernard Drake, after being attacked by the
jail fever at Exeter, had strength to reach his home at Ash,
and died and was buried in Musbury. He left Exeter in
another direction — probably to reach his ** brother, For-
tescue," and died on the way and was buried in Crediton.

The Drakes of Ash, however, sometimes differenced
their dragon by ** nowing " its tail. A note at p. 27, ex-
plains that Drake bore the dragon by right, but the general
reader is not aware of the penalties in force at the time
for assuming arms without warrant. It was akin to
forgery. The hapless aspirant would be treated as a cul-
prit, and publicly branded as " t^7u?di/is," Drake's state
papers, sealed with the arms represented, often came
under the eye of Elizabeth, who would not have brooked
the slight, on seeing her token of honour subordinated to
the dragon as in the portrait. Evidently credulity, or
something less pardonable, holds the place of accurate
knowledge with the supporters of Prince's fable. Barrow
says, * * The falsehood is scarcely worth a contradiction. "

236

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Old Mr. Drake admitted that, after his father's death,
he had made particular enquiries among relatives and old
friends of the family, who concurred in stating that he was
of the same line as Sir Francis Drake, but he had doubted
it nevertheless. His grandfather, a yeoman, and the
Courtenays of Powderham and Wool borough, were like
members of one family, and this to his mind proved that
his grandfather came of gentler stock, than Sir Francis did.
When he made enquiries in Woolborough, an aged gentle-
man and old inhabitant had died about six months before,
who knew and often related the history of the Drake family
there, and it satisfactorily explained the intimacy with the
Courtenays ; but no one living had taken interest enough
to remember the particulars. There is latent history,
however, which is irrelevant here. Old Mr. Drake, whose
opinion was revolutionized by the portrait, was no ordinary
observer ; he had been an artist and had painted portraits.
He excelled in correct drawing as I can testify, for I drew
once — €t non sine laude^ but — longo interval lo. He also
had arched eyebrows, a similar expression of surprise,
similar cheek l^ones and expanse of chest ; though a short
man, he told me that when young he measured 48 inches
round the chest, and his father, a taller man, measured
more. I have since seen a photograph from a miniature
of Mr. Drake's brother, painted more than seventy years
ago — and the remains of the head, after blocking out all
the face below the eyebrows, in both engraving and minia-
ture, are closely alike, and in the peculiar tuft of hair over
the centre of the forehead, the burin and brush had fol-
lowed in much the same lines. Mr. Drake's brothers shared
the great Admiral's characteristics of personal courage and
dogged determination. Importance attaches to the fore-
going now that the theory of heredity commands scientific
attention.

My acquaintance with these circumstances awakened a
curiosity to know the origin of the portrait which suits
Stow's description of Drake. Mr. Seymour Lucas, the
artist, informed me that he had selected it as the model for
his ** game of bowls " because he was convinced that it
was taken from life as the inscription states. It bears the
arms that Drake used on his seal at that date ; in his later
years he substituted a mantle for the lambrequin. It
shows the excrescence on the left side of the nose which is
observable in the best portraits of Drake, posthumous as
we know those to be which bear arms other than those
represented. The engraving has been attributed to Els-
tracke and is said to have been retouched by Vertue ;
Walpole even classes it among Veriue's works and describes
it as "large and poorly done." In the early stage, the
forefinger of the right hand rested on the top of the
helmet, in the finished plate it was brought down as now
seen, pointing to and touching the dragon.

Stow, a most painstaking writer, who was born before,
and lived after, Drake, stated that the Admiral had two
wives, a fact, which has been treated as a modem dis-
covery. He described him as "more skilful in all the
points of navigation than any that ever was before his

time, in his time, or since his death; he was also of a
perfect memory, great observation, eloquent by nature,
skilful in artillery, expert and apt to let blood, and give
physic unto his people according to the climates, he was
low of stature, of strong limbs, broad breasted, round
headed, brown hair, full bearded, his eyes round, large
and clear, well favoured, fair and of a cheerful counte-
nance. * « * Many princes of Italy, Germany, and otheis,
as well enemies as friends in his lifetime, desired his
picture." There was a portrait of Drake in Rome,
painted by an Italian, which happening to hang next to
that of the King of Spain, gave umbrage to a Cardinal
who had it removed. (Strype, Ann, Reform. Vol. III.,
pt. 2, p. 47.)

With the exception of one painted by John Rabel,
alluded to below, I know of no authentic portrait extant,
besides the original of your illustration. Connoisseurs pro-
nounced it a Dutch engraving, and we know that Drake
when aged about 43, visited the Netherlands to obtain help
for his Cadiz project. It has no date to give a clue to the
name of the engraver or painter, the internal evidence
inclined me once to ascribe to it a later date than the
Armada, but it might well have been produced in the
interval following the Cadiz action.

The arms in the background I have no doubt, were
painted under Drake's own instruction. The garb is
such as Drake actually wore. A contemporaneous drawinf;,
beautifully executed on parchment, of Drake's attack on
St. lago in 1585, represents the English ofiicersand men
similarly attired, while the Spaniards were in armour (see
Egerton MS. 2579). Although the legend describes
Drake as brave and invincible it stops short at 15S0,
before the date of Drake's crowning exploits (see Legend,
p. 179). The name is spelt on the portrait Drcteck. Wil-
liam Hawkins, the cousin of Sir Francis, spelt it Drtuke,

I once collected engravings and still have several
portfolios full, but I met with this engraving only within
the last twenty years, I have bought five or six copies for
myself and friends at prices ranging from one to two
guineas each. We will now take leave of it since we
can extract no more evidence from it.

The engraving next in importance is one based upon
it, repeating the legend verbatim — ** Habes Lector Gw-
dide^"* etc. and assigning the same age to Drake. It was
engraved by Thomas de Leu, after a portrait painted by
John Rabel, and was dedicated to Sir Edward Stafford,
the English Ambassador, resident in Paris, at the Court of
Henry III. of France. John Rabel was a painter of note,
whose works were much sought after (Moreri) ; he lived
in Paris and died there 4 March, i6o3< As Drake never
visited Paris, so far as we are aware, and as his portrait
was much sought after, Rabel, I presume made a copy to
order of the original painting, or,executed a portrait from
the Dutch engraving, the eyebrows are less arched, the
aspect is more martial, the figure is arrayed in armour and
is altogether of a more Frenchified type.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

237

Now Sir Edwd. Stafford was knighted in 1583, he was
styled Ambassador resident in France, when the Earl of
Derby went, in 1585, to invest Henry III. with the order of
the Garter. In the beginning of 1588, the King secretly
informed Stafford of his sincere friendship for Elizabeth and
good wishes for her success (see Froude XII. 389, note).
Catherine de Medici had tried to compass a marriage
between Elizabeth and Charles, elder brother of Henry
III., who was crowned King of France in 1575; in 1588,
he was undoubtedly privy to the assassination of the
brothers Guise, and was assassinated in turn by Jacques
Clement the monk, i Angust, 1589. Drake was a hero
ID the eyes of the French Huguenots, and Henry III. was
ready to connive at their success, therefore this portrait
would have been prized in Paris. It must have been
produced between 1583 and 1589, which fact establishes
the authenticity of its prototype.

There is another portrait of Drake engraved by Francis
Wyngaerde. Antonio Waengaerde or Wyngaerde, we know,
was an artist employed in Queen Mary's time by Philip
II. to sketch the chief palaces of England. His drawings
are in the Sutherland collection at the Bodleian Library.
Francis Wyngaerde's portrait of Drake is a variation of
Rabel's — the nose is made a little more aquiline.*
Another published in Amsterdam in 1596, is stated to
represent Drake at the age of 46. It is based on Wyn*
gaerde's, but has two globes introduced in the foreground.
Hierony Wierix, in his engraving, copied Rabel more
closely than Wyngaerde did. A portrait of Drake en-
graved by L'armessin, g^ves Elizabeth's augmentation coat
and the crest Sir Francis always bore, viz. — the eagle
displayed. It bears very little resemblance to the authentic
portrait, the tufl of hair which should cling to the fore-
head is brushed up on end — I think this appears in the
Heroologia^ it re-appeared in Fuller's Holy State^ engraved
by W. M. on a smaller scale, the arms omitted. Houbrack-
en's well-known engraving is founded on this, and I
fear Mr. Boehm's statue is also. The portrait in the
collection of the Marquis of Lothian was engraved by
Freeman, and published in 1823. The same plate re-
touched, or a new one by Freeman, was published in
1829. A larger copy was drawn by Wm. Hilton, r,a.,
engraved by II. Meyer, and published in 1820. The
excrescence on the side of the nose is distinctly marked in
the Lothian portraits. The three-quarter length at Nutwell
Court, engraved by W. Holl, is in my opinion, a made up
picture. Queen Elizabeth's jewel is introduced, suspended
from Drake's neck — but that is no proof of the authenticity
of the portrait. Another engraved by R. White has
received consideration, because the original was in the
Sydenham family into which Drake married. One "sup-
posed to be Sir Francis Drake " was published in the
dntUman^s Magazine^ Oct., 1790. I have a few others

* Some idea of Wyngaerde's portrait can be formed
from the illustration given in the Western Antiquary^

p. 186, Si I.

in my collection which are equally spurious and not worth
describing.

I have seen several portraits in oil of Drake, but none
have impressed me favourably. The one in Plymouth
Guildhall has been painted and re-painted over, and
suffered no doubt in the process.

Note. — According to one version of his pedigree, Mr.
Drake's grandfather was the grandson of William Drake, of
Crowndale, in Whitechurch (much the same as Tavistock),
whose first wife was Margaret Knighton, of Grenoven, in
the same parish. Higher Grenoven was occupied by the
Drakes for many years.

William Drake had a Courtenay descent through his
grandmother, Joan Glanville, and in the same year (1678)
that he married Margaret Knighton, John Knighton mar-
ried Joan Courtenay, in the same parish.

It is generally known that Sir William Courtenay, of
Powderham, married Sir Francis Drake's widow ; his
grandson. Sir William (great-grandfather of the first
Viscount Courtenay), inherited property in Whitechurch,
in 167 1, and, in 1683, paid rates for Crowndale Mill,
Scoyne's tenement, and one part of Crowndale, while the
above William Drake paid rates for the other part.
Scoyne's tenement was the Drakes' freehold and was sold
by them to the Duke of Bedford.

The Courtenays at this time were living at Wool-
borough or Newton, as well as at Powderham, and Sir
William's younger son, James, moved to ^Tiitechurch,
where his son, George Courtenay, witnessed the will of
Edmund, younger brother of the above William Drake.
This Edmund held the estate of Ash, in Whitechurch.

Mr. Drake's grandfather removed to Woolborough or
Newton, to take possession of a small estate which had
been in his family before the Courtenays had settled there.
He was on intimate terms with three generations of
the Courtenays, viz. — Sir William Courtenay and the first
and second Viscounts.

William, the son of William Knighton, of Grenoven,
in Whitechurch, was cut off by his father for forming a
Mesalliance ; after leading a profligate life he died, leaving
a son, William, two years old, a daughter, one year old,
and a widow, so straitened, that it was under consideration
whether they should enter the Workhouse. But the grand-
father left ^500 for the benefit of his infant grandson,
bom 1776, who was sent to Newton to be educated, prob-
ably under the supervision of his family connections, the
Drakes. He left school early and remained with his uncle,
Mr. Bredall, surgeon, of Tavistock, till his 19th year.
When twenty-one he settled in Devonport as a surgeon,
but soon migrated to London. Without closely following
up his biography, which was published by his widow.
Lady Dorothea Knighton, in 1838, 2 vols. 8vo., he at last
became private secretary to George IV., and virtually
King of Great Britain and Ireland, according to the

238

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

opinion expressed by Mr. Charles Greville in his Diary,
From these jottings it may be concluded that Mr. Drake's
opinion of the portrait in question is of unusual value.

* * *

CIDER MILL. OR MILL FOR PULVERISING
THE TIN ORE IN ANCIENT TIMES.

BY ALEXR. G. GIBSON, PENZANCE.

IN the Scilly Islands, on Tresco, on the summit of
the hill to the north of the Abbey pond and over-
looking Old Grimsby harbour is to be seen a
relic of a bygone age; called by the islanders the Old
Cider Mill.

Projecting but a few inches above the level of the
surrounding turf is a granite rock, roughly circular, varying
from eight to nine feet in diameter. In the centre is a
hole, eight inches square by eight inches deep. About
two feet from this hole is a channel or trench cut round
in the rock, about twenty inches wide at the top, narrowing
to about fourteen inches in the bottom; average depth
one foot. The circle forming the outer face of this
channel varies from three to twelve inches in width,
according to the inequalities of the outer edge of the rock,
which, apparently, has never been disturbed from its
natural position. In this outer edge there are five small
holes of varying sizes (into which one might insert,
say, two or three fingers), as though stanchions had
formerly stood round the edge. The centre portion of
the rock (that is, inside the trench), is slightly conical,
having a gradual slope /r^^w the centre towards the trench.
This rock was surrounded by a circle of stones years ago,
of which, however, nothing is now left. Lying on the
ground near by was once a circular stone four feet in
diameter, nine inches thick, having in the centre a round
hole about eight inches in diameter. This evidently was
a top stone fitting on the centre portion of the rock
already described, an upright post in the centre hole of
which would pass through the centre hole of this top
stone.

About a hundred years ago, a young man, of the class
designated by the old C'ornish folk as//«/« managed to get
this stone to the edge of the hill, and, aiming for the back
window of a little cottage that stood at the base, set it rolling.
The inequalities of the hillside, however, turned it from
its destined course, and after crashing through two hedges
and other obstacles in its downward career, and by whose
rough reception its symmetry was considerably impaired,
imbedded itself in a field at the lx)ttom where it remained
for a number of years. Subsequently it was built into the
side of an out- house where it still remains, the present
occupier of the cottage using the centre hole for a fowls*
nest.

I enclose herewith two photographs ; one of the rock
with the channel or trench in it ; and the other the top
stone, the nest of eggs in the centre hole showing the
novel use now made of it.

If this was a cider mill, it differs from those to be met *
with on the mainland in that it has no lip ; therefore, axiy
liquid must have been baled out of the trench. It is also
about double the size of most that are to be seen in West
Cornwall.

The Rev. A. II. Cummings in his Churches and AnH*
qui ties of Cury and GunwaUo€y page 74, in referring to the
ancient practice of pulverizing the tin-ore with stone muUers,
makes mention of this machine and supposes it to have
been used for pulverizing tin in ancient times. He says —
" That the ancient Britons did use mullers, both large and
small, to grmd their fragments of rock and tin-ore, seems
evident from an elaborate description of one in the Scilly
Islands, the remains of which are still visible. — Vide
Ilitchins (Vol. I., 249) : * Upon the top of the hill is a
natural rock, about nine inches above the surface of the
ground, with a round hole in its centre, eight inches in
diameter, supposed for an upright post to work round in ;
and at the distance of two feet from this hole in the centre
is a gutter cut round in the rock, out of the solid stone,
fourteen inches wide, and nearly a foot deep, wherein a
round stone, four feet in diameter and nine inches thick,
did go round upon its edge, like a tanner^ s bark-mill, which
is worked by a horse. The round stone has a round hole
through its centre about eight inches in diameter. This is
supposed to have been a mill for pulverizing the tin-ore in
ancient times, and worked either by men or a horse, before
stamping mills were known of the present construction.*"

Evidence in support of either theory is about equally
balanced : one portion of the island still retains its name of
"Apple tree point," and on another portion of the same
island are to be seen the "Old Tin pits," which very much
resemble in appearance the "Old men's workings" near
Botallack mine on the mainland. The portions of an
ordinary size stone cider mill (similar to those to be seen
in West Cornwall) are still preserved in a farm-house on
St. Mary, the principal island of the group; but has never
been used within memory.

Is there anything similar in size or shape to this
machine to be seen on the mainland ?

Whether cider mill or tin pulveriser it seems an
interesting relic of old times, and an account of it may
not perhaps be deemed unworthy a place among the
curiosities of the Western Antiquary.

Ne%vquay, North Cortiwall, on the Atlantic, Railwe^
Communications with all parts of the Kingdoin, Bracing
Climate, Perfect Drainage, Ample IVaier Supply, Four
Miles of Shell-saftd Becuh. Absolutely Safe Ba/hing,
Newquay : Hartnoll.

Such is the all-embracing title of an eight paged pam-
phlet recently issued to bring this rising Cornish watering-
place under the notice of tourists. We have great
pleasure in giving the additional publicity of these pages
to this seasonable announcement.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

239

^ Viotce. ^

Free Schools of Cornwall. — From Tonkin's
MSS. with notes added: —

One at Bodmin mentioned by Carew the Historian.

One at Truro, said to have been founded and endowed
by one of the Borlases.

One at Liskeard, founded (since Carew's time) and
built on the site of the old castle.

At Probus, a free school was endowed by John Wil-
liams, of Trewithy, Esq.

At Fowey, one founded by Shadrack Vincent, Esq.,
of Loselyan, St. Blazey. He endowed it when M.P. for
Fowey, and settled by will, ^500 to be laid out in the
purchase of land, to pay £$0 a year to the master (at the
rate of 6 per cent). John Treffry, the other M.P. also gave
land, and so did Jon. Rashleigh. Nich. Sawle gave ^200
towards it. But the greatest gift at that time, was a school
founded by John Specott, of Penheale, who by will, dated
1703, Aug. 19, left ;£'i,ooo for a mathematical master to
teach mathematics and navigation at Looe. £. W. R.

The Late Thomas Rowe, of Exeter.— The
Western Antiquary in its capacity as a Note-book for the
Western Counties should contain a record of one of
Exeter's most esteemed and respected citizens. I refer to
the late Mr. Thomas Rowe, whose lamented and somewhat
sudden death occurred on January 12, 1885. Born at St.
Just, in Cornwall, on April 28, 1828, he has for upwards
of forty years been connected, in Exeter, with the
firm known formerly as James & Rosewall, but of late years
as E. James, Rowe & Co. ; of which at the time of his
death he was the head. In connection with Exeter, Mr.
Rowe held many important offices, among them being a
Justice of the Peace, and a member of the City Council.

In November last he was earnestly urged to accept the
Mayoralty, but declined on account of the extra work in-
volved by his new business in Bristol.

Those who knew him as a business man could not
fail to honour and admire his thoroughness and strict
integrity.

Mr. Rowe was a most active member of the Wesleyan
Church, and as such was highly esteemed and beloved.
Among his many noble qualities was that of charity ; for
none really needing help ever applied to him in vain, and
his gifts to such are described as having been princely.

Hundreds will miss his kindly recognition, and willing-
ness to advise and help in times of trouble and perplexity.

By his death Exeter has indeed lost one of her most
benevolent and philanthropic citizens. P. F. R.

Exeter.

Drake and his Contemporaries. — Drake had the
good fortune of being appreciated both by his contempo-
raries and by posterity. Perhaps the following verses on
him may not be familiar to your readers, and may be worth
noting by Plymouth men as deserved panegyrics of the
great sea-dog of Devon.

Heywood wrote : —

" That glory of his country and Spain's terror.
That wonder of the land, and the sea's minion
Drake of eternal memory."

Dick of Devonshire.

Peele's ode on Sir Francis Drake in relation to the
Portuguese expedition was written soon after the Armada.

It is too long for quotation but its language is strong
enough.

You follow Drake, by sea the scourge of Spain
The dreadful dragon, terror to your foes,
Victorious in his return from Inde
In all hb high attempts unvanquished.
* * « * •

O, ten-times-treble happy men that fight
Under the cross of Christ, and England's Queen
And follow such as Drake and Norris are !

W. S. L. S.

((

^ ^uerie0* <»

Church Dedications in Devonshire. —Mr. J.
Brooking Rowe(7ra/ij. Devon, Asso.^ 1882) gives a list
of the " Dedications of the Antient Parish Churches and
Chapels, and Religious Houses of Devon." This is an
exceedingly valuable addition to Devonian literature, and
as such will often be used as a work of reference ; but I
would ask for a still further contribution in the same
direction, viz., a list of modem dedications. Take
Plymouth, for instance: Mr. Rowe's list contains only St.
Andrew, St. Catherine (no longer in existence), St.
Nicholas (also non-existent), Our Lady of Grace (?). A
list, therefore, of all modern church dedications would be
of great service, and I would ask that it be commenced in
your columns. Let us begin with the Three Towns, and
then let your various correspondents throughout the
county send in their contributions to the record.

Churchman.

4t 4< lii

Haunted Houses in Plymouth.— What traditions
are there extant of haunted houses in Plymouth ? When a
boy I remember to have heard of such tales as applied to
several old out-of-the-way houses, but I' regret to say that my
memory has preserved but little. Doubtless some of your
readers may be able to assist me, and at the same time put
upon record many very interesting matters.

Franc Plume.

240

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Sir Gawkn Carew. — I should be obliged if further
information could be afforded hereon. What is the date
of his death? Presumably in 1558, the year his will was
proved. Where was he buried ? Does the will say, that
contains '* instructions" as to his tomb? In the cathedral,
under the tomb or near; is there any evidence in the
Cathedral Registers — or was he buried at Kentisbeare —
where Sir Gawen lived at Wood, the ancient seat of the
Whytings, and which he held under lease of the devisees.
Wood would be within 21 miles of Exeter.

At Kentisbeare his second wife probably died, and
was certainly buried in the church there, in Whyting*s
aisle, 13th Sept. 1557. Where is her tomb, her age being
about 57 ? She is on the brass described as the daughter
of Sir Robert W^otton, K.G., of Kent, Controller of the
Household to Henry VIII. Her first husband was Sir
Henry Guildford, K.G.; he was Master of the Horse to
Henry VIII. — a soldier and scholar, and the friend of
Erasmus. Fine portraits in oil, by Holbein, of this lady
and her first husband. Sir H. Guildford, both painted in
1527, still exist — Sir Henry's is in the possession of Her
Majesty, and Lady Guildford's in the collection of Edward
Frewen, Esq. A portrait also of Sir Gawen, in chalks, is
among the Windsor Castle collection.

Who was the brother that interceded with Queen
Mary, when Sir Gawen, incarcerated in the Tower, stood
in some jeopardy for complicity in Wyatt's rebellion ?

Where were his other wives buried ? No authorities
seem to say, nor of Sir Gawen's.

Confusion as to the court offices of Lady Mary
(Guildford) Carew's father and husband appears to have
existed with genealogists. A.

* * *

Dr. John Morice.--I have to thank Mr. P. F.
Rowsell for his notice of my query. No place is
mentioned in the pedigree of Morice of Werringlon;
merely '^ died in 1605'*: it is singular that the burial of a
Dr. John Morice is given in the St. Martin registers in
1644, but this could hardly be the same man ?

I shall be glad to receive any notices of the name of
Morice or Morris in connection with Exeter or neighbour-
hood. G. T. Win dyer- Morris.
Portswood, Southampton.

^ ^ ^
Tavistock. — A writer in the Athenaum for March

II

7th, 1885, in a note on ** Patronymics in ing

mentions Tav^tock, as originally Tafingstock. I shall
be glad to know any and what authority there is for
this statement, and, if possible, how the corruption came
about ? Kearley.

4( 4i ^

Gay's Fables. — How many editions of these cele-
brated fables have been published, and what is the date
of the first edition ? Rbhpargoilbib.

Naval and Military Queries.— Now that oor
navy and army are justly gaining so much prominenoe
and prestige, it may be well to open up an enquiry upon a
matter somewhat out of the beaten track, with regard to
both branches of the service. Firstly, I would ask some of
your older correspondents and those who are well-informed
upon nautical matters, to place upon permanent record in
the pages of the I Western Antiquary a list of the nick-
names applied to the ships of H.M. Navy. Of course,
every man-of-war has its proper name, but I believe many
of them have also an improper name, applied to each by
the ship's crew from some peculiarity of construction, or
some prejudice against them. So with regard to the
regiments of our army. Secondly, I should like a list of
the sobriquets applied to commanding officers in olden
days (I mean more particularly during the period of the
Peninsular War). Most admirals, generals, and other
chief officers, had doubtless some name, either compli-
mentary or the reverse, by which they were known to the
men connected with their service, and I know of no better
place than the pages of the H^estem Antiquary for
preserving a record of the same. The term "Iron
Duke," as applied to the Duke of Wellington, and in our
own day " Chinese " Gordon are notable instances of what
I seek. Kearley.

Sand Glasses in Devon, Cornwall & Somer-
set Churches. — Are the glasses by which clergymen
used to measure the length of their sermons still to be
found in any of the churches of the Western Counties?
If so it would be interesting to note their existence in
the W,A, I am led to ask this question, because the one
that was used by the Rev. William Guthrie is still to be
seen (or it was in 1882) in Fen wick Church, Scotland.
Exeter. P. F. R.

* * *

Camels-Head, near Plymouth. — Will one of
your correspondents wbo has made a special study of local
etymology or place-names, kindly tell me the origin of
this name? It will be rememl)ered that it is applied to a
wooden bridge on the road leading from Plymouth to
Saltash ; and also to the district immediately adjoining, at
the junction of the Plymouth and Devonport roads.

Querist.

Burleigh Family of Devon. — I should l)e greatly
obliged if you will insert the ' following among your
queries in the next numlier of the Western Antiquary: —

Giles Burley came to Ipswich, Mass. 1647, and his
uncle, Andrew Hodges, came in 1635; surmised they came
from Devonshire. Any information on the subject and
communications from any persons by the name of Burley
is respectfully solicited. Charles Burleigh,

Portland, Maine, U.S.A. Librarian, Maine

Genealogical Society.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

24Z

FiSTONBS, ExMOOR FoREST. — The boundary of this
forest was in many places marked by stones, iheir names
here and there still existing. In the perambulation, in
Ed. I, one such point is named ** Fistones." Would any
of your readers kindly help me towards the meaning of
the first syllable ? James Turner.

Hawkcombe, Porlock.

{Noies 6r» Queries, 6. S., XL, March 14, 1885.)

^ ^ ^
Devonshire Families. — I am desirous of obtaining
trustworthy pedigrees, with evidences as far as procurable,
of the following families belonging to South Devon : —

Sture, or Steere, of Poole, Chadder, Hayne of Harleston,
Hawkins of Kingsbridge, Roope of Kingsbridge, Ilbert of
Bowringsleigh, Elford, Adams of Bowden, Ford of Kings-
bridge, Easton, Lightfoot, Pearse of Easton, Coryndon,
Carkett of Petertavy, Churchill, Strong, Martin, and
Weymouth of Kingsbridge. Any references to existing
pedigrees in print, up to date, if possible, or genealogical
information relating to these families, will be gratefully
received if sent to ** Lieut. -Col. W. F. Prideaux, care of
Messrs. Henry S. King & Co., 65, Cornhill, to be
forwarded." W. F. P.

Calcutta.

(From Notes 6* Queries, 6. S., XL, March 14, 1885.)

* * *
Was King Arthur a Real Person ?— I lately read
in the Western Antiquary, the article by the Rev. W. S.
Lach-Szyrma, with the above title. I am quiie unable to
enter into a discussion on such a point, but I may say that,
travelling in the Austrian Tyrol a few years since, I, to my
great surprise and pleasure saw in the grand old Cathedral
at Innspruck, a beautiful bronze statue of ** Arthur, King
of England," which will doubtless go a long way toward
establishing his reality. Nevertheless I would repeat the
question in the hope that some of your correspondents
may \vt able to throw light on the subject. I at once
procured a photograph of the statue which I send for your
own and the reverend gentleman's inspection. With the
aid of a magnifying glass the inscription can be read on
the pedestal. W. E. Heard.

Newport, Mon.

'* * *

Epitaphs. —

1. In Calstock Churchyard, Cornwall :—

*' Twas by a fall I caught my death ;
No man can tell his time or breath ;
I might have died as soon as then,
If I had had physician men."
Does this still exist, and to whose memory is it ascribed?

2. Penryn Churchyard i —

** Here lies William Smith : and what is somewhat
rarish,
He was bom, bred, and hanged in this here parish."

What is the date of this, and does it also exist 7

3. Staverton Churchyard, Devon : —

" Here listh the body of Betty Bowden,
Who would live longer, but she couden :
Sorrow and grief made her decay.
Till her bad leg carr'd her away."
Same query as in 2.

These are from Hone's Year Book (1838), p. 824.

Salcombe Regis, Sidmouth. Basil H. Soulsby.

•i« ifi #

Perplexing Marriage.— "At Gwennap, in Corn-
wall, in March, 1823, Miss Sophia Bawden was married
to Mr. R. Bawden, both of St. Day. By this marriage
the father became brother-in-law to his son : the mother
mother-in-law to her sister ; the sister of the mother-in-law
her daughter-in-law ; the sister of the daughter-in-law
her mother-in-law ; the son of the father, brother-in-law
to his mother-in-law, and uncle to his brothers and sisters;
the wife of the son, sister-in-law to her father-in-law, and
aunt-in-law to her husband ; and the offspring of the son
and his wife would be grandchildren to their uncle and
aunt, and cousins to their father."

William Hone's Every Day Book, Vol. III., p. 475.
(1838.)

Does any reader of the Western Antiquary know the
christian name of the bridegroom, and the day of the
month of the wedding ? S.

« ^ «

* "RepUee. ^

Worshipful or Right Worshipful. — Referring
to this query, *' Quis Quis," an amusing and entertaining
writer in the Plymouth and Exeter Gazette for Sept. 30th,
1884, makes some interesting remarks, which I herewith
append. Harry Hems,

Fair Park, Exeter.

"Your pleasant little contemporary. The Western
Antiquary, gives currency to a query concerning the style,
Right li^orshipful, which a correspondent says is * usually
applied to the Mayor of Plymouth in common with many
other cities and towns.' He asks, * Is this strictly correct,
or only a title by courtesy?' and also desires to know the
difference between Worshipful and Right Worshipful,
and ' by what authority, whether by charter or otherwise,
these titles are so given?' These questions, in another
form, were put to me in the course of conversation last
week; and, if you have no objection, I will offer an
answer through your columns. No charter, so far as I
am aware, provides any especial style or title (beyond that
which designates the oilice) for the Chief Magistrate of
any incorporate city or borough ; but, by ancient prescrip-
tion, the Mayors of York and London assume the title of
Lord, and the prefix or style of Right Worshipful. I place
the Northern Metropolis first, because the Chief Magistrate
of York probably assumed the lordly distinction before his
brother of London. It is said that King Richard IL,

242

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

after granting to the citizens of York a new and most
extensive Charter of Privileges in 1389 on his coming to
the city in that year, took his sword from his side and
gave it to William de Selby, then Mayor, to be borne
before him and his successors; which sword, by the
express words of the Charter (or any other sword they
pleased) was to be borne before them with the point
erected, except in the king's presence, within the precincts
of their Liberties for ever. ' From this emblem of justice,'
says Drake, *we deduce our title oK Lord Mayor ^ he being
by it constituted the King's more immediate Vicegerent
than before.' Now, if this be the sole reason why the
Mayors of York and London are so distinguished above
their brethren, surely then the Chief Magistrate of the
city of Exeter is equally entitled to be 'The Right
Worshipful the Lord Mayor of the City of Exon,* for he
derives the same privileges by succession from the hand
direct of Edward IV., confirmed and augmented by
Henry VIL He also may have his sword borne before
him, with the point thereof erected, into the Cathedral of
St. Peter, provided he is not too late for the opening of
the service; for, coming in after 'time,' the swordbearer
must abase his point, and doff that fearful and wonderful
Cap of Maintenance which calls forth the reverence of
every Dryasdust, and provokes, I fear, the flouts and jibes
and jeers of young Exeter whenever it appears in public.
I know not what the earlier Charters of the city may have
to say upon this important question ; in the latest, that of
Charles II., there are no regulations relating to precedence,
robes, maces, swords, and wands; but the former Charters
are substantially confirmed, and some one or other of them
may perchance touch upon the style and title of the Mayor.
I observe that the solicitors practising before the City
Bench always address the Chairman as * Your Worship.*
If the Magistrates are Worshipful^ then the Mayor, who
is the Chief Magistrate, ought, one would think, to rank
as Right Worshipful, I, for one, am proud enough of
the splendid 'record' of the Ever Faithful City to believe
that her relations with various British sovereigns entitle
her chief citizen to enjoy each and every especial honour
that, has been conferred, in past times, upon York and
London. History and precedent are lx)th in favour of the
Right Worshipful the Lord Mayor of Exeter; and if the
style be dropped through negligence it surely may be
taken up. What does the College of Arms say ?

* * *

The Tilly Family.— I have to thank the Rev.

Frederick Brown, m.a., f.s.a., of Beckenhara, Kent, for

the following original and interesting notes on this family.

Taunton. A. J. Monday.

Inq. p. mortem at Wells, Somerset, Nov. 6th, (4 and 5
Edward VI., 1551), on death of James Tilley, Esq. Lands
in Wythiel, Cannington, Charlinch, Somerset, etc.

George Tilley, his son and heir, aged 6.

Inq. p. m., at Taunton, Somerset, Lionard Tilley,
Gent. Lands in Huntspill. (I have omitted the date.)

Thomas Tilley, Esq. — Inq. p. m.|Oct. 6, 29 Heniy
VIIL, IS37, on death of Thomas Tilley. He died Nov.
20th last. Lands in Westhill, Moreland, Cannington^
Charlinch, etc.

James Tilly, his son, aged 18.

Thomas Tilley, Esq.

James Tilly.

Will dated Leonard Tilley

June 26th. 1566. died at Cannington,

Proved June 27th, 1566, (7th, Elizabeth)
Aug. 7th, 1565 ! ! =Johan Pym, d. 1577 (will).

Alexander Tilly, son and heir,
aged II, (8 Elizabeth.)

Richard Tapp alias Tylley of Stockland, Bristol^

[Kidd, Somerset, Yeoman, Feb. i6th, 159^ £Af^ to

15.] the poor of Cannington, at the discretion of Mr.

Edward Rogers and Mr. Alexander Tilley, on

Feby. last, 159S.

Episcopal Registry of Wells. — 1561, Sept. 3. Humph-
rey Walrond of Bradfield, Devon Co., Guardian of George
Tillie, son and heir of James Tillie, late of Uphawtrey,
Devon, died. Presents John Morse, Clerk to the Church
of Charlinch.

Devon Visitation: —

Thomas Tilley of Cannington.

William Tilley
^ Tremayle

James Tilley
= Brent

George Tilley of Poyntington.
He sr at Compton Pauncefort, Somerset, Aug. 6th,
1564, Mrs. Mary Joyce, Admr. May I2th, 1590^
George Tilley, Esq., of Poyntinjjton, to Mary, his
relict, another Adm. Feb. ist, 160J, Mary Tyllie
of Poynington. Ann Tylleye alias Walter, daughter
of deceased.

Mary Tilley of Poyntington, Somerset, July 23rd, 1600,
[Wells to my d' Ann Walter ;f 10, and residue to Eliza-
Will.] beth Parham, wife of Thomas Parham, my
daughter, etc. No date of proof.

See monument at Poyntington of George Tilley
(Collinson).

Married at Sherborne, Dorset, Nov. 2nd, 1590
William Walter of Shapwich, Somerset, and Anne,
daughter and heir of George Tilley.

Admr., June 14th, 1633, Sir Edward Parham, late oi
Kensington, Middlesex, but d3ring in foreign parts, to
Thomas Kirke, Crediton — Lady Bridget Parham, the
relict, renouncing.

Sir Edward Parham married, 2nd, Bridget, one of the
daughters of Sir Thomas Tresham.

4 L

^ ^

»^ ^.

Tilt i 'C ; . .

•:s

ILLUSTRATIONS OF CORNISH CHURCHES.

FONT, ST. .ANTONY.

FONT, ST. RU4N MINOR.

FONT. ST. M.ADRON.

FONT. T..\NDE\VEDN.\CK.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

H3

Sir Edward Parham was charged at Winchester, Nov.
4th, 1603, as involved in the conspiracy of Sir Walter
Raleigh. He narrowly escaped execution. He was a
strong Roman Catholic : he is mentioned in the Jesuit
Records by Father Foley, Vol. V., 973.

The Gifford Family.— In reply to a query in the

fV.A.f for December, I write to say that Mr. Charles

Gifford was a brother to Lord Gifford, the celebrated

lawyer. He resided for many years at Clifl's End House,

Exeter Road, Exmouth. He died in 1854, above 80 years

of age, and was buried in the graveyard of the Unitarian

Chapel at GuUiford, situated close to the high road to

Exeter, about three miles from Exmouth. His sister,

Miss Harriett Gifford, of Parker's- Well House, Exeter,

who died a few years after her brother, above 90, is

buried in the same vault. Mr. Charles Gifford married

a sister of the late Admiral Sir Fairfax Moresby, k.c.b.,

of Exmouth, and left two sons and a daughter. The

eldest son settled in Canada, where I believe he is now

living. No member of the faniily is at present residing at

Exmouth. G. S.

Exmouth.

* * *

The Jephson-Gardiner Family. — To the informa-
tion contained in the last supplement of the IVestem
Antiquary may be added that at the end of January last,
amid great iclcUy the Rector of Black Torrington was
married for the second time (his first wife having died
some years since), to Clara, daughter of the late Charles
Wood, Esq., of Bath, and niece of a former High Sheriff
of Breconshire: he thus becomes connected with one of
the leading families of England. The Jephsons are a
family of considerable repute, the second Marquis of Ailsa
having married a daughter of the late Sir R. M. Jephson.
Sir J, S. Jephson, who for some time filled the important
and responsible position of Secretary to the Carlton Club,
died in November last.

Sir Edmund Williams, k.t.s. — This gentleman
was nominated a *' K.T.S." in 1815. He married Miss
Hawker of Plymouth, His son, the Rev. E. T, Williams,
M.A., has been Vicar, since 1841, of Caldicot, Monmouth-
shire. Lady Williams was, I believe, the sister of the
late Lady Seymour, grandmother of the present Sir M.
C. Seymour and the universally respected Vicar of Barn-
staple, the Rev. A. E. Seymour.

The Wreford Family. — The writer is referred to
p. 1370 of Burke's original Landed Gentry (under Taylor
of Ogwell), in which it is stated that, the oldest estate of
the Wrefords is Middlecote, situate in the parish of
Morchard Bishop, whence they removed to Clannaborough
towards the close of the 17th century. It should have
been stated the younger branch removed to Clannaborough.
The elder branch remained at Middlecote till it was sold
many years ago by the late Mr. Wreford, who died in
1857, father of the present Mr. Wreford of Sevenoaks,

and grandfather of Capt. Langmore Wreford, who married
a few months ago the niece of Sir Richard Cross, the late
Home Secretary.

Isaacson of Margate.— Your correspondent appa-
rently refers to the Leighs of Cheshire, and not to the
Devonshire Leighs, though it is considered by many
probable that the families were closely related, Reginald
de Lega possessing lands in Cheshire, and Walter de L^h
possessing lands in Devonshire. The before-mentioned
A. H. Isaacson had a son, the Rev. A. A. Isaacson, Vicar
of Newport in Wales, whose only son, Mr. Egerton Isaac-
son, is a solicitor of repute at Margate, and registrar of the
county court there. T. W.

Barnstaple.

Churches of West Cornwall; with Notes of Anti-
quities of the District . By the late J. T.
Blight. Second Edition. Oxford and
London : Parker & Co., 1885.

Cornish antiquaries will welcome this new
edition of Mr. Blight's valuable work. We
fully endorse the sentiment contained in the
publishers' '* Advertisement '' to this edition,
that '* by Mr. Blight's death Archaeology has
lost not only an enthusiastic student, but a
hard worker, and it is much to be feared that
his too eager devotion to his favourite pursuit
amidst his daily toil brought on the illness
which had so sad a termination.*' Mr. Blight's
labours were thoroughly appreciated during
his lifetime, and the best monument to his
memory is in this and similar works which he
has left for the benefit of posterity. In no
district in the country are to be found so
many ancient and interesting churches as in
Cornwall, and their peculiarities have found
an able and enthusiastic exponent in the
writer, who for many years gave his almost
undivided attention to this branch of archaeo-
logy. Thirty-five churches are here described,
nearly all of early date, and the careful inves-
tigation which the author has made into the
various features of these edifices has done
much to restore many beauties previously
hidden, as well as to awaken an interest in
the ecclesiastical buildings of West Cornwall,
which did not previously exist. As the
writer informs us in his preface, ** When

344

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

the county histories were written nothing
was known of church architecture, and it
is needless to say that the occasional descrip-
tions of churches which they contain are
wholly untrustworthy, and indeed quite
valueless. Late Norman work is called
" Saxon ;'* late Perpendicular figures as
** Early English ; " and one writer of eminence
assumes the present church at St. Germans
to be the ancient "Cathedral of Cornwall"
itself, before Leofric, dilating on the great
antiquity of certain windows with geometrical
tracey in particular." Mr. Blight's book has
removed this ignorance about the churches of
West Cornwall and has given us a work
which is a valuable compendium of all that
is most noteworthy in the district.

Elfrica: An Historical Romance of the Twelfth
Century. By Mrs. Edmund Boger, Author
of Southwark and its Story, 3 Vols. London :
W. Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1885.

Mrs. Boger, to whose pen we are indebted
for a most valuable series of articles on " The
Philosophers of Somerset," has, in this work
produced a very attractive story, which will
be read by all, save those who delight
merely in the sensational literature of the
day, with interest almost akin to enthu-
siasm. She tells us that whilst collecting
myths, legends, and lives of the ** men of old "
connected with her native county of Somerset,
she lighted upon the story of Sir John de
Courcy, of which the tale of the championship
only was familiar to her. With his history
she has cunningly interwoven the romantic
career of his friend. Sir Almeric de Tristram,
as given chiefly in the pages of Camden and
Burke. Nearly all the characters in the story
are historical, as are also the chief incidents ;
but intermingled with the historic scenes we
find some of the most charming legends of
the West of England, notably those of King
Arthur and Camelot, which Mrs. Boger has
identified with Cadbury Fort. Again some
of the legends of the Isle of Man, though
probably well-known, are brought in very
appropriately, the heroine Elfrica, being a

daughter of Godred, King of Man. The

talented authoress has shown her devotion to

her native county by the glowing description

she gives of the renowned Glastonbury Abbey

in its palmiest days, and by the interesting

events which cluster around that venerable

shrine in the course of the narrative. Most

graphic is the finding of the remains of

King Arthur and Queen Guinevere, in which

it may be at first assumed that she has

taken a little poetic license; but she bases

her narrative upon the account handed down

by Geraldus Cambrensis, who was present

when the discovery was made. The picture of

Ireland during the visit of Prince John, and

afterwards under the firm rule of De Courcy

is also faithfully given, and much may be

learned of the present heritage of trouble

entailed by and on that country from the light

thrown by this twelfth century romance.

Having perused the book for the purpose of

criticism, we have read it thoroughly with

increasing interest and must confess to regret

when our pleasant task was concluded. As

we said before, it is not a book to suit the

readers of modern light fiction, but it will be

read with attention and profit by all who take

an interest in the early days of English his-
tory, and who are, moreover, fond of poring

over the myths and legends of the West of

England.

TAe Early Sieges of Exeter and their amnexion Tvith the
General History of England, A paper read at the
Exeter Literary Society, January 22, 1885. By Rev.
Barton R. V. Mills. Exeter : H. S. Eland, 1885.

The author of this interesting pamphlet rightly says
that the sieges which Exeter has sustained " illustrate in a
most remarkable way the general military history of Eng-
land." "Exeter," he says, "has played a part in evciy
important war which has been waged on English soil. No
city in England has stood more si^es."

The scope of the paper is limited to the earlier sieges
of the city, the later ones having been recorded at some
length, and with great ability by one of the historians of
of Exeter — ^John Hooker, otherwise called Vowell. In
this sketch we are first taken to Roman times, then to the
period of the Heptarchy ; afterwards to the incursions of
the Danes in the eighth century. Through the reigns of
Alfred, Athelstan and Ethelred, we are carried on to the
coming of William of Normandy ; then follows an account

/

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

245

of a siege at the hands of Stephen, which is commented
upon at considerable length, as one of the most memor-
able in the chequered history of the city. Brief reference
is made to subsequent sieges, which, as the author of the
paper states, have been well treated by Mr. Cotton in his
published lectures.

No one acquainted with ancient or modern history
will for a moment ignore the claims of the " Ever Faithful"
city for loyalty in all the multitudinous conflicts in which
it has been engaged through the vicissitudes of twelve
centuries, and we are sure that few persons, be they
natives of Exeter or strangers, will require the strong
defence of the writer of this paper on some points in
which he is very enthusiastic. He is angry ** that a city
which has resisted the arrows of invaders, and the artillery
of rebels, should be forced now to succumb to the axe of
reformers." We fail to see wherein lies the degradation
of which he speaks so severely, nor do we think he is just or
politic in his sneering references to ** the inhabitants of
ex-fishing villages and mushroom manufacturing towns."
But despite these strong signs of partiality, we must com-
mend the paper as one of great value and interest.

St. /ohn^s Hospital and Exeter School. A Lecture by the
Rev. Edward Harris, m.a. Exeter: Eland.

In Part IV. of the present series of the IVestem
Antiquary was published a very interesting paper on this
noble institution, from the pen of Mr. A. H. A. Hamilton.
"We have only, therefore, to call attention to the lecture of
Mr. Harris, as an amplification of the same theme. An
institution which can trace its history back to the twelfth
century, must necessarily have much to commend it to the
notice of modern readers. Moreover, there is no doubt
that the influence of such an institution upon the fortunes
of the city of Exeter must have been great. In the
paper before us, the writer has very carefully and very
lovingly told the story of the school over which he once
had the honour to preside.

The Last Abbot of Glastonbury. A Tale of the Dissolution
of the Monasteries. By the Rev. A. D. Crake, b.a.,
F.R. HIST. see. Oxford and London (Mowbray).

Mrs. Boger, in the work noticed above has treated of
Glastonbury Abbey when in the zenith of its fame under
the able and wise government of the great Abbot- Bishop,
Henry of Blois. The writer of the work now before us
has given a picture of the same great monastic establish-
ment and seat oi learning at the time when Henry VI 11.
in his avaricious greed for plunder, conceived the idea of
dissolving the monasteries and confiscating their property,
with little or no regard for the sufferings of those who up
to that time, had been looked upon as wise and holy men.
Mr. Crake has told the story of the tragic fate of Richard
Whiting, the last Abbot of Glastonbury in such a way as to
awaken in the minds of his readers intense sympathy with
the suffering and persecuted monks, and great indignation
against those who conceived and sanctioned the acts of
pillage and spoliation which wrought much mischief at the

time, and which cannot fail to awaken in the mind of the
most ardent Protestant, feelings of grief at the wanton
destruction of such noble edifices as Tintern, Reading-
Furness or Glastonbury Abbeys. Their ruins now preach
to us most eloquently. Mr. Crake has boldly attacked the
popular assumption that ** bluff King Hal " was a great
and good man, and has given him a character in which he
is borne out by some modern historians. Whether his
opinions are altogether correct we shall not here stop to
enquire, certain it is that the perusal of '* The Last Abbot
of Glastonbury" will give a new idea of some points of
English history to many readers. The notes appended to
the volume are interesting and valuable.

Bouquet. By WiLi.iAM Bailey. London, 1883.

This charming little volume has a decided air of
antiquity about it, although it is by no means a real
antique. The paper, type, and binding are in the antique
stylo, and the verses themselves are flowers culled from
the gardens of the Greek poets. It contains specimens
from Pindar, Horace, and Aristophanes, besides many
exquisite flowers from the Greek anthology, st/led by
Lord Byron "Gems and Attic Flowers." A more sweet
and variegated posy of choice poetic flowers has rarely
been gathered. We may add that only a small edition
was issued, and that the few copies remaining are now
offered at a low price by Mr. Geo. Harding. 6, Sardinia
Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C.

India for the Indians — and for England. By WiLLiAM
DiGBY, CLE. London : Talbot Bros., 1885.

The writer of this work is no theorist ; he has practical
knowledge of his subject ; and few men have gained a greater
insight into the necessities of India than Mr. Digby.
His intimate acquaintance with India and the Indians, from
some years residence amongst them as a journalist, was
heightened and increased by the active part he was called
upon to take at the time of the great Famine, in the relief
of the people. His aim in writing this book has been to
give English men and English women a fair knowledge of
their fellow subjects in the East, and to suggest what he
believes will be for the amelioration of the condition of
the millions of India, and the corresponding advantage of
this country. Mr. Digby has written because he believes
the government of India has been very largely a failure ; he
has written what he knew and felt ; he has endeavoured to
remove misconceptions from the minds of English people
respecting the administration of Indian affairs ; and he
claims justice for India. Mr. Digby's book ought to be read
by all thoughtful people, and should command a ready
sale.

Charles George Gordan, A Sketch, By Reginald H.
Barnes, Vicar of Heavitree, and Charles E. Brown,
Major, R.A. London : Macmillan, 1885.

This little work, brief as it is, contains sufficient to
show the workings of the inner life of the late lamented
hero-soldier, General Gordon, with whom the writer, Rev.

246

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Prebendary Barnes was most intimate. We are shown
more of the real promptings of a good man's heart in this
little work, than in many an elaborately worded biography
extending to hundreds of pages. Gordon's perfect reliance
on God, his whole character, the complete story of his life,
seem all summed up in one short sentence in a telegram
announcing his departure for the Soudan — ** If He goes
with me, all must be well." Every true Englishman ad-
mires the grand simplicity of this undaunted man, and few
could read this sketch without being moved to gceater
admiration.

Elliot Stock's Shilling Reprints. This public-
spirited publisher has sent us copies of three valuable little
works, which, although published at a low price are
certain to command the attention of all book-lovers and
book-buyers. They are : —

1. The PilgrMs Progress, By John Bunyan.
being a facsimile Reprint of the First Edition, pul)lished in
1678.

2. The ComplecU Angler; or. The Contemplative
Man's Recreation. By ISAAK Walton. Being a fac-
simile Reprint of the First Edition, published in 1653;
and

3. The Temple : Sacred Poems and Private Ejacula-
tions, By Mr. George Herbert. Being a facsimile of
one of the Gift Copies printed for circulation by Nicholas
Ferrar before the publication in 1633, of wh^ch only one
copy is known to exist.

We trust that Mr. Stock will be encouraged by a
ready sale to continue his good work in other directions.

Shunted, By Orez. Plymouth: S. B. Mc Galium.

A book to amuse ; the hero a sort of gentlemanly
Handy Andy, pursuing a kind of ignis fatuus in the shape
of a semi-divine Maud. Al A^ays too late, he encounters
numerous ludicrous adventures, and in the end finds his
charmer wedded to one of his boon companions. The
situations though absurdly improbable, are narrated with
a good deal of ingenuity, and the little volume is just the
thing to while away the tedium of a long railway journey.

Current numbers of the foilowing Magazines are to
hand : — Book-Lore. Antiquary. Antiquarian Magcudne
and Bibliographer, City News Notet and Queries,
Palatine Note-Book, Library Chronicle, Bedfordshire
Notes and Queries, Northamptonshire Notes and Queries,
East Anglian Notes and Queries. Anurican Antiquarian,
Midland Antiquary, Parodies, Hakluyt Voyages. Pro-
spectus of Biblictheca Curiosa and other Publications of
£. & G. Goldsmid, Edinburgh. Collectanea Comubiensis,
or Biographical Notes of Cornwall: — Penneck to Permewan,
Publisher's Circular, The Collector. Western Figaro
Annual, &'c., 6*.

^ nD(0ceUaneou0 Tiotce. *^

The AtheruEum of March 7th, 1885, says— "A
praiseworthy step has been taken by the Edinburgh Town
Council in resolving to place memorial tablets on all spots
of historical interest in the city. The first place to receive
this mark of attention is the site in Chambers Street
(formerly College Wynd) of the house where Sir Walter
Scott was born ; and it has also been decided to erect a
memorial stone over the grave of the novelist's father in
Greyfrairs* Churchyard."

Does not the above point a moral in the West CounlrUf
Are there not many notable spots in the towns of Devon
and Cornwall, where men of renown have been bom, have
lived, or lie buried, which at present have nothing to mark
their interesting associations to the passer-by? A short
time since a firm of Plymouth merchants caused a tablet
to be erected upon the site of the hou^ in which John
Kitto was born ; and it has before been suggested in your
pages that others might follow this good example. The
places of birth of llaydon, Elastlake, and Prout might be
pointed out, as well as of others equally worthy ; and at
PIympton,the building associated with Sir Joshua Reynolds
should be similarly honoured, while in Exeter, Taunton,
Truro, Penzance, and other places equally interesting
memorial tablets might be placed. Plymouth I an.

Mr. Ernest Radford, ll.m., sends us a Syllabus ef
a Course of Twelve Lectures upon the Method of Art
Study, for Lent Term, 1885. The course seem to have a
most comprehensive grasp, and in addition is given a list of
Books of Reference for the guidance of the Art Student.

" The Western Antiquary, edited by W. H. K, Wright
(Plymouth, Luke), has developed greater breadth and
usefulness to the cause of genealogical and antiquarian
research during the past year, since its establishment on
an independent basis. This was, no doubt, something of
a venture, but a public-spirited one, and we are glad to
see good evidence of its success. The part for Febmaiy
contains sketches of the arms and a tabular pedigree of
Ley, alicu Kempthorne, showing their marriage with the
heiress of Waddon ; besides an illustration of an old house
in Exeter, now destroyed, one more of the relics of the
past which the nineteenth century improves off the face of
the earth." {Notes 6^ Queries, March 7th, 1885.)

* flotee to 3llu0tration0* ^

We give, with the present number, illustrations of fonr
ancient Fonts in Cornish Churches. For these we are
indebted to the kindness of Messrs. Parker & Co., Oxford,
the publishers of Mr. Blight's work on the Churches of
West Comwcdl, a review of which appears on page 244-5.
From the same work we glean the following brief details
of these relics of olden time and the churches in which
they are found. The first illustration represents a veiy^
finely carved font at St. AN'it>NY, in Kirkier. This

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THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

247

church is situated on a narrow neck of land between the
Helford River and the Durra. Its situation is charming
but peculiar, and it is said to have been built as a thank-
offering by some Normans of rank who were crossing from
Normandy to England, soon after the Conquest, and were
driven ashore there by a tempest ; in their distress they
called on St. Antony, and vowed if saved to build a church
in his honour on the spot where they landed. The ship
was wafled into the Durra creek, and there the pious
Normans fulfilled their vow. The church has many in-
teresting features which will be found fully set forth in Mr.
Blight's book. "The font" he says, "standing in the
western end of the aisle, appears to be of the thirteenth
century, and like many others in Cornwall, has around
the bowl four angels bearing shields. Around the upper
part of the bowl is an inscription — " Ecce Karissimi de
Deo vero baptiz'obuntur spiritu sancto^^ with the initials
Q.P., B.M., B.V., P.R.; two letters being placed between
each angel. Height of the font, including base, 3ft. 3in."

St. Ruan Minor, in which stands the font which
appears second in our illustration, is the smallest church
in the deanery of Kirrier, and nearer the Lizard. It
appears originally to have been a chapel, consisting only
of the present chancel and nave as far as the porch, which
is modern. The north aisle and tower were apparently
added in the sixteenth century. The font, with a plain
sigzag ornament, and the basin of the piscina in the
chancel, are according to Mr. Blight of the transition
Norman period. This church hiis recently undergone a
thorough restoration.

The third illustration represents the font at St. Mad-
RON. This church stands on the brow of an eminence which
slopes gradually down for al}out two miles to the shores of
Mount's Bay. From the church St. Michael's Mount can
be seen distinctly. It is a very ancient structure, and has
many points, lx>th within and without to interest the
archaeologist. The registers of the see state that Bishop
Grandisson consecrated the high-altar on the 13th of July,
1336 ; but there is evidence to prove that a church existed
here many years earlier. The font is undoudtedly a por-
tion of the Norman church. The lead with which it is
lined is brought over the upper edge and nearly half-way
down the side. The forms of square panels may be seen
on one side, ^-doubtless the other sides were similar ; but
the font appears to have received violent injury ; portions
have been plastered up, and it is also thickly coated with
lime. The block of granite on which it stands is extremely
rude. The dimensions of the font are as follows : — Height,
3ft. sin.; height of shafts, iiin; length of each side,
2ft. 6in.

Landbwednack, the most southerly church in Eng-
land, is about a mile from the Lizard, and possesses
considerable remains of Norman work, including a fine
doorway. The font, as shown in our illustration is sup-
ported on a central pillar and four shafts, a form frequently
met with in Cornwall ; and it is probably of the thirteenth

century. It bears an inscription in early English characters
— "I.H.C.D. Ric (Dominus Ricardus) Bolham me fedt."

Dr. Oliver says the church is dedicated to St. Winwolus
— the same as Gunwalloe ; but it is difficult to imagine
how Winwolus, or Winwoluc, could be corrupted into
Wednack, as some have conjectured. The present name
evidently had the same origin as Landevenach, in Bretagne.
According to Dr. Borlase, the last sermon in the Cornish
language was preached in Landewednack Church, not
long before the year 1678, by the rector, the Rev. F.
Robinson. ' After the language ceased to be used in
churches it soon became extinct.

* * *

Description of the Arms of the Exeter Companies.
From Izacke's Remarkable Antiquities of the City of
Exeter^ 1st edition, 1676 ; 2nd, 1724.

See sheet of "Arms," by Mr. G. Townsend, given in
l^estem Antiquary^ Part X., March, 1885.

(1) Cordwainers, Azure a Chev. Or between 3 Goats
Heads Argent attired.

Motto — ** VinuUi invertitur ordo."

(2) Glovers and Skinners, Ermine on a chief Gules, three
Crowns Imperial.

Motto—" Soli Deo Gloria."

(3) Tailors* Arg. a Tent between two Robes d' estate
Gules attired Or, on a chief Azure a Lion Passant Gar-
dant of the third.

Motto — " Concordia parvse res crescunt discordii
maxima dilabuntur."

(4) Bakers, Gules a balance held by a Hand in chief
between three garbs d' Or, a chief barry wavy of four
Argent and Azure.
Motto—" Praise God for All."

(5) Barbers, Quarterly parted with a cross Gules, and
thereon a Lion Passant Gardant Or, the first and fourth
sable, a Chev. between three Phelgms Arg., the second
and third quarters Arg. a Rose Gules crowned Or.
Motto— "De Praesdentia Dei."

(6) Weavers, Party per faltier Azure and Gules, on the
first two Shuttles Or, on the second above a Brush,*
beneath a pair of Sheers Arg., a chief ermine and
thereon a Slea between two Burling Irons Or.

Motto — " Labor labori laborem addit."

(7) Haberdashers, Barry nebuly Arg. and Azure on a
bend Gules, a Lion Passant Gardant Or.

Motto- " Serve and Obey."

(8) Merchants. Azure a Castle or, standing on the Waves
of the Sea proper, in chief two ducal Crowns d' Or.
Motto— "Deo Duce, Fortuna Comite."

(9) Smiths, Sable a Chev. Arg. between three Hammers
Crowned Or.

Motto—" Tractent Fabrilia Fabri,"

248

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

(10) Coopers, Gerundy of six pieces Gules and sable a
Chev. Arg. charged with a Mallet between 2 Axes of
the second between 3 Hoops Or, on a chief of the
third three Lillies Azure.
Motto — ** Qui fugit molam fugit Farinam."
(n) Butchers, Azure two Axes salterwise Or, between
three Bull Heads couped Arg , upon a chief of the
third a Boar's Head Gules between two Garbs of the
first.
Motto— "Omnia subjecisti subpedibus Oves et Boves."

(12) Brewers, Gules on a Chev. Arg. three Ton ns sable
between six Garbs disposed salterwise Or.
Motto—" In God is all our Trust."

(13) Paint ers^ &*c.

Painters. Azure a Chev. between three l^henixes heads
erazed or.

fointrs and Carpenters. Arg. a Chev. engrailed l)e-

tween 3 Compasses dilated sable.

Masons. Sable on a Chev. l^etween 3 Towers Arg. a
pair of Compasses dilated sable.

Glaciers. Arg. two crossing Irons in Saltier sable
between four Nails on a chief Gules a demy Laon
Passant Gardant Or.

Molto — ** Amor queat obedientia."

* * *

* Correeponbencc- *fr

DEVONSHIRE BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Every one interested in Devonshire must have been
glad to see that the difficult task of compiling a biblio-
graphy of the county has been commenced by so "eminent
a hand " as Mr. G. C. Boase. That gentleman's article
on Dr. Kitto practically answers the question put by
W.S.L.S., in the issue of the Western Antiquary for
February 1884 (p. 183), and no one can do better than fol-
low on the same lines. The system of co-operation, which
has been advocated by the Editor is the only one which
will admit of the work being quickly and thoroughly done.
Bio-bibliography is essentially a branch of literary labour
which demands not only special knowledge and aptitude,
but also sympathy with the period under treatment. No
writer could supply a more interesting subject for a biblio-
graphy than Gay, but the taste and knowledge required to
do justice to it would be entirely different from the qualities
necessary for the effective treatment of earlier worthies
like Raleigh or Drake, or of later ones like Coleridge or
Northcote. As to the scope of the proposed work, I do
not think better counsel can be given than is contained in
a review of Davidson's Bibliotheca Devoniensis in the
Athenaum of Dec. 4, 1852, p. 1323. The writer points
out that the work under review takes far too wide a range,
and recommends that in a typical Bibliotheca Devoniensis
the following classes of publication should only be inclu-
ded : —

I. — Books on the topography of any part of the
County, or on local subjects.

2. — Books written (a) by natives of Devonshire, or
(h) printed within its limits.

3. — Publications circulated among the residents and
not generally known elsewhere.

4. — Productions in the dialect of the county.

5. — Books relating to matters of family history.

If these limitations were observed, the task of producing
a serviceable bibliography need not be unreasonably long,
for proud as every Devonian is of his county, he cannot but
concede that its contributions towards the "making of
England " have generally speaking been in other fields
than those of literary activity, and that even on the brows
of its most distinquished son, the helmet of Mars was more
often seen than that of Minerva. In the meantime, it
is satisfactory to know that a beginning has been made,
and under the skilful guidance of the Editor, we may hope
that the work of progress and ultimate completion will not
be long delayed. \V. F. Prideaux, Lieut-Col.

Calcutta.

* '!• ♦

JEMtorial "Wotcs.

With the May numlxjr, the Fourth Series of the
Western Antiquary will be comi^leted. The Index num-
ber will I).- prepared and issued as early as possible, in
order ihat Subscribers may have their volumes bound
without dt'lay. The Editor in tendering his acknowledge-
ments to his Sul)scril)ers and Contributors for valuable
assistance in the past begs to assure them of his earnest
desire to make the periodical, as far as practicable, what
was designed at the outset — " a medium of intercommuni-
cation for antiquaries and others interested in the History,
Literature, and Legendary Lore of the Western Counties."
Having now included the county of Somerset in the field
of labour, at the express wish of many subscribers, it is
hoped that articles may at all times be forthcoming of
sufficient interest and value to suit the varied tastes of all
classes of readers. ^ Further, it may be added, that the
success of the last series has been greater than could have
been anticipated, and such as to warrant the belief that
the little journal is growing in favour, and is looked upon
as a proper medium for investigating all matters coming
within its scope, appertaining to the three western counties.

The Editor is now preparing his plan and prospectus
of the Fifth Series, and is prepared to receive -offers of
Articles for publication in the early numbers. Several
valuable papers are already in hand, and others are
promised. A special feature of the new series will \yt
made of the " Bibliography of Devonshire," and the
Editor trusts that he may receive sufficient co-operation in
this desirable work, to warrant his allotting a portion of
each number, or a supplement, to the publication of Bib-
liographical lists as suggested in the communication of
Lt.-Col. Prideaux, and previous contributions on the same
topic.

The names of new subscribers will be most thankfully
received, and it is earnestly hoped that all those who have
contributed in any way, either as Contributors or Sub-
scribers, will continue their support, in order that the next
Series may be equal in interest to the present, and that the
Editor may be able to redeem his pledges to those who
have helped to fill his pages with interesting matter.
Subscriptions to the Fifth Series will now be received, and
a special appeal is made to those whose pevious subscrip-
tions remain unpaid, to remit as early as possible.

THE

!HgSTgI{I)

OR,

flote*»Boofe tot Devon, Cornwall anb Sonteteet.

No. 12.]

MAY, 1885.

[Vol. 4.

SAINT MICHAEL'S MOUNT.

BY JOHN ALT PORTER.

^ j I ^WAY down in the west of England,
W^m off the southern coast, rises the
rocky islet of St. Michael's Mount.
Its origin no one knows : its history none can
tell. Now insulated by the sea, and compar-
atively bare of vegetation, was it once, in ages
past, a tree-crowned hillock in the midst of
forest land? As we look towards the great
Atlantic, peacefully reflecting the glittering
sheen of summer sunshine, can we realize
that once that sea burst with sudden fury
over miles of pasture-field and meadow, se-
parating for ever the Scilly Islands from Mount
St. Michael and Penzance ? Were these seven
acres of ground in front of a small fishing
village, the I kits of Diodorus Siculus; the
ancient emporium for Cornish tin ?

One fact, at least, seems certain. Time
has once seen that island mountain rear its
lofty head unsevered from the mainland shore ;
although of the ** grey rock in the wood,'* the
" carakh - ludgh - en - luz ' * of the pre-historic
ages, there has been no record left.

Even in later and more modern times we
have to do with legend. The Archangel
Michael visits earth, at first on Mount Gar-
ganus in the kingdom of Apulia in the year
of Christ 391. When again he downward
wings his flight ; it is to Britain — to our islet
in Mount's Bay !

A hundred years have passed away, and
thither, in honor of Saint Michael's visitation,
St. Keyna, the daughter of Braganus, prince

of Brecknockshire, makes pilgrimage to pray.
Then other pilgrims wind up that mountain
side so **curuing," so "narrowe," so "rockye,"
and so " steepe," to what has now become a
Benedictine monastery (a.d. 900) whose chapel
has a shrine. Then : —

" To all members of Holy Mother Church, who shall
read or hear these letters. Peace and Salvation. Be it
known unto you all, that our most holy Lord Pope Gregory,
in the year of Christ's Incarnation 1070, out of his great
zeal, and devotion to the Church of Mount Saint Michael,
in Tumba, in the county of Cornwall, hath piously granted
to the aforesaid church, which is entrusted to the Angelical
Ministry, and with full approbation, consecrated and sancti-
fied, to rgmii to all the faithful, who shall enrich^ endow^
or visit the said church, a Third Part of their Penance.
And that this grant may remain for ever unshaken, and
inviolable, by the authority of God the Father, and of the
Son, and of the Holy Ghost ; he forbids all his successors
from attempting to make any alteration against this
Decree."

Upon the Mount, this colony of Benedic-
tines long watched and prayed until succeeded
by the brothers of St. Gilbert, who frocked
and cowled, and stern and grim, flashed St.
Michael's light across the sea.

When Norman William ruled the land,
Earl Robert of Mortaigne, made the priory
an alien, and a cell to the abbey of S. Michel
oflf the coast of France. When Richard
Lionheart left his kingdom for the wars
abroad, Henry de la Pomeroy feigned anxiety
to see a nun, a Gilbertine, in the castle con-
vent. Gaining entrance, under this pretence,
he seized and fortified the island for King
Richard's brother. Lackland John. But the
return of Coeur-de-Lion fills Pomeroy with
fear, and in his fear, he bleeds himself to death.

250

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

When the third Edward fought the French, and
seized these ahen Enghsh priories, he made
exception of St. Michael's and the payment
of 300 marks a year. *' Holy " Henry gave
it to his newly founded Cambridge College,
whence it passed to ** ye Convent of Our
Ladye at Syon," in the reign of Edward IV.
\\'hen the evening shadows fall upon the day
whose morning dawned so cold, so raw, so
foggy on the battle-field of Barnet, from
Gladsmuir Heath flies John, Earl of Oxford, to
this Cornish castle, where, with his *' pilgrim
knights" he sought and gained admission, then
threw away disguise, and kept his mastery
there.

Subsequently the history of St. Michael's
Mount becomes connected with rebel risings
in later times. On the 12th August, 1498,
Perkin Warbeck and his wife, the Lady
Catherine Gordon, daughter of the Earl of
Huntly, are landing at St. Ives. With them
come four ships of war, with crews of men-
at-arms. The villagers hail Perkm as their
king, and march with him to Bodmin, while
they lodge his lady in the fortress. But War-
beck fails in insurrection, and then the land
has rest awhile till Dissolution — Reformation
— and the scattering for ever of the Monks
upon the Mount.*

• I sulijoin a list of the Abl)ots and Priors. — Abbots: —
Mainard I., 966, d. 991; Mainard II., d. icx^ ; Hilde-
bert I., d. 1017 ; Hildcbert II., d. 1023 ; Theodoric, d.
1033; Suppo, d, 1061; Radulphus de Beaumont, d. 1058;
Ranulphus, fcd. 1106; Roger, res. 1123; Richard de
Mere; Bernard, d. H49 ; Gaufridus; Robert de Torigny
d. 1186; Martin, d. 1191 ; Jordan, d. 1212; Radulphus
des Isles, d. 1 231 ; Thomas de Chambres ; Radulphus de
Villcdieu, d. 1237 ; Richard III. (Turslin), d. 1264;
Nich(jlas (Aicxamler) ; Nicholas Franciscus (Farnigot), d.
1279; Ranulphus II. (tic Bonsueyo) ; John, d. 1298;
William (du Chateau), d. 1314 ; John de la Porta, d. 1 334-5 ;
Nicholas II. (Le Vitrier) d. 1362; Gaufridus II. (De
Servon), d. 1385 ; Peter (le Roy), d. 1410; Robert Jolivet
(le Breton) succeeded in 1411 and governed the house at
the Dissolution. Priors: — Radulphus de Cartaret, 12 Dec,
1266 ; Richard Pcrer, II Apr. 1275 ; Gaufridus de Gernon,
alias Forum, 8 July, 1283 ; Peter de Cara Villa, or Car-
ville, 12 Sep., 1316; Nicholas Isabel, 24 Sep., 1342;
1342 ; John Hardy, 3 Oct , 1349 ; John de Volant, 24 Apr.,
1362 ; Richard Ilarepath ; Richard Auncell, 7 Dec, 1385

Civil War — ** tap, tap, over heath and holt
comes the sound of the Roundhead drum,"and
for " the man, Charles Stuart," as his King, Sir
Francis Bassett holds St. Michael's, till Blake
begins to threaten with his ships. The strong-
hold is reduced, and impoverished by their
loyalty, the Basset ts at the Restoration, sell
the Island to St. Aiibyn of Clowance.t

In the year 1726-7, the then Sir John St.
Aubyn builds at the base of the Mount a pier.

(whose brass seal, discovered at Exeter, is now at Prior
Park, Bath;; William Lambert, 21 Oct., 1412. Arckpriest:
— Rev. John Arscuii, 16 Nov., 1537. (From MoncLsticon
Diocesis Exoniensis^ by G. Oliver; Exeter, 1846-54.)
" When the priory 1 f St. Michael ^^hich by Robert, Earl
of Cornwall, had been made a cell to the monastery of St.
Michael, in Normandy, was seized into the hands of the
crown during the wars of France, it was first given to
King's College, Cambridge, afterwards to the Monastery
of Sion, in Middlesex, to which it continued to br attached
till the Dissolution. In 1533 it was given, with all its
revenues, to Humphrey Arundell, Esq., of Lanheme.
This Arundell put himself at the head of a rebellion which
arose in Cornwall, 1 549, about the subject of reformation.
Having left the Mount of which he was Governor, several
Cornish gentlemen well affected to the King took possess-
ion of it ; but it was soon recovered by Arundell, who
immediately despatched a parly of horse and foot to
besiege it. After some partial success, Arundell was de-
defeated by Lord Russell, in Devonshire, taken prisoner,
and executed in London. The government and revenues
of St. Michael's Mount were granted on lease by the King
to Job Milliton, Esq., Sheriff of Cornwall. The lease was
renewed to his son, William, and to Will. Harris, Esq., of
Hcyne, in Devonshire, who married the widow of the
latter. Arthur Harris, Esq., son of William, died gover-
nor of the Mount, in 1628. In the year 1599, long before
the expiration of Harris's lease, the fee was granted to
Thomas Bellott and John Buddcn as trustees, it is probable
for Robert, Earl of Salisbury, to whom it was by them
conveyed. William, the succeeding Earl of Salisbury,
alienated it to Francis Bassett, Esq., of Tehidy, afterwards
Sir Francis Bassett." — Lysons.

t "The St. Aubyn family is considered one of the
most ancient in the Counties of Devon and Cornwall.
Mauger de St. Aubyn held the Manor of Mattingho, in
Devon, early in the reign of Henry III. The family pedi-
gree commences with Sir Guy St. Aubyn, of Clowance,
CO. Cornwall, knt., /^w/. Hen. IV." — Henry E. Dudeney.

" The name of St. Aubyn is spelt in many different
ways : — St. Aubyn, Seyntaubin, Sentobyn, Saintaubin,
Saintabin, Sintabin, and Syntabin." — From Monumental
Brasses of Cornwall,'* by E. W. H. Dunkin.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

251

A quay is also added, capable of receiving
vessels of 500 tons.

And here Her Majesty Queen Victoria lands
in September, 1846. A small brass foot let
into the top-stone of the steps, with a suitable
inscription, commemorates her visit. Em-
bowered in the foliage of the little fishing
"village," is a small and quiet cemetery,
where are many memorials of the members
of the St. Aubyn family who are lying there
at rest. Close by we see the entrance to the
winding pathway to the castle, up which,
guided by stone crosses, the pilgrims walked
of old.

Midway between the building and the main-
land, is a lonely rock washed by the tidal
wave. On this stood a chapel dedicated to
the Virgin. Thither pilgrims resorted for the
stimulation of their faith and piety, ere they
climbed to MichaePs shrine. Now oratory
there is none, save that roofed by God's blue
sky, and the time-old sea alone echoes the
harmony of the pilgrim's hymn.

A small doorway, and a grim portcullis
opens on the guard-room. Now no longer
does it echo the roystering strain of Cavalier,
or pious psalm of Roundhead. On the floor
is Turkey carpet — on the walls are frames.
And in those frames are shrined the signatures
of Queen Victoria and the Prince of Wales,
subscribed to a record of a visit to St. Mich-
ael's Mount, while underneath are shown the
pens held on that occasion by the royal fingers.
Sir John St. Aubyn has found his castle on
the Mount too small. On the ruins of the
ancient monastery additions have been made.
Over the "horrid mass of rock," under St.
Michael's Chair, new buildings have been
added. The monks' refectory is still the ban-
queting hall — known by the name of " Chevy-
chase room," from its richly ornamented
cornice, portraying beasts of chase. At one
end of the apartment are the royal arms of
England ; at the other the escutcheon of St.
Aubyn. • But the chapel — that holy place con-

• •* Ermine, on a cross gules five bezants. Crest —
On a rock, a comish chough rising, all proper. *' — Henry
E. Dudeney.

secratedt for ever to prayer and praise, where,
in times past and present, men have endea-
voured to fathom the unseen — to gain a truer,
deeper insight into Gospel truth — to get
the conquest of themselves through that gift
which Cometh but by prayer! This Gothic
structure towering from floor to roof seems
fraught with silent memory. Here then was
the holy shrine of the Archangel Michael.
Here Abbot Hildebert worshipped, here Prior
Radulphus sang. Up those turret steps crept
Brother Peter to fire the beacon for the night.
In the dark and lonely crypt below lies the
body of Sir John Arundel, slain in bloody
skirmish on the sands of Marazion. In the
western gallery behind is the finest organ in
the county, and there in the choir is the
quaint old desk where the squire now reads
prayers, and in the front a reredos adorned with
costly art work brought from foreign lands. + Of
this monastic fortress the chapel is the oldest
part, and in the midst of the surrounding
buildings, grandly solemn it appears. On
the south side is a Gothic doorway low
and narrow, leading to a dark and gloomy
cell, probably the chapel crypt, wherein was
discovered a ghastly skeleton of someone
there immured — on the floor was found the
gravestone of one of the Priors ; also a slab,
marking, it is thought, the burial spot of
Arundell. On the north side is the turret
staircase leading to the tower || erected in the

t In 1 135, by William Warelwast, Bishop of Exeter.

X Some stalls were erected in 1804. The brass chande-
lier, representing St. Michael, and the Virgin with her
Child. The windows are of a style known as Perpen-
dicular, except that at the East End which is a modem
addition.

II In 77u Church Bells of Cornwall ; their Archaology
and present condition (London, 1878), Mr. E. H. W.
Dunkin gives the following particulars of those on St.
Michael's Mount : — I. + Ordo PotestcUum, In small
black-letter characters about % inch high, and Lombardic
initial letters, somewhat irregularly arranged. Diameter
at the mouth 24 inches 2. [ C9] nu : Away : Make :
No : Delay, 178^, In thin Roman capitals ; followed by
a small pioce of border ornament. The A.*s are inverted
V.*s. This bell is broken. Diameter at the mouth 26^
inches. 3. Charles : &» : John Rvdhall, Fe [cerunt].

252

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

14th or 15th century. On its summit is the
far-famed ** Kader Mighel," a curious and
ancient cresset once used by the monks to
hold a beacon § for those who went upon the
waters.

Here we end our pilgrimage. And, looking
down on the sea, musingly, this fair and
tranquil summer afternoon, there somehow
cometh to our minds the memory of another
house upon a Rock whereon ** The rain des-
cended and the floods did come and beat
upon that house. But it fell not, — for it was
founded on a Rock."

The le'.tering is of the same type as on the second bell,
and is preceded by a piece of border ornament This bell
is also broken. Diameter at the mouth, 27X inches.
4. Spiritus Sanctus Est Deus, On the crown in black-
letter characters about Ji inch high, with prettily crowned
Lombardic initials. Encircling the haunch and with
crowned initial letters as before + Gabriel Sancte Paule
Ora Pro Nobis y and immediately l>elow Ordo Vittutum
Maria. Diameter at the mouth 30 inches. 5. Filius
est Deus on the crown, and below encircling the haunch
+ Raphael + Sancta Alargareta Ora Pro Nobis, Beneath
the word ** Raphael," Ordo Archangelorum, The text
and initial letters are of the same character as those on the
fourth bell. Diameter at the mouth 33 inches. 6.
Soli : Deo Devter \ Gloria \

1640 00 001 P i

In flat roman capifbis about an inch in height. The G in
"Gloria" is reversed. The four coin impressions are
irregular and the legends on them difficult to decipher.
Probably from half crowns of Charles I. Diameter at the
mouth 35 ^ inches. It appears from the manuscripts of
Dr. Borlasc, that the original peal consisted of five bells.
In 1785, however, the old second bell was broken up,
and two others substituted for it. The inscription was as
follows, probably in characters similar to those on the
medisevals that now remain : — Saticte Nicholae Ora Pro
Nobis. Ordo Prittcipatuum. The tenor is in all proba-
bility an older bell recast. Dr. Borlase, in his Parochial
Memoranda^ remarks: — " It is very likely that there was
a fifth bell of the same time and hand with the others,
which was inscribed to St. Michael as the third and fourth
[now the fourth and fifth] were to Gabriel and Raphael, it
being not at all likely that in this place St. Michael's name
should l)e treated with so much neglect as to be passed
over in silence." The dedication of the tenor bell to the
patroQ saint of the mount would have been in accordance
with a principle very generally followed, that of placing
the most important legend on the largest l)ell.

§ The will of Sir John Arundel, in 1433, gives 13/4
to the light on St« Michaers Mount.

DEVON AND CORNISH STUDENTS

AT LEYDEN.

BY W. P. COURTNEY.

EN years ago the university of Leyden
commemorated the tercentenary of
its foundation by the publication of a
list of all the students who had matriculated
within its walls. Mr. Edward Peacock, f.s.a.,
extracted from this large quarto volume of
one thousand pages, the names of all the
scholars who could he identified as ** English
speaking," and his catalogue was issued in
1883, among the publications of the Index
Society. When perusing this catalogue a
short time ago, I made a note of the students
who were probably of Devon or Cornish
extraction, and their names are comprised in
the following list.

The university of Leyden enjoyed a great
reputation for many years for the excellence
of its medical training, and its teaching has
from the first been remarkable for freedom
from ecclesiastical prejudice.

It is not difficult in glancing down the
catalogue to select the young students who
were sent there for initiation into the mysteries
of medicine, or those whose parents were out
of accord with the sympathies of Oxford and
Cambridge. Huxham, May, Munk, Musgrave,
and Oliver are notable names in the annals of
the medical world. The Bullers, Godolphins,
Rouses, and Wreys were sent to Leyden to
receive a more liberal education than could
be obtained in an English university.

The dates given are those of matriculation,
and it will be observed that some of the
scholars (^.^., John Andrew and James Bagg)
came to Leyden more than once. I need only
add further that the spelling is identical with
that given by Mr. Peacock : —

Andrew, Joannes, AngluSy 24 Jan., 1735.

Andrew, Johannes, Anglus^ 10 Sept., 1737.

Note. — This w.as John Andrew, of Probus, a fellow of
Exeter College, Oxford, who had leave from Lord
Petre to travel, and was absent from June, 1735, to
April, 1738.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

253

Atwell, Josephus, BritannuSy 24 Maii, 1729.

Note. — A Devonshire man by birth, and a Petrean
fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, who also had leave
to travel abroad.

Bagg, Jacobus, Anglus^ 24 Feb., 161 1.

Bagge, Jacobus, Anglus^ 13 June, 1609.

Note. — Presumably James Bagge, bom in 1590 and a
son of James Bagg of Plymouth. The younger
James Bagge was a creature of the Duke of Buck-
ingham, and is often denounced in Forster's life of
Sir John Eliot.

Baker, Georgius, Anglus^ 18 Feb., 1749.

Note. — This is the distinguished physician, bom
Devonshire, 1722, died 1809.

Borthoge, Richardus, Anglus, ii Oct., 1661.

Note. — Probably the well-known physician, Richard
Burthogge, of Devonshire.

Buller, Franciscus, Anglus, 10 Aug,, 1643.
Buller, Richardus, Anglus^ 10 Aug., 1643.

Note. — Probably members of the family of Buller, of
Shillingham.

Carnsew, Johannes, Anglus, x6 Nov., 1649.
Champernonne, Annas, Anglo- Britannus^ 29 Jul., 1624.
Champernonne, YAca.t^yx's,^ Anglo- Britannus^ 29 Jul., 1624.
Note. — Amias was the third and Edward the second
son of Arthur Champernowne, of Darlington.

Cloke, Thomas, Anglus^ 26 Apr., 1674.
Cloke, Thomas, Exoniettsis^ 25 Aug., 1671.

Colepresse, Samuel, Anglus^ ex Devonian 5 Maii, 1668.
Note. — He lived at Plymouth. See the Bibliotkeca
Cornubiensis Ill.y 1 1 28.
Coningham, Richardus, ExoniensiSy 21 Apr., 1687.
Courtnejus, Richard, Anglus^ 8 Oct., 1634.
Cudlipp, Joannes, Anglus, 11 Sept., 1714.
Davis, Nicolaus, Anglo- Britannus Davoniensis^ 1 1 Apr.,

1637.
Dicker, Michael Lee, Exonia-Anglus, 20 Aug., 1717,

Duer, Johannes, DevonienHs^ 5 Mart., 1764.

Edsgaimb, Perseus [Piers Edgcumb], Anglus, 25 Jun.,
1639.
Note. — Probably the eldest son of Sir Richard
Edgcumbc.

Erisey, Richardus, Anglus, 24 Jul , 1606.

Note.— He was the son and heir of James Erisey, of
Erisey.

Fox, Richard, FalmoulA-Britannus, 10 June, 1806.

Godalfinus, Gulielmus, Anglus, 18 May, 1622.

Note. — Probably the son and heir of John Godolphin,
captain of Scilly.
Godolphin, Franciscus, Anglus, 16 April, 1597.
Godolphin, Joannes, Anglw, 16 April, 1597.

Note. — I assume that these two Godolphins were
brothers, and that they were sons of William
Godolphin, of Trewardeneth in Paul.

Grenville, Richard, Baro-Anglus, 24 Jan., 1634.
Spenser, Walter, ejusdem famulus [Ric Grenville], 24
Jan., 1634.

Note. — This may have been the turbulent Sir Richard
Grenville, afterwards nick-named " Skellum " Gren-
ville and his companion.

Grinvelt, Bernardus, Anglus Cornubiensis 16 Jany., 1618.
Note. — Was this the brother (Bernard Grenville) of
Sir Bevil Grenville and the Bernard Grenville, who
afterwards went to Exeter College, Oxford ?

Hallet, Josephus, Anglus^ 13 July, 1685.
Hallet, Wilhelmus, 23 August, 1 7 13.

Note. — The Hallets were Dissenters connected with
Exeter.

Harry, Joannes, Comubia- Anglus, 24 July, 1778.
Huxham, Joannes, Anglus, 7 Maii, 17x5.

Note. — ^This was the eminent physician who practiced
in Plymouth.

Jennens, Gulielmus, Anglus Plimutensis, i Nov., i628t
Jennens, Gulielmus, Anglus, 8 Maii, 1787.

May, Willem, Anglus, 8 Maii, 1787.

Note. — He was a native of East Looe, and is com-
memorated in the Bibliotkeca Cornubiensis. The
following entry in the list — ** May, Willem, ^nVa;iffMJ
capitaneus navalus, 14 Feb., 1 771," probably refers
to his father.

Munk, Guilielmus, e comitcUu Devoniensi Anglus, 17 Maii,

1837.
Note. — This is the learned biographer of the Royal

College of Physicians.

Musgrave, Guilielmus, Anglus, 29 Mart., 1680.

Note. — A physician of Exeter, who assisted in the
1722 edition of Camden's Britannia,

Musgrave, Samuel, Anglus, 26 Febr,, 1763.

Note. — A native of Washfield, Devon, in practice for
some time at Exeter and Plymouth, who attracted
some attention in the political world in 1769.

Oliver, Gulielmus, Anglus, 17 Febr., 1688,

Note. — From Trevaraoc, in Sithney; he afterwards
practiced in Bath as a physician.

Oliver, Guilielmus, Anglus, 15 Nov., 1720.

Note. — A native of Ludgvan and the charitable phy-
sician of Bath. They were both of them fond of
literature. A third William Oliver, "Anglus, 21
Sept., 1753," was possibly a son of the William
Oliver, who matriculated in 1720.

Pendarves, Guilielmus, Anglus, 25 Maii, 1650.

Note. — Probably William Pendarves, of Pendarves,
baptized 1630, died 1683.

Rous, Franciscus, Anglus, 10 Febr. 1599.
Rous, Ricardus, Anglus, 10 Febr., 1599.

Note. —The celebrated Francis Rous, provost of Eton,

and his brother. They were sons of Sir Anthony

Rous.

254

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Rows, Francescus, Anglus^ 7 Jul. 1640.

Note. — He was a son of the preceding Francis Rous,
and the author of a well-known volume on the
laws and customs of. Athens.

«

Stewart, Thomas, e comitatu Devonunsi Britannus, 17
Jun., 1823.

Tebay, Johannes, Comwalliensis^ 3 Maii, 1757.

Trelawny, Johannes, AngluSy 11 Jul., 1634.

Wrey, Bourchierus, Baronet, AngluSy 23 Febr. 1 741.

Wrey, Robertus, Nohilis Anglus, 16 Dec, 1740.

Note. — The former of the Wreys was the sixth baronet.
Robert Wrey was his younger brother. On the
same day (16 Dec, 1740) there was entered his
attendant, "Thomas Edmundus, Angius famulus
nobilis " [Roberti Wrey].

Yonge, Gualterus, Angius^ 18 Mart., 1644.

Note. — Probably the son of Walter Yonge, of Upton
Helions, who, in the Visitation of Devon^ 162O1
is described as aged 12.

THE PHILOSOPHERS OF SOMERSET.

BY MRS. EDMUND HOGER.

Ralph Cudworth, 1617-1688.

IN the four hundred years that elapsed
between the days of Adam de Marisco
and Ralph Cudworth, it is not to be
supposed that Philosophy was wholly dead in
Somerset, but only that no name has been
discovered of sufficient importance to place
by the side of these other eminent men. In
some respects the period in which Cudworth
lived was not unlike that in which the earlier
philosophers flourished. The seventy years of
his life are among the most momentous in our
history. Born in the quiet days of James I.,
when the pent-up forces, which had been
smouldering in the times of the later Plantage-
nets and the Tudors, were now covered by so
thin a crust that those who had eyes to see
could foretell the upheaval that would shortly
take place ; he grew to manhood during the
troublous days of the rebellion. All through
Cromwell's usurpation he lived apart, en-
grossed in his religious and philosophical
studies, nor did the evil days of the restora-
tion, nor the fatal period of the second James's
reign disturb him from his philosophic quiet ;

but when another great crash seemed impend-
ing, he went to his rest just before the so-called
** Glorious Revolution."

Ralph Cudworth was bom at Aller, io
Somerset, of which place his father was rector,
and which Camden speaks of in his time as
" a village consisting only of a few poor cot-
tages, but which seemeth to have been a town
of good account ; ** yet Aller has memories of
no small interest. The baptism of the Danish
King Guthrum in 878, and the defeat of the
royal forces by Fairfax which took place there
in Cudworth's own time.

The death of his father left young Cudworth
at a very early age without an instructor, but
on his mother's second marriage his step-
father, Dr. Houghton, gave him a most careftil
education. In 1630 he was admitted a pen-
sioner of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where
he pursued his studies with great diligence,
and in 1639 obtained the degree of M.A. with
great applause. He was soon after chosen
Fellow of his College and became one of the
Tutors, in which capacity he rose to such
eminence as to have at one time the unpre-
cedented number of twenty-eight pupils under
his care, amongst whom was the celebrated
Sir William Temple. After some time, in the
year 1641, he was presented to the Rectory of
North Cadbury, a neighbouring height to the
hill fort of Cadbury — the ancient Camelot.

He appears to have lived so entirely apart
from politics as to have been disturbed by
neither party, though his sympathies were
evidently with the Puritans. It was in 1642
that he first appeared as an author in his
discourse concerning " the true notion of the
Lord's Supper." In 1644 he was appointed
Master of Clare Hall, Cambridge, in the room
of Dr. Paske, who had been rejected by the
parliamentary visitors, and in 1645 was unani-
mously elected Regius Professor of Hebrew.
From this time he devoted himself entirely
to his academical employments and studies,
especially that of the Jewish antiquities. On
the 31st of March, 1647, he preached before
the House of Commons at Westminster Abbey,

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

255

upon a day of public humiliation, a sermon,
upon I John, xi c. 3, 4 v., for which he had
the thanks of the House returned to him the
same day.

In 1654 ^^ was elected Master of Christ's
College, Cambridge, and in 1657 he was one
of those who were consulted by Parliament
upon the English translation of the Bible,
and by his learning gained the friendship of
Whitelock and Thurlow. In his discourse
concerning Daniel's prophecy of the seventy
weeks, which was read in the public schools
of Cambridge,— ** Dr. Cudworth has undeceived
the world," says Henry More, ** misled too
long by the over great opinion they had of
Joseph Scaliger, and has demonstrated the
manifestation of the Messiah to have fallen
at the end of the sixty-ninth week, and his
passion in the midst of the last, which demon-
stration of his, IS, in my apprehension, of as
much price and worth in theology as either
the circulation of the blood in physic, or the
motion of the earth in natural philosophy."

In 1662 he was presented by Sheldon,
Bishop of London, to the vicarage of Ashwell,
in Herefordshire. In 1678 he was installed
Prebendary of Gloucester, and he there pub-
lished in folio his famous work, ** The true
intellectual system of the Universe.'* Intel-
lectual meaning as opposed to physical. This
famous and learned work (which is, however,
unfinished) was written in opposition to the
fatalists, and to oppose Atheism, *• for," says
Bishop Chandler, " debauchery, scepticism,
and infidehty, flourished in his time, and grew
up, in his opinion, from the doctrine of the
fatal necessity of all actions and events, ^s
from its proper root." '* In this book," says
theBiographica Britannia, *'he has completely
overthrown Atheism." But alas! for the
perversity of human nature, this good and
learned man, who devoted his whole life and
learning to the confutation of infidelity, was
accused not only of Arianism but even of
Atheism, because he endeavoured to state
fairly the arguments which he proceeded to
overthrow.

Hallam says, '* Cudworth's work, though
long, being unfinished, as well as full of digres-
sion, its object has not been full}' apprehended.
This object was to establish the liberty of
human actions against the fatalists. The first
book of ** the Intellectual System " which alone
is extant, relates wholly to the proof of the
existence of a Deity against the Atheistic
fatalists. His moral nature being rarely, if
ever, touched, so that the greater and more
interesting part of the work, for the sake of
which the author projected it, is wholly
wanting, unless we take for fragments of it
some writings preserved in the British Museum.
His terminology is stiff and pedantic, and as
the case with all our olden metaphysicians,
abounding in words which the English lan-
guage has not recognised, ** Hobbes is the
adversary with whom he most grapples."

After his death was published a ** Treatise
on Eternal and Immutable Morality" by him.
Its object was to disprove the opinion that
right and wrong were not real but imaginary
and arbitrary. Dr. Cudworth died at Cam-
bridge, and was buried at Christ's College
Chapel. He left an only daughter, Damaris,
Lady Masham, the wife of Sir Francis
Masham, she attended her father in his last
illness, and forms a connecting link between
him and our next biographical notice. She
was the friend of Locke and was in attendance
on him when he died in her house at Gates,
in Essex.

Dr. Hook gives a list of Cudworth's works,
and adds, ** These writings long reposed
quietly in the library at Gates, but about the
year 1762 they were sold by Lord Masham as
lumber to a bookseller, from whose hands,
after suffering many perils and mutations, they
at last found their way to the British Museum.
The only public use of them was made by Dr.
Dodd who ransacked them for notes to the
Bible published with his name."

Authorities : Cunninghame's Lives of Eminent English-
men ; Dr. Hook*s Ecclesiastical Biography; Smith's
English Literature,

256

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

John Locke, 1632 — 1704.

The father of John Locke inherited the
small estate of Belluton, in the parish of
Pensford, in the north-west of Somerset. He
was educated for the law and acted as steward
to Colonel Alexander Popham. During the
Civil War he fought as an officer on the side of
the Parliament, but, in spite of a fine that
was levied upon him at the restoration, was
able to leave his patrimony unimpaired to his
eldest, and only surviving son, the philosopher.
Locke's mother was the daughter of Edmund
Ken, of Wrington, almost certainly of the
same family as the good bishop. It was at
his mother's old home that Locke first saw
the light. She was worshipping in the parish
church, when she was taken in labour, and
being hastily removed to an adjoining house
she was safely delivered of a son. The record
of his baptism is still to be seen in the church
register at Wrington.* Nor, in spite of the
puritan tendencies of his father, his own
education in the same sentiments, his broad
sympathies, and his bold philosophical inves-
tigations, was his union with the church of his
fathers ever broken. He lived and died in
her communion.

For his father, Locke ever expressed the
deepest love and respect. The cause may
perhaps be found in Locke's rather unusual
treatment of his children. When young he
was strict if not severe with them, but as they
grew up he gradually admitted them to his
confidence and friendship. A letter written
in 1660 testifies unmistakably to the affec-
tionate terms on which they stood with each
other. It begins: —

" Most dear and ever loving Father."

He proceeds to make the most anxious
enquiries for his health, ** Do not," he says,
** I beseech you, by that care you ought to
have of yourself, by the tenderness I am sure
you have of us, neglect your own and our

* Wrington deserves notice also for the extreme beauty of
its tower, remarkable even among the many beautiful towers
for which Somerset is famous. It is said to be the very
finest in the country.

safety too. . . . The greatest satisfaction
I can propose to myself in this world is my
hopes that you may yet live to receive the
return of some comfort from all that care and
indulgence you have placed in

" Sir, your most obedient son,

" J. L."

Locke went first to Westminster School,
from thence, in 1657, to Christ Church,
Oxford. But the old scholastic subtleties
were not yet displaced by a sounder teaching
and he considered his time at the University
wasted, though he studied the classics and
made himself master of Latin and Greek.
Subsequently he devoted himself to the
sciences and especially to the study of medi-
cine, though he seldom pursued it as a profes-
sion. Sydenham, the first physician of the
day, speaks of Locke's approbation of his
" Observations on the History and Cures of
Acute Diseases" as a guarantee of its value.

It was probably one result of the tone of
Oxford life that made Locke through his whole
life rather endeavour to widen the boundaries
of the Church so as to include all who adhered
to the apostolic test of faith, and believed that
"Jesus Christ was the Son of God," rather
than to seek to destroy it, or to join one of the
many sects which each and all deny, some
one, some another, fundamental article of
belief.

In 1665, Locke was invited by Sir Walter
Vane, envoy to the electors of Brandenburg to
accompany him as private secretary. During
the time he remained at Cleves he v/rote many
letters to his friends describing the customs of
the county ; his letters are bright and lively.
In one addressed to his friend, Mr. John
Strachy, of Sutton Court, Bristol, he says in
comical allusion to the dilatoriness of the
Germans : —

** You must not expect anything remarkable
from me all the following week, for I have
spent it in getting a pair of gloves, and think
too I have had a quick despatch ; you will
perhaps wonder at it and think that I taik

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

257

like a traveller ; but I will give you the par-
ticulars of the business. Three days were
spent in finding out a glover, for though I can
walk all the town over in less than an hour,
yet their shops are so contrived as if they
were designed to conceal, not expose their
wares, and though you may think it strange,
yet methinks it is very well done, and 'tis a
becoming modesty to conceal that which they
have reason enough to be ashamed of.

** But to proceed ; the two next days were
spent in drawing them on, the right hand glove
(or, as they call them here, the handshoe),
Thursday ; and the left hand, Friday ; and
ril promise you this was two good days' work,
and little enough to bring them to fit my
hands and to consent to be fellows, which
after all they are so far from, that when they
are on , I am always afraid my hands should
go to cuffs one with another, they so disagree."

** A pair of shoes,'' he says,

** cannot be got under half a year. I lately
saw the cow killed, out of whose hide I hope
to have my next pairs."

The Duke of Ormond, who was Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland, strongly pressed him in
the year 1666 to take holy orders and promised
him good preferment, but Locke not believing
that he had a vocation for the office of a
clergyman, conscientiously refused to under-
take obligations he did not feel able to fulfil.
He was offered about the same time the post
of Ambassador at the Court of Spain ; this he
declined on account of his health. He now
retired into private life and occupied himself
with experiments and researches, residing
principally at Oxford. Here his fondness for
scientific pursuits made him acquainted with
the celebrated Robert Boyle.

In Oxford also he made an acquaintance
which had the greatest influence on his future
life. Lord Ashley, afterwards Earl of Shaftes-
bury, came there to consult Dr. Thomas, a
celebrated physician ; but he being absent
had requested Locke to supply his place, and
Locke calling upon his lordship, he was so

delighted with his conversation that a friend-
ship was formed which lasted their lives.

It was in 1670 while enjoying the society of
University life that he projected the idea of
his " Essay on the Human Understanding."
During the next five years he lived almost
entirely with Lord Shaftesbury, acting as
tutor first to his son and later to his grandson.
Indeed he inspired the earl with such con-
fidence that he was desired to seek a suitable
wife for his heir. The calm philosophic
character of Locke's mind with the invariable
sweetness of temper which was one of his great
characteristics may probably have been one
great cause of the affection with which he
inspired the restless intriguing earl. Alike in
their political and religious creeds Shaftesbury
probably found in his friend's character the
resp)ose and rest in which his own was so
deficient. The most objectionable measures
with which Shaftesbury was connected, the
Popish plot and the Exclusion bill, took place
during the four years that Locke was abroad
for his health. It should not, however, be for-
gotten that it is to Shaftesbury we owe the
Habeas Corpus Act ; one of those measures
which are the greatest securities for our boasted
English liberty.

It is a curious study to trace Locke's mind
pa.*5sing from the contemplation and analysis
of physical sciences, to his psychological studies
and analysis of the mind and intellect. In
1 65 1 when elected at Christ Church, the
puritan Dr. John Owen was the head, and
Locke's tutor was a man of the same principles.
In 1653 he distinguished himself by an epigram
on Cromwell's peace with the Dutch. He
took the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1656,
and Master in 1658, and then entered on the
study of medicine. As late as February, 1674,
he took the degree of Bachelor of Medicine.
For many years he kept a regular journal of
the weather, and the results of his meteoro-
logical observations appeared in ** Boyle's
History of the Air," and in " The Philoso-
phical Transaction." Anthony Wood — the
great antiquarian and historiographer of

<?S8

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

Oxford — mentions attending a course of
chemistry under the famous Rosicrucian,
Peter Stael of Strasburg — who was brought
,to Oxford by Boyle — in company with some
others, " one of whom was John Locke, of
Christ Church, and a noted writer. This
same John Locke," he adds, " was a man of a
turbulent spirit, clamorous and discontented ;
while the rest of our club took notes from the
mouth of their master, the said Locke scorned
to do this, but was ever prating and trouble-
some.*' Anthony Wood was notoriously pre-
judiced, nor did he realize that it was natural
that the activity and keen intelligence of
Locke was not likely to be satisfied with the
mere reception of scientific dogmas. Perhaps
he also forgot One given to us as a model,
who, when sitting among the doctors not
only heard them, but asked them questions.

It is worth noting that during Locke's life
he had three roads to preferment opened to
him, theology, medicine, and politics. He
declined them all, and devoted his life to
philosophy and the fearless and untrammelled
investigation of truth. In 1666 he made
acquaintance with Lord Ashley, afterwards
Lord Shaftesbury. In 1667 he went abroad
with the Earl and Countess of Northumber-
land. In 1672 he was appointed Secretary to
Lord Ashley, and the year after Secretary to
the Board of Trade, with an income of ;^50o.
The commission, however, did not long remain
ard Locke's office died with it. In 1675 his
delicate health obliged him to visit France,
and at Montpellier, then the most famous
school of medicine in the world, and at Paris
he remained nearl)^ four years. At Mont-
pellier he met Mr. Herbert, afterwards Earl
of Pembroke, and communicated to him the
design of his ** Essay on Human Understand-
ing," which he dedicated to him twelve years
later.

In 1679, at the earnest request of Lord
Shaftesbury he returned to England and re-
sumed his intimate connection with him.
But Shaftesbury became obnoxious at Court
and in 1682 he had to take refuge in Holland.

He died there the following year. Locke
attended his funeral at St. Giles, Dorsetshire.
Soon after he had himself to retire abroad.
Holland was then the refuge of those who —
whether constitutionally or illegally — opposed
the reigning tyranny in Church and State.
He had scarcely been in Holland a year when
he was accused of conspiring against the State
and illegally deprived of his studentship at
Christ Church. The fact being that he
scrupulously avoided joining in any intrigues
which were carried on there, and even changed
his residence from Amsterdam to Utrecht to
avoid having any connection with Monmouth*s
expedition. During his residence there he
had opportunities of enjoying the socieiy of
such men as Limbirco, Le Clerc, Fenelon,
and other learned and scientific men who ap-
preciated his value. At the same time he
occupied himself in writing his first ** Letter
on Toleration.'* In it he appears to take the
same ground as Jeremy Taylor in his " Liberty
of Prophesying.*' It was in Latin and was
printed in Holland in 1689, and translated
into English, French, and Dutch in the
course of the year.

Locke returned to England in the fleet
which conveyed the Princess of Orange to
her native country. He might now have
easily obtained high preferment in Church or
State, but partly on account of his devotion
to his philosophical studies, partly on account
of his delicate health, he accepted nothing but
a small office which brought him in ;^2oo a
year. He wrote a second and a third ** Letter
on Toleration." In 1690 appeared his most
celebrated work, and the one most open to
criticism, his ** Essay concerning Hnman
Understanding." It was in contemplation
for twenty years, and was finished in the
same year as Sir Isaac Newton's ** Principia."
His principal opponents were Sherlock and
Stillingfleet, Bishop of Worcester. Locke
seems to have defended himself successfully
against the charges of Scepticism, Arianism
and infidelity. Certain it is, and can in no
way be doubted, that he was a devout believer

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

^S^

in the Christian faith and that he himself
indignantly repudiates the charges laid against
him. His great object was to open the portals
of the Church wide enough to admit all those
who answered to the test provided by the
Apostles, that " Jesus Christ was the Son of
God."

It was in the same year that an offer was
made to him to proceed as ambassador to
Berlin or Vienna. He declined, and one of
his chief reasons sounds oddly enough in the
present day. He alleges as one thing that
would render him unfit for the post, his in-
capacity for drinking! The Germans being
great drinkers, and he himself rarely taking
anything but water, he argues that as one
great duty of an ambassador is to make him-
self agreeable, his " total abstinence " would
be sure to gfive offence ; he adds also, " I
imagine whatever I do myself, the knowing
what others are doing is at least one half of
my business, and I know no such rack in the
world to draw out men*s thoughts as a well
managed bottle. If therefore it was fit for me
to advise in this case, I should think it more
for the king's interest to send a man of equal
parts that could drink his share, than the
soberest man in the kingdom.*'

In 1692 occurred a curious episode, in which
Locke appears to have shown great sweetness
of temper and consideration. Tl:e great Sir
Isaac Newton, who, at the time bore with
such patience and equanimity the burning of
his valuable papers by the restlessness of his
little pet dog, Diamond — seems afterwards to
have succumbed to the anxiety and distress
which the accident caused, and one would sup-
pose that for a time even his mind gave way.
He made some accusations against Locke for
which there seems to have been not the least
ground. Locke's conduct was so delicate and
forbearing that ** his manly expostulations and
wise advice re-established a good understand-
ihg that Was never again interrupted."

In 1 691 Locke totok up his residence with
Sir Francis and Lady Masham, at Oates, in
the parish of High leaver, in Essex, the air of

which he found suited his health better than
any other place. Here he enjoyed congenial
society, and his health and comfort were the
unceasing care of Lady Masham, wHo was ike
daughter of the philosopher Cudworth.

In 1695 he produced " The Reasonableness
of Christianity," which was attacked with as
much bitterness as the " Essay on the Humah'
Understanding.*' Locke defended this latter
treatise as ably as he had the former.

The latter years of Locke's life he passed in
great tranquility, in the society of his friends
and the study of the scriptures ; the fruits of
which a " Commentary on St. Paul's Epistles ^
were published among his posthumous works.

His strength was gradually being reduced
from the incurable asthma from which he
suffered. In October, 1704, his disease rapidly
increased, and on the 27th of that month he was
found exhausted in his bed by Lady Masham,
who missed him from his study. He told her
he felt that he had but a day or two to live,
and never expected to sit up again. He
received his last communion and told the
clergyman at its close that he ** was in perfect
charity with all men, and in communion with
the Church of Christ by whatever name it
was distinguished." On the day of his death
Lady Masham was reading the Psalms to him,
when he interrupted her by saying the end
was come, and passed away a few minutes
later in the afternoon of October 28, 1704, in
the seventy- third year of his age. His tomb
may he seen in Hif^h Laver Church, bearing
the Latin inscription prepared by his own
hand.*

The Manor house of Oates is now a decayed
farm house.

The value of Locke's writings will of course
be weighed differently by the different schools
of religious thought. His free speculations
and endeavour to ally reason on the side of

• On the restoration of the church in a short inscription
was added by my husband, the Rev. £. Boger, at the re-
quest of the Rev. Horace B. Smith, then incumbent of the
parish.

26o

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

revelation, while they alarm some, have, there
is little doubt, attached many to the Christian
faith who would have otherwise have drifted
into infidelity or Atheism,

To sum up his life, a few words may be
borrowed from Shaw's Etiglish Literature: —
" His personal character seems to have been
one of those which approach perfection as
nearly as can be expected from our fallible
and imperfect nature." It is a noble epitaph
on — as far as I know — the last of the Philoso-
phers of Somerset.

Authorities : Lord King's Life of Locke ; A short me-
moir prefixed to the Reasonableness of Christianity ;
Shawns English Literature ; Cunninghame*s LiveSy &*c.

George Bidder, the "Calculating Boy.'*— On
recently reading the admirable little book, My Object in
Life^ b^ Archdeacon Farrar, I was struck by a remark in
the chapter on ** Habit," to the following effect:— ** A boy
like Bidder, accustomed from infancy to figures, could cal-
culate how many seconds there are in a year in a shorter
time than it took the questioner to write down the answer."
It at once occurred to me that Bidder certainly deserves to
take a prominent rank amongst the Worthies of Devon,
and as no notice of him has yet appeared in the pages of
the Western Antiquary^ I beg to forward the following,
which was extracted at the time of his death (1878) from, a
local print, and which may at least serve to supply a de-
ficiency, until a fuller and more worthy record of him shall
appear : —

** Mr. Bidder the well-known civil engineer, who was
better known to our forefathers as the " Calculating Boy "
in the earlier part of this century, died on Friday. He
had just retired wholly from public life, and was establish-
ing himself in a new residence in his native county, Devon.
Mr. Bidder was born in 1806, and consequently had com-
pleted his seventy-second year. He attributed the first
stimulus given to his genius to passing the door of a black-
smith's shop which stood opposite to his father's, in which
when old enough he was, in his own words, "raised to
the dignity of being allowed to blow the bellows." In his
address to the Institute of Civil Engineers, in 1866, he tells
ns how he answered some questions in arithmetic put by
the old blacksmith, the answers to which were checked
by the old gentlemen's nephew, who chalked them up to
see if he was right. " As a natural consequence," he says
" this increased my fame still more, and, what was better,
it eventually caused half-pence to flow into my pocket,
which, I need not say attached me still more to the sdenoe

of arithmetic." We all know how George Bidder, the
calculating boy, was one of the wonders of the age when
he publicly exhibited his wonderful talents, and many of ns
probably have read the story how old George III. and
Queen Charlotte would have him in Court and listen in
wonder to him. Eventually he was withdrawn from the
public and educated at Edinburgh, through the kindness of
a friend, and eventually embraced the science of engineer-
ing under Henry Robertson Palmer, who was the founder
of the Institute of Civil Engineers. His connection with
Mr. George Stephenson, whom he assisted in his great
Parliamentary contests, introduced him to the hard work
of the profession, and subsequently, in conjunction with
his son, Mr. K. Stephenson, he took part in some of the
greatest railway and other works in the early days of rail-
ways. During the latter part of his career he was consulted
by the Government constantly on pressing and important
matters, and had practically retired from every-day work.
With him has gone one of the long memories which nothing
escaped, and one of those councillors and advisers from
whom a valuable opinion could always be obtained. Mr.
Bidder during the present year had made over his beautifal
seat at Ravensbury park to his son, the well-known Queen's
Counsel, and had gone to Devonshire for good. In private
life there never was a more domesticated man or one more
fondly attached to and naturally proud of his family. He
lived to see his eldest son become one of the leading
barristers of the day, and his second son a double first
class man at Oxford. In his address to the Institution in
i860, in concluding his wonderful lecture on Calculation,
he accuses himself of irritability of temper, but those who
knew him best will always bear in mind that, thou^
somewhat brusque in manner occasionally, there never
was a more staunch or true friend."

There can be little doubt, I apprehend, but that some

of your esteemed contributors, will be able and willing to

supply fuller details of this remarkable man than are to be

found in the above fragmentary sketch.

Taunton. James H. Pring, m.d.

Letter of James Nortcote.— The original of this
letter is in the British Museum^ Addilioncd A^SS, iSso^
folio 143, The lady to whom it is addressed is no doubt
a member of the Praed family of Trevetho, Cornwall, and
of Fleet street, London, but at present there is not sufficient
evidence to identify the individual : —

"Dear Madam,

"I hope that Mr. Prade and all your family ace
returned to Town in good health. I am very sony I was
not at home when you favoured me with a visit. I have
been confined in a bad cold and that was my first going
out for a little fresh air.

" As soon as I have put the pictures and their^frames
in perfect order I will have the pleasure to send them to
you by a careful person.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY,

261

''My best compliments to all the family. I remain
always your much obliged friend and most obedient humble

senrant

''James Northcote*

"Argyll place [London Novr 9th 1823.**

15, Queen Anne*s Gate, George C. Boasb,

Westminster.

41 4* •!*

Deceased Devonshire Artists. — Room may per-
haps be found in the columns of the IVestem Antiquary
for the insertion of the list of deceased Devonshire Artists
recently supplied by Mr. J. Dallas, the Curator of the
Albert Memorial Museum, to the local papers with a view
of obtaining the loan of examples of their works for the
forthcoming Art Exhibition :—

Shute, Milliard, Stone, J. Gandy, W. Gandy, Hudson,
Hayman, Jenkins, Patch, Reynolds, Davey, Jackson,
Ecekiel, Cosway, Humphry, R. Cross, Northcote, Down*
man. Score, Crunch, Leakey, Williams, Bennett, Upham,
Johns, Stevens, Knighton, Prout, Haydon, Brockedon,

King, Traies, Gendall, Ponsford, Eastlake, Rogers, Rowe,
Lee, N. Condy, Davis, Clack, Salter, Hart, Mogford,
Stephens, N. M. Condy, J. Cross, Sharland, and Whittaker.

Luny is not a Devonshireman bom and bred.
Exeter. P. F. Rowsell.

* * *

A Whale Ashore. — The following paragraph taken
from Thi Protestant Jntelligenct for February 17, 1679,
may be worth preserving : —

'* The Whale cast ashore near Appledore, in Devon-
shire, was upwards of fourscore feet in length, and in
bulk proportionate, which (as we are informed) required a
ladder of eight or ten rounds to get up upon him. The fish
being cast ashore dead, the body of it was for the most
part given to the poor country people thereabouts, and was
by them in three days' time cut in pieces, and carried
away, which will be some considerable help to many of
them, by helping them to train oyl for burning."

Nottingham I A.

ifi 41 41

Bonvthon, Longfellow, Whittier.— The various
articles which have appeared in Notes &* Queries concern-
the Bonython family, in connexion with the flagon once
possessed by them, and recovered by a descendant through
the instrumentality of the columns of Notes &* Queries
may be supplemented by the following interesting items: —
The beloved poet, Longfellow, is a lineal descendant of the
Bonython family, of Cornwall ; and the grey Quaker poet,
Whittier, in his poem of Mogg Megone^ makes John
Bonython (son of Longfellow's ancestor) a principal charac-
ter in that historical epic. Thus the two great American
poets are connected with the family by blood and
•Kodation. Charles Edw. Banks, m.d.

Marine Hospital, Chelsea, Mass, U.S.

West Country Ballads.— I venture to suggest, as
a subject of some interest to West Country men, that the
pages of the Western Antiquary be made a vehicle for the
collection of the old ballads and songs which relate to the
counties of Devon and Cornwall, and which have neveii
I believe, been gathered up into a posy. Under careful
and competent editorship, a West Country Garland would
form a very valuable memorial of olden times. I subjoin
the titles of a few ballads which exist in black-letter, and
which if accessible may be tentatively reprinted in the
Western Antiquary: —

I.— The West Country Wooing.

2.— The West Country Wonder.

3. — ^The Stout Cripple of Cornwall.

4. — The Devonshire Boy's Courage.

5. — A Warning for married women; or, Mrs. Ronald,
a West Country Woman. *

6.— The Witty Maid of the West; or, the Miller well
thrashed by the Plowman.

7. — The West Country Jigg ; or, a Trenchmore Galliard.

8.— The Slighted Father; or, the Unnatural Son justly
reclaimed, a Devonshire Ballad.

9.— The Plymouth Tragedy.

The last of these ballads is probably founded on the
story of Mrs. Page and George Strangeways, on which
fertile subject there will be found two ballads in Mr.
Collier's Broadside Black-Letter Ballads. The Trench-
more, mentioned in the title of No. 7, was a kind of dance,
of which the music will be iound in the Appendix to Sir
John Hawkins's History of Music. It is frequently men-
tioned by the old dramatists.

In addition to these, several old West Country Ballads
are specified in Mr. W. C. Hazlitt's biblic^fraphical publi-
cations, and in the list of ballads recently published in the
Bibliographer, Among these I may name: — '* Daniell of
Devonshire, his progresse to London," lie, 1635; ^^
"The Devill of Devonshire and Wilkin of the West his
Sonne," lie, 1594. There is also a good specimen of a
Devonshire ballad partially given in Mr. Thiselton Dyer's
English Folk' Lore, The good old song of "John Dory "
(first published in Deuttromelia) is also of Cornish origin.

W. F. P.

^ ^

Bodmin a Polite Town.— "Charles II., on passing
through Bodmin, is said to have observed, that * this was
the politest town he had ever seen, as one half of the
houses appeared to be bowings and the other half uncovered.'
Since the days of Charles, the houses are altered, but the
inhabitants still retain their politeness, especially at
elections." (1821.) B. H. S.

(From Hone's Year Book,)

* * *

363

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

^ ^uertee. ^

Gey Family. — Can any of your readers give me any
information as to the Rev. John Gey, who was Vicar of St.
Anthony, near Falmouth, about 1680-90 ? J* V*

'^ *b ^

Chapels of Ease: Mission Chapels.— When did
the term Chapel of Ease come into vogue as applied to
buildings set apart for public worship in connection with
our parish churches, and when and why was it dropped ?
Is the modem term Mission Chapel an equivalent, and
when and by whom was it originated? Churchman.

* * •{•

Ancient History of Yeovil. — Can any of your

correspondents give me any information relative to the

ancient history of Yeovil, in Somerset? Reference to

works containing such information would also oblige.

Exeter. P. F. R.

•i* ift »ii

Colonization of Dartmoor. — I have just met with
a reference to the existence (about 70 years ago) of a project
for colonizing Dartmoor.

Can you tell me where I can find any account of the
proposal and what was done in the matter, if it went
beyond a mere suggestion ? Hibyskwe.

* * *

Haunted Room in Boringdon House.— I am told
that the country people in the vicinity, believe that Boring-
don, the former residence of the Parkers, can boast of the
privilege (in the eyes of the Society for Psychical Research)
of a haunted room.

I think I have understood that it is the dining-room
and that it was caused by the murder of a butler in it.
Perhaps as the subject Is now somewhat ** on the tapis,"
some of your readers could fill in the details and tell us
when and by whom the supposed murder was done.

Devs. Junr.

* * *

Heraldic Seal. — Can any of your readers identify
the following coat, engraved on a seal of apparently the
17th century? i. — A ducal coronet enfiled by three arrows
in saltire. 2. — On a chevron five goats between three
doves (?). Qy. Collins, of Cornwall. The tinctures are
not shewn. J. S. Attwood.

ifi 41 •{•
A Devonshire Female Freemason. — A correspon-
dent of the Daily Telegraph says : "No le«s than four of the
softer sex have been initiated into the mysteries of Free-
masonry. These were the Hon. Mrs. Aid worth, in
Lodge 44, about 1735, whom you mention; Mrs. Beaton,
a lady of Norfolk ; a certain landlady of a Devonshire
hotel ; and Mme. de Xaintrailles, in France." Can any
of your correspondents who are in the mysteries of Free-
masonry, say who this Devonshire landlady was, where
and when she live! ? M. Y. Y. T.

Brow : Special Local Use?— This word is used to
signify a sloping frame-work, or arrangement of wood
which on being placed with the higher end against a step
enables anything to be rolled up over it, to a higher leveL

Is this use peculiar to Devonshire or only to workmen
as a class, for it does not seem to be recognised in the
dictionary ?

I suppose it is something of this sort which is spoken
of in Sandford's Guidi to Devonport^ ^c.^ where, in refer-
ence to a portion of the Dockyard arrangements, it is said,
that " a brow is constructed to facilitate the conveyance of
timber." Querens

•i* •{• 41

Knackersknowle.— Can any of your readers tell
me what is the most ancient form of this name and how
it arose ?

In Sandford's Guide I find it given as Knocker's KnoUi
and again as Nackers Hole. QUERENS.

* * *

Penel Orlieu.— Can any correspondent suggest a
derivation for the above name of a street in Bridgewater?
The only explanation to be got on the spot is that it is
so called because the Jews lived there.

Archibald Hamilton.

{Notes 6* QuerUs, 6 S., XL, March 28, 1885.)

* * *

Wheal as applied to Cornish Mines. — The fol-
lowing extract from an article, entitled — ** Some Mineralo-
gical Observations in Cornwall," by Thos. Thomson, M.D.,
F.R.S., which appears in Annals of Phihsophy^ Vol. 2.,
1S13* P* 353) ^^y surest an interesting subject of dis-
cussion in the Western Antiquary : —

** The names by which the Cornish mines are dis-
tinguished are usually contrived by the first adventurers,
and are often whimsical enough. The term huel (pro-
nounced will)y prefixed to every mine, is said in the
Cornish language to signify a mine: the other name is
taken from some accidental circumstance or other. Thus
Dolkcath was the name of an old woman (Dorothy Koath)
who lived ujwn the spot where the mine began working.
Hud Alfred was named by Mr. Jenkins, after his son,
Alfred Jenkins. Huel Providence was so called from the
accidental >say in which the vein was discovered."

I would ask how, when, and why the term huel became
corrupted in to Wheal; and would suggest that some of your
Cornish correspondents should give a list of the names of
Cornish mines with their known derivations. Kearlbt.

* * *

Cat- WATER (Plymouth). — ^What authority is there
for the following statement as to the origin of this name,
which I find in Dr. Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and
Fable {C^s&fW, 1883)?—

"This is a remarkable instance of mis- translation.
The castle at the mouth of the Piym used to be called the

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

263

Chat^u; but some one, thinking it would be better to
Anglicise the French, divided the word into two parts —
chat (cat), eau (water)."

This is, to my thinking, a remarkable instance of in-
vention of a tradition which does not obtain in the locality,
for it no way coincides with the generally accepted theory
of the derivation of the term Cat-water. But perhaps
some of the readers of the IVesUrn Antiquary may know
the source from which Dr. Brewer drew his inspiration.

Plymouthian.

* * *

Wills, of Axminster. — William Wills had a carpet
factory at Axminster (about) 1820. Can any of your
readers inform me whether he was a native of that place ?
I should also be glad of any other particulars respecting
him. J., St, N.

Tallaton (Devon).— Is there any work published
which contains an account of Tallaton? J., St. N.

* * *

Denbury Fair. — I am desirous of learning some-
thing more than is generally known regarding the origin
of the procession and "charing" of **01d Father and
Mother Denbury," at the annual Fair held in the village
of this name, near Torquay. It is said that in the Charter
granting this fair, reference is made to these personages.
What is the reference? The fact that " Denbury Fairs "
are held in some of the villages of Newfoundland, accom-
panied with the same procession, &c., is readily accounted
for by the known migration of many South Devon families
into that settlement in the i6th century and later.
Belsize Park Gardens, Cornelius Walford.

London, N.W.

•r *F Tt*

Bucklani), of Buckland in the Moor. — Will
any of your readers kindly furnish information with regard
to the ancient familj^ of Buckland, to whom Buckland-in-
the-Moor formerly belonged. One of the family, William
Buckland, granted the estates to the Abbot of Tor, in the
time of Stephen. Lydia Mary Cunnington.

Southgate House, Devizes.

ifi if« Hh

4» "KepUca. "^

John Herring. — In the Western Antiquary for
February, 1885, p. 191, we are informed that there was
a real Sir John Herring, and much detail of his life is
given, but not a single date, nor a hint as to the century in
which he lived.

The main branches of the Herrings lived at Langstone
House, Lamerton; there were also Herrings, doubtless
connected, at Botus Fleming, Bickleigh and Sahash, at
which latter place they were Mayors in the i8th cent.
I give some scrap pedigrees from the rasters, &c.

Herring op Longstone.—

Herring — Mary
1.1607.

.1

_l

Kdmnnd Herring —

I

John Herring ~

Brigadier in

Guards.

d. i«9^

JT) illegitimate
lohnlvne Herring
roar aettlenient SO
Jan. 17M ; will ex.
SS March, 1800,
d. 1800.

Edmund
bp. 1708.

Joan
bp. 1008.

Mary Dionyi
bp. 1800. bp. 1807
m. ITSL
Hugh Irne.

I

Klixabeth Strike
d. 8 July, 1886.

I
John Henry
Cloberry
Herring,
d. a. p. and
inteaiate.

I.

Philip Herring
d. 1874.

T

Cleland

Anne aa* John
n^ JamM.

I

Zoe

Anne Zoe Herrin;
alive and unm. l

Buacliffe Jamea
d. 8. p.

Herring op Bickleigh.—

John Herring = Rebecca
Vicar of I

I

I

Bickleigh^

[' I •

John Bdround John Thomas,

bp. S4 Sept. bp. 10 Sept. bp.8 Jnly William

1007. low. iras. bp. 10 Jan.

17M. Twins.

I I

Mary Bebeeca

bp. 18 Jnly bp. 17 Jnly
1707, m.SOApl. 1710.
1788, m. Rev.
George Bough-
ton, vicar of
Hatberleigh.

Herring op Botus Fleming.—

William Herring -__ Busuina Spettigne

Rect. Bolus Fleming ^ m. S3 Jan. 17S0 [Bickleigh]

Rebecca
bp. 11 Jan.
174S.

>s.PFOC
).4Jan

Mary | John William Bdmund Thos.J^foe

bp. 11 Feb. bp. SO Sept. bp. Kor. bp. 18 ApL bp.4<
17fi6. I 1744. 1748. ifu. 1764 1 bur.

85 Apl.
I 1764.

Solomon
bp. IS July
1768.

I may add that Elizabeth, probably dau. of John
Herring of Bickleigh, mar. Christopher Hill, mayor of
Saltash, 19 Feb. 1706, at Bickleigh ; also that Agnes,
probably dau. of John Herring, m. Peter Mills, 24 July
1718, at Bickleigh.

Saltash Registers (St. Stephen's) : —

1563, 19 Sept. Thomas, s. of John Herring was bur.
1 5641 13 Tuly, Elizabeth da. „ bp.

1 58 1, 14 Mch. Margaret, da. of Paul „ bur.

„ 26 Oct. John Herring was bur.
1583, 12 May, Isaac Herring, mar. Mary Rawe.
1603, 8 Jan. Henry „ ,, Alice Lovell.
1635, 6 Apl. Edmund „ ,, Joan Moulton.
1653, 14 Apl. Joan, da. Mr. John Herring, bp.
1655, 15 Aug. Susan, „ „ born.

1657, 22 Sept. Edward s. William „ bp.
,, 29 Dec. John, s. John „ ,,

1658, 21 June, Edward s. William „ of Saltash, bur.
1660, II June, Edmund s. John ,, bp.

1665, 20 „ „ Herring, mar. Amy Radford, wid.

1666, 30 May, Edmunds. Edmund Herring of Saltash, bur.
,, 16 Oct. Marie da. „ bp.

1669, 3 Aug. Elizabeth da. ,; of Saltash, bur.

264

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

167I1 30 Apl. John s. „ „ bp.

16761 7 June, Edmund s. ,, of Saltash, bur.

1679. 23 May, „ „ bur.

1681, 8 Feb. Mr. Edmund Herring, bur.

1683, 10 Nov. Mr. John ,, Junr., bur.

l687} 28 Dec Edward s. Thomas Herring, bp.

1689, 14 Jan. John „ „

'^5> 13 ^^y* Katherine, da. ,, „

1696, 27 Nov. Richard, s. „ bur.

I704t 31 May, Mr. Edmund Herring, bur.

I7I4» 8 July, John Herring, Gent., bur.

17 16, 2 Feb. Catherine Herring, bur.

17 18, I March, Edmund, s. Mr. Richard and Mrs. Philippa

Herring, bp. bur. 4 March.
1718, 18 March, Mrs. Herring, bur.
1732, 21 March, Amy „

I735> 7 ^c- ^1^ Christian „
1736* 3 May, John, s. Edward and Anne Herring, bp.
I737> 9 Fe^* Mrs. Anne Herring, bur.
,, 16 Feb. Anne, da. Mr. Edmund and Mrs. Anne
Herring, bp.
1740, 20 Nov. Elizabeth, da. Edmund Herring, bur.
1745, II July, Mrs. Anne Herring, bur.
1748, 28 Dec. Elizabeth, da. Richard Herring, Gent., and
Eleanor, bp.

1763, 1 1 Sept. James Herring, mar. Susanna Bowden.

1764, 7 June, William, s. James and Susanna Herring, bp.
„ 26 Aug. William Herring, infant, bur.

I77i> 25 Apl. James Herring, aged 6, bur.
„ I Oct. Mr. Richard „ 88, bur.

1772, 12 Jan. Ann Herring, aged I, bur.
1778, 22 Nov. James ,, bur.

1781, 26 Sep. Anne „ „

1782, 4 Apl. Richard „ ,,
17^3> 13 <^pl> John Herring, bur.

1800. 16 Apl. Arthur „ Junr., mar. Mar}' Gourd.

Genealogist.
* * *
Kblland op Kelland. —

" Another Genealogist " mistakes, when he asserts
that I say the family is one of small yeomen. What I
stated was that the family 7U€u not regarded as any other
than a yeoman family till quite recently. Certainly it was
unknown as '* ancient and powerful," even as "gentle"
to the Heralds who held their courts in Devon to enquire
into what families had a right to bear arms and to be
regarded as gentle, in 1 53 1, 1564, 1572, and 1620. In
the last Visitation of 1620, Thomas Kelland did appear
before them but failed to establish his claim, and was
struck out as ignobiiii. Nor did the later historians of the
county consider the Kellands of Kelland as gentlefolk.
Lyson in his Devon, as late as 1822, says, under Lapford,
"The court barton is now the property of Mr. Philip
Kelland, yeoman " (p. 310). The Lapford registers show
that the family made no pretence to be otherwise regarded,
and it is very well-known in the neighbourhood, that they
were nothing else, very respectable, but not "powerful."

>>

ft

I shall be glad to learn that there is germitu
of descent of the Painsford femily from the Kellands of
Lapford. The grant of arms was certainly posterior to
1620 and before 1634, and was to the Painsford KellandSi
Consequently a representative of the Lapford Kellands
assumes these arms without heraldic warrant.

I give extracts from the Totnes registers for the elucida-
tion of the pedigree of Kelland of Painsford.

Kelland of Painsford. —

The following entries from registers are useful for the
construction of this pedigree.

Totnes Registers : —

1565, 5 Jan. Annes, da. Walter Kelland, bp. (Agnes)
1567, 24 Nov. An, da. „ bp. (Anne)

1569, 3 Aug. John, s. „ bp. & bur.

1570, 6 ,, Katherine, da. ,, bp. & bur. 28 Aug.

1 57 1, 5 Sept. Dwenes, da. ,, bp. (Dionysia)
»573» 10 July, Christopher, s. „

'575* 7 Jan- Jol>n» s* •»

1577, 12 Aug. Phillip Elderyll mar. Elinor Kelland.

1578, 24 Mch, Mary, da. Walter Kelland, bp.
1580, 8 Apl. Margaret, da. „ bp.
1 58 1, 27 Jan. Nycoll, wife Mr. ,, bur.
1584, 7 Mch. (?) da. Walter „ bp.

1602, 20 Mch. Jone, da. Christopher Kelland, bp.

1603, 16 June, Rebecca, da. John

1605, 7 Oct. Jane, da. Christopher
„ 8 Dec. Dwenes, da. John

1606, 9 Nov. Margaret, da. Christopher ,, bp.

16 ,,* George Kelland, bur.
4 Jan. Marye, da. John Kelland, bur.

1607, 6 June, Thos. Kelland, bur.
„ 21 ,, Anne, da. Richd. Kelland, bp.

1608, 22 Apl. Christopher, s. Christopher Kelland, bp.
4 May, Joan, da. Richard ,, „
II „ John, s. John „ „

17 June, Joan, da. Richard „ bur.
1610, 14 May. John, s. Christopher „ bp.

20 May, Annes, da. John
14 Oct. Joan, da. Richard

161 4, 8 Ian. Penelope, da. Christopher Kelland, bp. bur.

3 Feb.
,, 17 Mch. Emline, da. Rchiard ,, bp.

161 5, 7 Dec. Agnes, da. Christopher „ bur.
„ 10 Jan. Samuel, s. John ,, bp.

1616, 27 Sept. Christopher Kelland, bur.

1621, 22 July, Elizabeth, da. ( Mr. ) [blotted doubtful] John
Kelland, bur.

1623, 26 Nov. Mr. John Kelland* bur.

1624, 6 July, Mary Kelland, wid. bur.

1634, 24 Feb. Susanna, da. Mr. John Kelland, bp.

1636, II Dec. Thomas, s. ,, ,,

1637, 14 Dec. Samuel, s. ,, gent. bp.

bur. 26 Feb.

1638, 20 Jan. Henry, s. „ bp. bur.

30 March, 1639.

•»

>i

}>

It

»>

>•

o

f>

)f

>»

II

II

It

II

II

II

I*

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

265

1640, 29 June, Mary, da. Mr. John Kelland, bp., bur.
28 Sept. 1 741.

1642, 21 Sept. Joan, da. ,, bp.

1643, II Sept. Samuel, s. ,, ,,
1645, 19 July, Richard, s. „ „ bur.

23 Nov.
1647, 15 March, James, s. Mr. Samuel Kelland, bp.

1654, 12 Feb. Mr. Samuel Kelland, bur.

1660, 12 May, Charles, s. Mr, John Kelland, Junr., bp.
1677, 21 March, Susan, da. „ „

1655, 30 Oct. Edward Yard, Es^i., mar. Mrs. Joan Kel-

land.

Staverton Registers: —
1634, 24 Sept. Mr. Edward Gould, mar. Mrs. Joan Kelland
1618, 10 Aug, John Kelland was bur.

Will of Edward Gould, of Coombe, in Staverton,
Gent., dated 28 Nov. 1660, proved 5 Nov. 1662 (P.C.C.
Laud, 143), appoints his brothers-in-law, John Kelland, of
Painsford, Esq., and Richard Savery, of Rattery, Gent.,
overseers.

Will of Walter Gould, Mayor of Totnes, 5th son of

above, dated 10 Jan. proved 18 Jan. 1688 (Archd. Toton)

• * To son John my great silver tankard on which are the

Kelland coat of arms."

Genealogist.

«

«

Camel's Head. — "Querist "enquires, in the April No.
of the Westerft Antiquary ^ the origin of the name "Camers-
Head," near Plymouth. Before the railway bridge which
spans the muddy creek, about a mile south of Saltash
Passage, was erected, there stood a cottage and tea gardens
on the Devonport side of the little estuary. When the
railway was in progress this became a beer-shop — with the
sign of the "Camel's-Head." That work being completed,
the proprietor obtained a license for a Public-housey for
which he retained the old name. This is the simple origin
of the name ; ** Querist " may rest satisfied that the
•* Camel's- Head " has no relation to either the River
Camel or to the town of Camelford, in Cornwall. R. H.
London.

Bardon, Badon and Badbury, Barbury. — The
following remarks gathered from a report of a meeting of
the Dorset Natural History & Antiquarian Field Club,
held at Badbury Rings, situated about 2^ miles from
Wimborne, in the summer of 1883, may perhaps be of
interest to your readers in connection with this subject: —

**The Saxon Chronicle calls the name Badan bizrig.
Badan is not a Saxon word, but may be British. The
people, or at least the common people often pronounced a
final n as dn, and said Pedn for Pen, Lladn for Llan, and
Badn for Ban (high) : so that the sp>ot might have been
called by some such name as Badn, Ban, the high ground
(Tir Ban).

"It was undoubtedly an ancient British Camp, or pos-
sibly even Belgse, and like all such camps was exceedingly
well selected, with a large area of fine pasture land in the
valley all around.

** Badbury is the centre of a large hundred, and was
so with the Britons, and, therefore, had a Hundred's
Court (Llys Granbrer), for hundreds were an institution of
Britain, long before there was any Saxon settlement in
it." P. F. ROWSELL.

Exeter.

V V ^

Divining Rod. — The work alluded to by your cor-
respondent, H. Sharrock, (iv. 96) is a translation of: —
** La Verge de Jacob, ou Tart de trouver les Tresors,
les Sources, les Limites, les M^taux, les Mines, les
Min^raux, et autres choses cach^es, par I'usage du
Bdlon fourch^. Par J. N.

"A Lyon, chez Hilaire Baritel, 1693. Avec Appro-'
bations et Permission. "
The title of the English version is : —
** Jacob's Rod ; a translation from the French of a rare
and curious work, a.d. 1693, on the art of finding
springs, mines, and minerals, by means of the hazel
rod. To which is appended researches, with proofs of
the existence of a more certain and far higher faculty,
with clear and ample instructions for using it.
" Published by the translator, Thomas Welton, &c."

Although the latter contains 138 pages, all beyond page
77 consi^s mainly of extracts from the Spiritual Magazine^
and an extended account of mesmeric experiments with
the wife of the translator, who (according to the preface,
p. 8) "has long been privately known to have the precious
gift of not only being able to diagnose diceases with ex-
actitude, and so curing the hopelessly sick, but of finding
mines, springs, &c." It contains no date of publication,
but possesses inherent evidence that it could not have been
issued prior to the year 1868. I forbear to make any
comment upon the apparent object of the translator in
publishing the work, and w ill content myself by remarking
that he is wrong in assigning the authorship, in more than
one passage in the work to M. Baritel, he. being simply
the publisher. T. N. Brushfield, m.d.

Florence, N. Italy.

* * *
Thomas a*Becket. — Referring to the arms of Arch-
bishop Becket, as given by E.W.R., in 4th Series, p. 165,
and to the remarks thereon, by Mr. S. Knight, p. 221, I
would direct attention to the 4th vol. of a Complete
Parochial History of the County of Cornwall^ p. 137,
where may be iound the following : —

** Beckett ^ of Tintagel — Ar. three Cornish'Choughs ppr.

** Becket J of Cartuther, Menheniot — a sem^e of crosses

croslet fitch^e Or. a fess betw. 3 boar's heads couped of

the 2nd. Crest — a Cornish Chough ppr. wings expanded

and ducally gorged Or.

Liskeard. N. Harb.

266

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

The Arms of the County of Devon. -In con-
nection with this subject, which has frequently been
referred to in the pages of the IVesUrn Antiquary, we
have been favoured with the following extract from the
Report of the last Devon Quarter Sessions, held in the
City of Exeter, as published in the Exeter Gazette of
April 8, 1885. The County is greatly indebted to our
valued correspondent, Mr. A. H. A. Hamilton, for his
exertions in this interesting matter : —

** Mr. A. H. A. Hamilton moved : — * That it be
referred to the County Buildings* Committee to inquire
and report (i) whether the county of Devon has ever
possessed armorial l)earings or any common seal of that
nature ; (2) whether it is desirable that such armorial
bearings should be revived or assumed by the county;
(3) if so, what steps should be taken to attain that
object.* He had to apologise for bringing before the
Court a new subject, and one that may seem to be
rather of a sentimental nature. He quite admitted
that heraldry was not of much importance in a material
point of view. Still, there was something in it that
suited human nature. Possibly, every gentleman in
that Court had his own coat-of-arms, and habitually used
it, or, at least, his crest, and paid a tax for the honour.
Boroughs had their arms — not merely important cities like
Exeter and Plymouth, but very insignificant places enjoyed
the same distinction. Even School Boards, invented the
day before yesterday, had their common seals. It was
obvious, he thought, that counties ought to have some
heraldic insignia. And, as a matter of fact, many counties
did possess something of the kind. If he went into Corn-
wall, he found that that county had a coat-of-arms, and
the indent motto " One and All." If he went to Kent,
he found the White Horse of the Saxons used as the
symbol of the county. If he went to Buckinghamshire,
he found the swan upon the county buildings and upon
the helmets of the police. And certainly the Swan was
a very appropriate emblem for a county lx)rdering upon the
Thames. It seemed to him a curious thing that the county
of Devon — certainly not the least, or the last, of the
counties of England — should have no armorial bearings.
As far as his inquiries had gone, he believed that such was
the fact. But, as it was not quite impossible that some
armorial bearings may have existed, he asked for a Com-
mittee of Inquiry. But he went further than that, and
said that if the county of Devon had no arms or common
seal she ought to have. As a matter of fact, there
alwajrs was a seal used by the Clerk of the Peace. It
was generally his own crest. He noticed among the old
papers that some 200 years ago, when a Mr. Northcote
was Clerk of the Peace, the papers were sealed with
the stag and cap of maintenance which was borne by
that ancient family. The present Clerk of the Peace
used his own monogram, and as it happened to be
H.M. it might perhaps l)e sometimes supposed to stand for
Her Majesty. When Mr. Pring was Clerk of the Peace
he adopted a fiEincy sketch of the gate of the Castle with

the Assize Courts seen through it, which, though not
heraldically correct, was yet perhaps not very far wrong.
When he (Mr. Hamilton) first began to turn his attention
to this subject he had an idea that there was a natural
connexion between the Earl and the county, and that the
proper arms of the county would be similar to those of the
present Earl of Devon, or to those of the first Earl, who,
he believed, was a Red vers. But it seems he was wrong.
He was himself very ignorant of heraldry except as it bore
up)on archaeology or history. But he had received a com-
munication from an accomplished professional herald who
said that '* the proper heraldic cognisance for a county is
a coat of its chief or capital city or town. Devonshire,
therefore, is heraldically depicted with the arms of Exeter."
They would, therefore, see that, if this informant was cor-
rect, Mr. Pring was not far from being right when he
assumed the gate of the Castle for his seal ; and the
military authorities were perfectly right when, within the
last two or three years, they adopted the Castle of Exeter
as the badge of the Devonshire Regiment . It was curious
that hitherto the material Castle of Exeter, in which they
were assembled, had belonged to the county, while the
heraldic Castle of Exeter had belonged to the city. How-
ever, he did not wish to prejudge the question. lie merely
moved the reference to the Committee, of which he had
given notice, in the hope that at the next Sessions they
might be in a position to adopt a proper seal for the County
of Devon.

" Mr. W. R. Coleridge seconded the motion, and
observed that the Old South Devon Militia had as a badge
a large lion rampant. He did not know where they got
it.

" Mr. Hamilton said that was the arms of the Redvers.

'* The motion was adopted."

^ 4 til

Was King Arthur a Real Person ? — To prove
absolutely either the fact of Arthur's existence, or on the
other hand that hb whole story is a myth is, I consider, at
this distance of time absolutely impossible. But every
presumption seems to me to be in favour of his having
lived.

The case seems to stand thus : When the Romans
decided on withdrawing from Britain, every fighting man
was swept away in their legions. Despair fell upon the
people, and in the wake of despair followed feebleness,
luxury and every vice. Time passed on, a few Britons
returned from Gaul. They had been trained in Roman
discipline. One Aurelius Ambrosius was the leader. He
invited tho young men who had grown up in his absence,
and who had never been enervated by subservience 10
Rome, to join his standard. Among them was bis nephew,
Arthur, who ultimately succeeded to his position.

Within the sacred Triangle contained by imaginaiy
lines drawn firom St. Michael's Mount to Caerleon and
Cadbury,* in Somerset, the young Britons were trained, and

* The ancient Camelot.

ANCIENT WELLS OF CORNWALL.

I,— DUPATH WELL,

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

267

from thence they issued to attack the Saxons, which they
did with threat success. But with returning prosperity came
the vices of rebellion and unchastity, and Arthur fell, fighting
against his own countrymen. His last battle was proliably
fought at Camelford, in the north-east of Cornwall, and
from thence his body was borne to the— even then —
ancient ecclesiastical foundation of Glastonbury, where
his remains were discovered in the reign of Richard I.

The story as I have sketched it here, divested of myths
and legends, may be gathered from Gildas, William of
Malmesbury, and Giraldus Cambrensis. In fact Giraldus
claims to have been present at the finding of the bodies of
both Alfred and Guinivere.

While the Britons were at first sunk in a despairing
lethargy and afterwards fighting for very existence no
records were kept. Bui around the memory of the last
British hero clustered British, Welsh, and Breton legends
and myths, till every story-teller added to the misty halo
which surrounded him, and hb personal identity has been
well-nigh destroyed.

I should like'to refer Mr. Heard to three articles of
mine on " King Arthur, in Somerset," which appeared
last year in The Antiquarian Magazine and Bibliographer^
edited by Mr. Walford, in the May, July, and December
numbers.
St. Saviour's, London.

Charlotte G. Boger.

Inscribed Stone at Hayle. (W.A,^ iv. S., pt. 4,
p. 76) — I send an answer from Notes &* Queries to the
above query, which appeared also in N. df* Q,, 6th S., XL,
24S. — B. H. S.

'* The inscription on the stone near Hayle, is given in
a different form from that in the query of B. H. S. in
Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents^ by Haddan and
Stubbs, Vol. I., p. 163, ox., 1869 : — * Upon a tall upright
stone at Camsew, near Hayle, in similar characters [with
the preceding] :

IC CEN— REQUIEVIT— CU NAT DO— HIC TUMULO lACIT

VIXIT ANNOS XXXIII.

The interpetation given of the first and third divisions of
this inscription is exceedingly questionable, but it is appa>
rently Christian, and of a time when Roman influence still
operated. — Arch, Cantb,, third series, IV., 178.'* It is
classified under the inscriptions, a.d. 450-700. A fuller
account is to be found in the Arch. Camb, U.S.

ED. MARSHALL.

As there is one obvious mispri ntin the inscription — *jacit'for
yor^/— there may, perhaps, be another in 'do* for aa=anno»
The Roman numerals cv no doubt stand generally for 105,
but as we sometimes say 'hundreds five,* perhaps the
stone-cutter intended the two letters to be so read, or may
there yet be a third mistake, and cv be meant for DV. ?
If so, the translation would be right, save that 505 must
be substituted for 500. W. £. Buckley.

{Notes ^ Queries, 6th S., XL, 33$.)

The Literary History of Englatut in ths eiid of the
Eighteenth and beginning of the Nineteenth
Century, By Mrs. Oliphant. 3 Vols.
London : Macmillan & Co.

This talented writer has once again placed
the reading public under a deep debt of
obligation. Of all the many and varied off-
springs of her fertile brain and facile pen,
she has produced few works having a greater
charm and value than the one now before us.
In The Makers of Florence, Mrs. Oliphant fully
proved her ability to deal with Art and Art-
masters, in the very cradle and home of
Art — Florence. And now, she has quite as
incontestably proved her qualifications both
by talents and knowledge to speak of the
literature and literary men of her own nation,
if not exactly of her own time. The period
treated in the present work (1790- 1825) was
wonderfully prolific of great writers, it was an
era which almost rivalled the Elizabethan
Age of our literature ; hence the limitation of
the work to the period named ; for although
the writer had originally intended that it
should take a much wider scope and more
comprehensive character, she found, as her
labours progressed, that the period treated
of was so rich and ample, that it would not
allow of further additions. The reader, will
perhaps rather rejoice at this than otherwise,
as the limitation has enabled the author to
deal more exhaustively with those subjects
she has taken, and we may hope at no distant
day, that Mrs. Oliphant will give the world
another contribution to the literary history of
her country by bringing it down to our own
times. Among the " heroes of the pen " whose
deeds are chronicled in the present work we
find Cowper, Burns, Crabbe, Wordsworth,
Southey, Landor, Lamb, De Quincey, Scott,
Campbell, Rogers, Byron, Moore, Shelley,
Keats, Hook, Maria Edgeworth, Jane Austen,
Hallam,Lingard, Bentham, Mackintosh, Mill,
besides many of the lesser lights of Eng-
lish literature. Mrs. Oliphant has the happy
faculty of investing all her subjects, whether

268

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

of fiction or reality, with a freshness and
charm which adds much to their interest and
immediately commands attention. And so in
this work, we are instinctively led to take a
greater interest than ever before in the sayings
and doings of the notable men whose lives are
traced with the loving pen of one who has
herself thoroughly appreciated their works.
It is impossible for us in the brief space at
our disposal, to do full justice to a work such
as this, we can merely hope to indicate by a
few general observations that the three vol-
umes composing this Literary History of England
have much to commend them to general
readers, and everything to ensure a welcome
from those who find delight in the higher
paths of literature. Every library should
possess these volumes, and every Englishman
of ordinary culture should include them in
his private collection of useful books of
reference.

We may add that the enterprising librarians
Messrs. W. H. Smith & Son, i86 Strand,
London, have purchased the remaining copies
of this work from the publisher, and are
prepared to supply them at a considerable
reduction. But the supply is limited, and
those who wish to secure them should apply
at once to Messrs. Smith or their Agents.

A few re/lections on the Rights^ Duties^ Obligations^ and
Advantages of Hospitality, By Cornelius Wai.ford,
F.I. A., F.S.S., F.R. HIST, soc, &c. London*. Wyman,
1885.

This charming little volume is the ninth issue of
** Privately Printed Opuscula Issued to the members of
the Sette of Odd Volumes," a society of which the author
is a member, holding the office of " Master of the Rolls "
in the Sette. Mr. Walford*s paper was read before the
*'[Sette " at the Freemason's Tavern, on Friday, February
5, 1885, and consists of a clever disquisition upon
"hospitality" in all its phases and amongst "all sorts and
conditions of men." Mr. Walford is well-known as an
extensive collector of special literature, and the work
now l>efore us is but one out of many such essays and
larger works which he has either prepared or is preparing.
"We sincerely trust that Mr. Walford's health, which of
late has given way, may be speedily and fully restored,
and that he may by economising his powers now, be
enabled to carry out many of the valuable literary projects
which he has in hand.

Tobacco Talk and Smoker's Gossip, An amusing MiS"

cellany of Fact and Anecdote relating to the ** Great

Plant " in all its Forms atid Uses, including a Selection

from Nicotian Literature. London: George Redway,

1884.

We are glad to have the opportunity of calling atten-
tion to " Red way's Shilling Series," of which, if this is a
fair sample, we hope to see many more. The author tells
us ill his preface that " the present collection of Notes and
Anecdotes has l)een gleaned from the more generally in-
teresting portion of a History of Toljacco, which for some
years has been in progress, and the materials for which
were gathered from every available source." Novels and
plays, newspapers, travels, memoirs, histories, acts of
parliament, technical treatises, accounts of early voyages,
and even tracts have been requisitioned in the compilation
of this lx>ok ; and it is not simply«a collection of eulogistic
sayings in praise of the " plant divine," but the use and
abuse, the praise and blame are delightfully mingled,
though sooih to say, the devotees of tobacco who have
sung its praises are far more numerous than those who
have inveighed against it. The book is crowded with
pleasant and amusing chat about tobacco and tobacco-
takers, and on conning its pages we are surprised to
learn how many great and worthy men have been
inveterate smokers. We hope in a future number to
make a few extracts from the volume illustrative of the
sayings and doings of Devonian smokers, inasmuch as
it is still claimed for Raleigh that he introduced the fragrant
weed into England. In the meanwhile we advise all the
votaries of Nicotia who reai our pages to invest a shilling
in this entertaining little volume.

The Anatomy of Tobcuco ; or,. Smoking Methodised^
Divided^ and Considered after a New Fashion, By
Leolinus Siluriensis, Professor of Fumical Philos-
ophy in the University of Brentford. Imprinted for
George Redway, and to be sold by him at his Shop in
York Street, near to Covent Garden, mdccclxxxiv,

A clever and learned disquisition upon a most interest-
ing subject. The author has summoned the ancient and
modern philosophers to his aid in the production of this
entertaining volume. He gives, in the first place, the
history of his subject, mythical, legendary, and real, and
then, sounds the praises of Tobacco in a hundred different
ways. He is a very champion in the defence of smoking,
and he waxes eloquent when treating of pipes and cigars,
ancient and modern. Moreover he gives some valuable
advice as to the nature and properties of Tobacco, advice
which may be followed by the most ardent votary of the
Nicotian Philosophy, as well as those just entering their
novitiate. The book is beautifully printed, bound in while
parchment and has a most attractive appearance.

Ths Liberty of Independetit Historical Research. By
Thomas Kerslakk. London: Reeves &. Turner, 1885.

In this paper the writer waxes righteously indignant at
what he calls *' the creation of a State-hierarchy of official

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

269

placemen, eager to display iheir power5, which would
necessarily spring up behind it, to l^econie immediately a
compact phalanx of domination," &c., &c. This refers to
the appointment of a State " Department " for the pre-
servation or conservation of historical monuments. It
appears that the *' Department " having fallen foul of our
friend Mr. Kerslake, has endeavoured in an elaborate
Report to overturn his theories with regard to the discovery
of a ** Primaeval British Metropolis '* in Somerset. Without
entering into the merits of the discussion, for which we
have not sufficient space ; it appears to us most probable
that Mr. Kerslake, whose knowledge of Somersetshire
archaeology is undoubted, has come very near the truth
in his investigations of the VKS pits ; and that Her
Majesty's Inspector, though fortified by the authority of
Parliament, is less likely to come to a correct determination
on such a matter than a local antiquary, who has for many
years being conversant with the neighbourhood of which
he treats. At any rate we are strongly in favour of that
" Independent Historical Research," for which Mr.
Kerslake has l)ecome so redoubtable a champion.

Douglas's (Edinburgh) Reprints of American Authors : —
Birds and Poets with other Papers. By John Bur-
*■ ROUGHS. Queen of Sheba, By T. B. Aldrich.
Rudder Grange. By Frank R. Stockton.

English readers have long ere this learned to look for
the new issues of Douglas's American reprints with eager-
ness and delight. A charming little library has already
been published, consisting of almost every variety of in-
teresting subject. The three works noted above, are
typical volumes of the whole set. Rudder Grange is a
work of genuine American humour. It is a purely domes-
tic narrative, but the domestic relations and scenes are of
such an exceptional character, and the events are so novel
to English readers, that we are fain to exercise our risible
faculties to their fullest extent, and to delare that the in-
habitants of " Rudder Grange " were at once the most
simple-minded and most diverting people that we have
met for many a day. The Queen ofSheba has a touch of dry
humour, sufficient to make it entertaining, enough senti-
ment to make it interesting, and enough of the.descriptive
element to make it charming. There is also a little spice
of romance. The whole is so well blended as to form a
tale which, when once commenced, must be read to the
end. Birds and Poets^ is one of a series of nature-studies
that remind us forcibly of White's." Selborne" and books
of that class, but being written by an American from an
American's point of view, we have many novel thoughts
and fancies. Well might the author couple *' Birds and
I'oets," for throughout the whole of his works, Mr. Bur-
roughs speaks in the most poetic language, and we verily
seem to hear the song of the birds and to revel in the
delights of nature, free as a bird on the wing. In the
volume before us, in addition to the paper which gives its
title to the work, we have several chapters containing
'* lessons of the earth and air," besides others in which

the author's favorite themes are made to bear " their
analogy in literature," and their application to higher
matters. We hope to see many more of the products of
Mr. Burroughs' happy muse and ready pen.

" Vic i** the Autobiography of a Fomeranian Dog (a True
Story). Compiled by Alfred C. Fryer, ph.d., &c.
4th Eklition. London : Partridge.

,A sweet little tale, which must have the effect intended
by the author, to make children ever "try to deal kindly
with the humble animals which the Maker of all things
has given to us." We heartily commend it to the notice
of the large circle of "Little Folks" for whom it was
written.

Harold and th€ Mofiths ; or, A Little Boy's Travel* in
Dreamland, A Fairy Tale for Small Folk. By
Alfred C. Fryer, f. r. h.s., &c. Manchester:
Cornish.

Dr. Fryer has written several volumes for his especial
favourites, the children. lie knows exactly what they
like and how to give it to them. The handsome volume
before us is sure to be a favourite, and that " my young
friend, Hans von Abeken and all other good little
men" to whom "this Book of Nonsense" is dedica*
ted, will follow the fortunes of Harold from January to
December, with as much avidi'.y and pleasure as they
would experience in reading Robinson Crusoe or Swiss
Family Robinson.

Statistical Review of the Literature of Shorthand, By
Cornelius Walford. London and Bath : Pitman,
1885.

A very useful little pamphlet to all who practice any of
the systems of Shorthand now so much in vogue. It is a
miniature history of Phonography and all its allies.

Statist iced Chronology of Plagues and Pestilences as affecting
Human Life^ with an Inquiry into their Causes. By
Cornelius Walford, f.i.a., f.s.s., f.r. hist, soc.,
&c.

Mr. Walford is always at home with Statistics. This
work is one of a series which the author has in preparation,
and is the result of a course of enquiries which he has
long been making into everything affecting Human
Life. Some years ago he gave us a book on " Famines ;"
now he deals with Plagues and Pestilences ; anon we hope
that he will take up other branches of the subject as he has
himself laid them down in his introductory remarks to the
present volume. The Chronological Table is of inestimable
value.

Cornish Poems atul Selections from " Pentoivan.^^ By W.
Bentinck Forfar. Tnuo . Netherton and Worth,
1885.

The author of this little brochure has done well to
perpetuate in such a happy manner some of the peculiari-
ties and eccentricities of the primitive inhabitants of
old Cornwall. Of course, the primary object of such a

a7o

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

book is to amuse, and this it does unquestionably ; but
the antiquary sees another object, and that is the preserva-
tion of strange tales which have come direct from the
mouths of the narrators, as well as the perpetuation of old-
world words and phrases which, but for the intervention of
such little works as these would ere long be entirely for-
gotten. Mr. Forfar has written several works of greater
literary merit and pretension, but perhaps none so tho-
roughly Cornish as the one now under notice. Of the
separate pieces in this book we may mention " Midnight
Watchers on St. Martin's Eve," in which a remarkable
instan()e of superstition and credulity is cleverly told. The
Adventures of some Cornish Fishermen at **The Fisheries"
are told with much humour ; but perhaps the most interest-
ing part of the book are the selections from ** Pentowan,"
published many years ago, and one of Mr. Forfar's earliest
works. We welcome every addition to our Cornish litera-
ture, and may here hint that we are always ready to receive
and to notice any such works as local authors and pub-
lishers may be pleased to send us.

* nt *

^ Bibliograpbical IRotce* ^

We are glad to hear that FaiUd to PasSy a little work
lately issued by Mr. W. H. Luke, the publisher of the
Western Antiquary^ which we noticed in these pages in a
recent number, has been so far successful that a Second
Edition is in the press.

In the Antiquarian Magazine and Bibliographer for
December last,, our esteemed correspondent, Dr. J. H.
Pring, contributed a paper on the suffix "Ham," proving
that it was ** not exclusively derived from a Teutonic
source, but occasionally also from the Celtic." We are
sorry to have overlooked this interesting article, especially
as the writer makes particular reference to the Hams of
this district, where the term is very prevalent. Dr. Pring
has expounded an ingenious and carefully -worked -out
theory which, briefly stated, is "that the place-name
Hampton did not necessarily represent the Saxon * hoirie-
/^aw,* which has so generally, yet erroneously, been assumed,
but that the name is frequently derived also from Avon or
rather A/on, the Celtic word for water or a river, and that
it ought, therefore, strictly to be Afonton,^"* W^e hope that
Dr. Pring will consent to give us a note shortly, bearing
upon the local features of this question, for publication in
the Western Antiquary,

In the series of papers from the pen of Mr. W. C.
Borlase, M.P., now appearing in the Genealogist relative
to the history of the family of Borlase, genealogists in
general, and Cornish antiquarians in particular, may find
much to interest and instruct them. The article which
appeared in last month's issue gives the history of the
family from 1327 to 1559. During that period it appears
the family of Borlas was twice represented in Parliament.
In the iSth of Richard II., Andrew Borlase, of Borlas
Frank Taillyfer, an attorney, born in 1358, was member

for Truro; and Mark Borlas, his son, described as of
•* Borlas Frank, and Fowey, gentilman," was member for
Helston in 1432-3. There is also much curious suad
interesting information given by Mr. Borlase as to the part
certain members of the family took in the rising in the
West in 1483 against Richard III. (in which struggle they
sided with the Duke of Richmond), and Flammock*s
rebellion in 1497, the Borlas who interested himself in this
revolt being " probably among the number who were
hanged." In connection with the Wars of the Roses, it
is probable the Borlas family were Lancastrians, a supposi-
tion which is strengthened by the fact that in the reign of
Henry VIII. the crest of Walter Borlas bore two red
roses. — Western Morning Nervs, May 1 1, 1885.

Exeter. — Early Printing. — I should imagine that
one of the earliest productions from an Exeter printing
press was a Broadside, entitled — "An Epistle to Mr.
Dryden ; " it is folio size and consists of one hundred lines
of verse in two parallel columns. In the left hand bottom
corner is printed — " Exeter, Nov. 5, 1688." It is very ftr
from being a complimentary production ; it commences : —

" Dryden, thy Wit has catterwauld too long ;"

and ends by abusing him for his translation of the life of
St. Francis Xavier, a Jesuit missionary and a worker of
miracles, thus : —

" Howe*er, no more let Xavier mar thy Pen,
No Miracle to Forty thousand Men.
When Law, and bald Divinity begins,
Why then, th' marvel that a Poet sins?"

Of course the chief interest attaching to this sheet is
the fact that it was printed at Exeter nearly two hundred
years ago: scarce it must needs be, for such ephemeral
literature rarely found its way into the safe anchorage of a
private or public library. The copy in my possession came
from the Crossley collection recently dispersed.

I have no wish to unduly cry up, or make too promi-
nent, a simple Broadside, my only aim is to record in a
journal read by all interested in the county of Devon,
that it exists. E. E. B.

Weston-super-Mare.

•

The Lost Parish Registers of the County of Comwally
are announced to be published shortly by subscription,
and edited by Lieut .-Colonel J. L. Vivian, author of the
Visitations of the Counties of Cornwall &* Devon, &c., &C;
The Editor in his prospectus says : —

" During a lengthened search in the Parish Registers
of the County of Cornwall it has been discovered that oat
of the 208 Parishes only 99 possess Registers commencing
prior to the year 1600. Of the remaining 109, thirty-five
Registers are lost prior to periods between 1600 and 1650;
fifty prior to periods between 1650 and 1700; twenty-two
between 1700 and 1750, and two between 1750 and i8oa

** It is not generally known that transcripts of these
Registers exist in the Bishop's Registry at Exeter and also
at Bodmin.

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

271

*' Having had occasion to search these Transcripts at
various times, the Editor was struck with their value as
legal documents, and also wiih the fact of their gradual
decay through want of care and damp, and that in a few
years these valuable Registers will be entirely lost unless
rescued from the doom apparently pronounced upon them.

"He therefore appeals to those who wish their County
Records to be preserved to assist in saving this valuable
collection. He proposes to copy all the missing Registers
as far as practicable, to obtain an official certificate of their
correctness so as to make them legal evidence, and to
print them in one or, if necessary, two volumes with an
index. "

Intending subscribers should communicate with the
Editor, care of Mr. William Pollard, 40, North Street,
Exeter.

The Rev. W. E. Lay ton, Ipswich, is preparing for
publication " Extracts from the GentUntatCs Magazine^
relating to Suffolk." The edition will be limited to 150
copies, which will doubtlessly be speedily subscribed for.
As the GentUmar^s Magtzzine is a mine of wealth to the
antiquary and archaeologist at large, so for those interested
in strictly local matters, there is ample information to
repay a careful search. It has been the object of the
Editor to extract from the pages of the Centleman^s
Magazine any reference to people, places, &c. , connected
with Suffolk.

From the Transactions of the Royal Historical Society.
Ntiv Series, Vol. II., Part IV., 1885.

Whilst several local magazines of antiquarian and
historical value are discontinued from want of adequate
support, we are glad to see that the Western Antiquary
still maintains its ground. It is obvious that such publica-
tions are very much needed and are calculated to be
■extremely useful, because our old friend the London Notes
4uul Queries, even backed by such periodicals as the
Antiquary and the Antiquarian and Bibliographer, can-
not afTord room for the increasing number of communica-
tions, both long and short, which local scholars are
ever ready to bring to light. The present number of
the Western Antiquary (Part VI., Fourth Series),
besides various articles of interest, reviews, genealc^cal
notes, &c., contains particulars of the London and Sub-
urban Residences of Sir Walter Raleigh, notes on the
family of Ley, Devonshire Local rhymes and proverlw,
and other similar topics. The illustrations are views and
details of Talland Church, Cornwall, and the escutcheon
of James Ley, who, after being made a peer of the realm
under the title of Baron Ley, of Ley, in the county of
Devon, by James I., was advanced l^ Charles I, to the
dignity of Earl of Marlborough, in the county of Wilts.

Wk have pleasure in drawing attention to the following
notice of a forthcoming Bibliography of Staffordshire : —

This work, now in process of compilation, is intended
to give an account of Books, Tracts, or other printed

matter, printed or published in, written by a native or
resident in, or relating to the County, with a collation
of the contents of books, and biographical notices of
Printers, Authors, Editors, &c. Also the same as regards
any MS. collection similarly connected.

The need of a work such as the one contemplated has
long been felt, and more especially is it so in this age,
inasmuch as the enquiries relating to County History are
increasing in number day by day. Large numbers of the
gentry and clergy are now directing their attention to these
subjects, and their time and opportunity being narrowed by
their many engagements, such a work as the one contem-
plated will be of great help and will effect an iftnense
saving of time.

The contents will comprise the following: —

I. — As complete a catalogue as practicable of the

(a) publications of the County of Stafford.

(b) of the writings of natives or residents, whether

MS. or printed.

(c) of all books &c., which— although not written by

a native or resident or printed or published in —
relate to the County.

II. — It will give the title, vol., and page of works, outside
county books, wherein are found references to
Staffordshire persons or places*

III. — It will contain a history of Printing, with biogra-
phical notices of Printers, Publishers, &c., not to be
found elsewhere.

IV.—- It will contain a complete catalogue of Paintings,
Prints, Engravings, Portraits, &c., done by Stafford-
shire Artists or Engravers, or wherein Staffordshire
persons or places are depicted.

The above briefly states what is intended by this publi-
cation, to accomplish which the compiler respectfully
solicits from the Nobility, Gentry, Clergy, Authors, Prin-
ters, Publishers, and all others who may have such, the
following information : —

1st. — Full title, number of pages, illustrations, and editor;
size', number of copies issued, whether published for
private circulation, of all printed matter which shall
come under one of the above heads.

2nd. — Similar information relating to MSS. collections
and where now lodged.

3rd. — Any information relating to Printers, Publishers,
Authors, Editors, Illustrators, Compilers ; if con-
nected with the County.

4th. — Portraits, Drawings, Engravings, Paintings, Prints,
or Illustrations wherein Staffordshire perosns or
places are portrayed.

Any lady or gentleman having such who will kindly send
particulars, or loan copies, or sell duplicates, to the
undersigned, will greatly facilitate the work, and
will much oblige, yours obediently,

Rupert Simms,

i2. Friar Street, NewcastU-under'Lynu, Staffordshire^

THE WESTERN ANTIQUARY.

THE NEW SEAL OF THE PLYMOUTH
INSTITUTION.

J^I^HE seal which we nte enabled to present to our

VV readers by the courlesy of the Council of the

Plymouth Inslifulion, was adopted lasl year upon the

incorporation of that boity under the Aci 30 and 31,

.le*

It i:

II i!

designed by Mr. A. J.

" WitL

: spaces around the . _.., . .

"PlyiDoulh Institution, anil Devon and Cornwall Natural
History Sociely. Founded 1811. Incorporated 1884."
The interior circular space bears live shields and four
devices, all indicative of [he character or the institution
and its historical associations : —

I. The cenlial shield^the place of honor— is that
Henry Woolcombe, the founder of the Institution (Ar.,
three bars gu. [n chief a maitlel for difference}.

II. Above ii is a shield l>earing the arms of Plympton
Priory;— two keys reversed, crossed by a sword (Gu. two
keys indorsed in bend, the uppermost ar. the other 01, a
sword interposed between them in bend sinister of the
second, pommel and hill or). This is exactly the same as
the present arms of the See of Winchester. At one time
it was also (hat of the See of Exeter. The connection
between the Priory of Plympton and the lown of Plymouth
was formerly very inlimalc, the whole of the eastern pari
of the town being owned by that Priory, and was known
as the Manor of Sutton Prior. The last Prior was indeed
a far-sighted and worldly wise man. He foresaw what
was (he inevitable doom of his Priory long before the
actual suppression of the religious houses in the reign of
Henry Vlll. Consequently he granted leases of nearl^all
the lands belonging to the priory and thus materially
enriched himself Accordingly, when the Royal Com-
missioners visited Plympton ihey found the Prior quite
prepared 10 yield his "interests," and a handsome pension
was awarded t" him. This together with the amniml he
bad already netted from the leases he had grantt-d, left
him in a very comfoitabte position.

III. The shield below is that of the original arms of
Plymouth, taken from one of the old seals of the town of
14th and I5lh centuries (Gu.on a base wavy of six, arg. and
01. a ship with three masts without sails or yard arms or,
with Are beacons on the round tops ppr) This shield is
contained in the Visitalhn of 1574, and is also mentioned
W Edmondson in his Coiii/'ItU Imly nf Heraldry of 1794.
The ship is a device common to many of the sea port

■e shield arc placed

^^r — IS of IJevon and Cornwall,

neither of which counties, as such, possess arms. That
on the left are the arms of the De Kedvers, Earls of
Devon, a lion rampant [Or a lion rampant, az. armed and
langued gu). The Courtenays, or aflerwardf De Kedvers,
were one of the most illuslrious families among the English
iioliility. On the paternal side they were descended from
Albon. and through him from Pharamond, the founder of
the French monarchy, A.u. 410, and, therefore, the com-

mon ancestor of all the Kings of France. Athon, having
fortiiied the town of Coarlenay, in the Isle of Fiance,
during the reign of Itobert the Wise, assumed the name
Athon de Courtenay. The ]>ower of the Courtenays in
England arose principally from the great alliances formed
ly the first meniliers of the family who settled here.
lialdwin de Brionis, the great grandson of Richard, the
first Duke of Normandy, and, therefore, of the same re-
lationship to him as Duke William, accompanied his
relative to England ; and fur the distii^ished pan he
look in the Conquest, obtained from King William the
grant of the barony of Okchainptrin, the custody of the
county of Devon, and the government of the Castle of
Exeter in fee. His son, Kichard De Abrincia, who wa*
Eurnameil De Kedvers, was created by Henry I., Eail lA
Devon. The various vicissitudes. — attainders, forfratures,
and new creations, — but always through the family of the
Courtenays, to the present possessor of the earldom under
patent of^ restoration of Mary I., September 3rd, ISS3,
forms a most romantic and interesting passage in Englidi
history.

V. Like its sister county Devon, the county of Cornwall
has no arms of Its own, hut generally adopts those of the
UuchyofCornwalKSafifteenbesanls, 5,4, 3, 1, 1). This
is placed on the right of the centre shield.

The four interspaces of the field of the seal are filled
with emblematic representations. Aliove.on the left isabird
— Cornish Chough — representing natural history, while on
the right is a palette with brushes, symbolizing ail. Below,
on the left is a scroll with its accompanying style, indicating
literature ; and on the right a cromlech, suggestive of

Thus have been brought together all the points of
association, with which the Institution may be said to be
connected, of a local, historical, and cons' itutional charac-
ter, and the designer and the Institution, abke, are lo be
congratulated upon having adopted so happy a combina-
lion of emblematic devices.

W. H. LUKE, Steam Printer 10 Her Majesty, 8, Bcdfortl Street, PL^'MOUTIl.

Xtet of Subectibers.

*^L ^Ei ^H ^Ei tXt Mtf t^^ iXi ^^^
^1 ^P T^ T TP ^P T^ TC ^P

AdrnxaM, James, Albert Houm, Kingsbridge.

Alger, W. H., Widey Court, near Plymouth.

Almond, H., Portland Square, Plymouth.

Ainery, Fabyan, Druid, Ashburton.

Amery, J. S., Druid, Anhburtoa.

AndrewH, T., F.G.S., Southernhar, Exeter.

Andrews, W., Literary Club, Hull.

Attwood, J. S., 13 Northernhay Place, Exeter.

Axon, W. E. A., 66 Murray St., Hr. Broughton, Manoheeter.

Bacmall, J. F., M.R.C.S., I Clarence Terrju»), Kuncom.

Bauey, J. E., Stretford, Manchester.

Baker, Kmest E., Weston-super-Mare.

Baker, H. 6., Budleigh-Salterton.

BalkwUI, B.. Kinffsbridge.

Bampfield, Rev. R. L., West Anstey, near Dnlverton.

Baring-Gould, Rev. S., Lew Trenchani, N*. Devou.

Barnes, Rev. Preb. R. W., Heavitree, Exeter,

Barrett, F. T., Mitchell Library, Glasgow.

Barrett, G. R., Drakesleigh. Plymouth.

Bartlett, E.. Naval Hank, Plymouth.

Bate, C. Spence, F.R.S., Lockyer Street, Plymouth.

Batten, J. C, 5 Fetter liane, Fleet St., London.

Bayly, J., Seven Trees, Plymouth.

Bayly, R., Tor Grove, near Plymouth.

Bedminster Free Library, Bristol.

Bellamy, G. D., Endsleigh Place, Plymouth.

Bennett, E. A., Oourtensy Street, Pkmouth.

Bennett, E. G., Woodland Terraces Plymouth.

Bennett, J. N., Windsor Villas, Plymouth.

Best, J., Old Town Street, Plymouth.

Bewes, Rev. T., Beaumont, Plymouth.

Birch, Rev. W. M., Ashburton.

Birminghsun Free Public Library.

Blaydes, F. A., Shenstone Lodge, Bedford.

Blacker, Rev. B. H., 26 Meridian Place, Clifton, BristoL

Blake, W. F., 29 Branswick Terrace, Campden Hill, London.

Boase, G. C, 15 Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster.

Boase, Rev. C. W., Exeter College, Oxford.

Boa^e. J. J. A., 13 Claremont Terrace, Exmouth,

Bodleian Library, Oxford.

Boger, Rev. Canon E., St. Saviour's, South wark.

Boger, Mrs., St. Saviour's, South wark

BolithOj E. A., Windsworth, l^ooe, Cornwall.

Bond, J. Kinton, B.A., The Crescent, Plymouth.

Bonython, J. L„ Adelaide, South Australia,

Borlase, W. C, M.P., Laregaa, Penzance.

Boston (U.S. A.) Public Library.

Brent, F. Clarendon Place. Plymouth.

Bright, R. E., Devon and Cornwall Bank, Plymouth.

Briscoe, J. P., Free Public Library. Nottinghsm.

British Uuseum, Ixmdon.

Brock, R. A., Richmond, Va.. U.S.A.

Broome, G. A^ 2 Cniinaught Villas, Mutley.

Brown, J, C J., Boston. U.S.A.

Browne. Mrs. F. A., Daruley House, SladelUad, Ilfrscombe

Brushfield, T. N., Ml)., The Cliff, Bu<lleigh Saiterton.

Buckingham, W., J. P.. Southernhay, Exeter.

Bundock. F., Buck I and Abbey, near Herrabridge.

Burd, J. S., Cresswell Villa, Higher Compton.

Bumard, C. F.. Chats M-orth Lodge, Mannamead, Plymouth.

Burnard, R., 3 Hillsborough, Plymouth.

Calmady, Miss, L. A., Knighton, near Plymouth.

Canning, G. T., Chard, Somerset.

Canp, Mark Tavistock Road, Plymouth

Oapem. E., Caen Cottage, Braunton, N. De^on.

Carew, W. H. P. Antony, Torpoint

Carkeet, J^ St. Andrew's Place, Plymouth.
Carter, J. S., Hazlewood, Hagley Road, Birmingham.
Cart Wright, Rev. H. A., Whitestaunton Rectory, Chard
Chanter, J. R., Fort Hill, Barnstaple.
Chanter, Rev. J. F., The Chantry. Tisbury, Wilts.
Chappie, £., Geoiige Street, Plymouth.
Cheevers, T., Saltash.
Clarendon Historical Society, E UnSurgh.
Clu-ke, Ed., Q.C.. M.P.. 37 Russell Square, London.
Clark, Graham, Citadel Terrace, Plymouth.
Clarke, Rev. R. 3. 4 Athenieum Terrace, Plymouth.
Clogg, Dr. S., Looe.

Olyma, W. J., St. Nicholas Street, Truro.
Cock, J^ South Molten.
Cocks, J., Emesettle, near Plymouth.
Oole, MissE., Bampark Terrace, Teignmouth.
Cole, T., 4 Hoe Place. Plymouth.
Coleman, Rev. J. J., Dulverton. Somerset.
Coleman. E. H., 82 Basinghall St, London.
Collier, W. F., Woi>dtown, Horrabridge.
Collina, J. R., Fore St., Bodmin.
Commin. J. G., 230 High Street. Exeter.
Comwall Library, Truro.
Cornish-Bowden, F. J. Blackball, Ivybridge.
Corporation Library, Guildhall. London.
Cory, J., Longoross Villa, Caraiff.
•Couch, T. Q., Bodmin
Cotton, W., F. S. A., The Close, Exeter.
Courtney, W. I*., 15 Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster.
Cranford, J^., Dartmouth.
' Crossing, W., Splat ton, South Brent.
Cunnington, Mrs., Southgate House, Devizes.
Curgenven, J. B., 11 Craven Hill Gslrdens, London.
Dartmouth Mutual Improvement Society.
Daw, G., 11 St. James's Terrace, Plymouth.
Dawe, J. K. E ., Union Terrace, Plymouth.
Dawe, R. H., 10 Buckland Terrace, Plymouth.
Daubeny, G. A., Naval Barxk, Plymouth.
Davidson, J. B., 8 Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn., London.
Dawnay, A. D., ** London Bridge*' House, London.
Dawson W. H., 7 Eton Terrace, Plymouth.
Deemig, Henry, Portland, M«f., U.S.A.
Derry, W., Koundiscombe House, Plymouth.
Devon and Exeter Iiuititution, Cathedral Yard, Exeter.
Devon, Rt. Hon.' the Earl of, Powderham Castle.
Doidge, T., 169, Union Street, Plymouth.
Doe, G., Great Torrington.

Digby, W.. CoromandeL Woodville Road, Ealing, S.W.
Drake, Dr. H. H., The Firs, I^e, Kent.
Drake, Lady Eliott, Nutwell Court, near Exeter.
Drake, W. £., Inland Revenue Office, Canterbiuy.
Drayton, Messrs, S. and Sons, 201 Hiffh Street, Bxeter.
Dulau, and Co^ 37 Seho Square, London.
Dredge, Rev. J. I , Buckland Brewer. N. Devon,
Dunkin, E. H. W., 14 Kidbrooke Park Roa<l, Blaokheath,
Dymtmd, R., F.S.A., L St. Leonard's Road, Exeter.
Edwards, J. W. P., 12 St Werburgh St., Chester.
Eliot, tlon. C. 8 Onslow Gardens, B-mth Kensington.
Elton. C. L, M.P., WhitesUunton Manor. Chard.
Everett, Rev. W., Bu(Ueigh Park House, Exwick.
Exeter Free Library and Albert Museum.
Eyeley, Dr. J. F., 4 Hill Park Crescent. Plymouth.
Farrer, Rev. E. Bressingham, Diss, Norfolk,
Firks, G„ 1 East Street, Plymouth.
Fisher, E., Abbotsbury, Newton Abbot
Fleet, C, 8 Park Ciesoent, Brighton.

274

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Foljambe,C.G.S., £sq.,M.F., Cockglodo. Ottorton, Newark,

Foster, J., 21 Boundary Road, Fin<£l^ Road, N.W.

Fonraere, f . T. , South Devon Place, Plymouth.

Fox, Charles. Kingsbridge.

Fox, R. R., Westbrook, near Plymouth

Froet, F. C, 5 Regent Street, Teignmouth.

Fry, E. A., Yarty, King's Norton. Worcei^tenhire.

Fryer, Dr. A. C, 16 Richmond Hill, Clifton. Bristol.

Fumeaux, Kev. A., St. Germnus.

Gale, Dr. Jas., Lockver St., Plymouth.

Galton, J. C, New- University Club, London.

George, W., S King's Parade. Clifton. Bristol.

GerviB, W. S., Ashburton.

Gibson, J. W., 10 Market-Jew St., Penzance.

Gidley, (i. 17 Saltash Street, Plymouth.

Gilbert, C. DavieB, Tielissick, Truro.

Gilbert-Day, Rev. J. Swindon Vicarage, Cheltenham.

Gill, H. S., Tiverton.

Glanyill-Richards, W. U. S^. 40 Elgin Road, London.

Glossop, \V., 33 Kirkgate, Bradfot^d.

Glynn, J. H. O., 12 Onslow C'rescent, London, S.W.

Godfrey and Slatter, Messrs. 7 Booksellers' Row, London.

Golding, Chas. 73 Hisrh Street, Colchester, Essex.

Gould. G. W., Okehampton.

Govett, P. H., Mount Lipstoue, Plymouth.

Granger, J. D., Exeter Street, Plymouth.

Gray, H., 25 Cathedral Yard, Manchester.

Grey, Kev. W., Rectory, Meavy. Horrabridge.

Greenway, J. }<ord Park, Plymouth.

Gribble. H. A., 10 Sydney St., Fulham Road, S.W.,

Gribble, T., Tavistock Street. Plymouth.

Griffin, C, Cornwall Street, Plymouth.

Hack wood, F, W.. Bridge Street, Wednesbury.

Hainsellin, Mrs., 3 Radnor Place, Plymouth.

Haldane, A. C, Charters Towers, Northern Queensland.

Halliday, Mrs. M., Glenthonie, Lyuton, Barnstaple.

Halliwell-PhillipB, J. O.^ Udlingbury Copse, Brighton.

Hamilton, A. H. A., Fairfield, Lodge, Exeter.

Hamilton, W., 64 Bromfelde Road, Clapham, S.W.

Hancock, Rev. F., Minebead, Taunton.

Harris, H., Peverell Cottage, Porthleven, Helston.

Harris-Bickford, Ab., M.D., Camborne.

Harrison, R., London Library, London.

Harvard College Libraiy, U.S.A.

*Hawker, Rev. J. M., Berry Narbor, Ilfracombe.

Hawker, W. H., Burleigh, near Devonport.

Haydun, G. H., Hetblem Royal Hospital.

Haydon, J. J., Frankfort Street, Plymouth.

Hayne, C. S., 3. Eat^tn Square, London.

Hayne, Rev. R. J., Buckland vicarage, Horrabridge.

Hartnoll. A. S., Newquay, Cornwall.

Healy, W., 40, FairlielJ Road, JJow. London.

Hele, J., Mus. Bac., Wyudham Square, Plprmouth.

Heathcote, C. D., 6 Lansdowne Terrace, Bideford.

Heard, W. E., Machan House, near Newport, Mon.

Hearder, H. P., West well street, Plymouth.

Hellard, J. A., East View, Femleigh Road, Mannamead.

Hems, Harry, Fair f ark, Exeter.

Herford, Ca))t. I. S. A., I'he Close, Salisbury.

Hicks, Mrs., Mayshade, Tayport, Fife.

Hicks, W.. I^ooe.

Hine, J., F.K.I.B.A., Mulgrave Place, Plymouth,

Hingeston-Randolph, Rev. F. C. Ringmbre, Devon.

Hingston, A. J. P., Devon snd Cornwall Bank, Pljrmoutb,

Hoblyn, Miss T., Pentrelew, Flushing, Falmouth.

Hole, Mrs., G St James's 'i'errace,Pl3 mouth.

Holman, H. S., 18 Eaton Plaoa, Exeter.

Hooper. J^ Kingsbridge.

Horswill, G.. Clarence Place, Stonehonae.

Hughes, T., The Groves, Chester.

Hunt, \i. h. R. S., 26 St. Leonard's Terranu Chelsea.

Hurrell^ J. 8., The Manor House, KingsbriojBie

Hnssey, G., Imperial Hotel. Torauay.

Husse]^, T. W., Rougemont Hotel, Exeter.

Hutchinson, P. O., Old Chancel, Sidmouth^

Inskip, Capt, 22 Torrington Place, Plymouth.

Jago, C. S^ Public School, Cobourg St., Plymouth.

Jago, Dr. F. W. P., Locky^rStree^ Plymouth.

Jago» Rev. W*, Westheath, Bodmin.

James, Hamilton, Boscawen St., Truro.

James, W. C, J. P., Glen.Hide, Mancamead.

Jane, Rev. J., 1'he Close. Exeter.

Jewitt, H., F.S.A., Ihe Hollies,. Duffield, Derby.

JoUow, F., Thorubury, Brandis Cornei-, N. De\on.

Joynt, W. Lane., 43 Merrion Square, E., Dublin.

EArkeek, P. Q , Isca, Toiouay

Eelland, W. H., Crsven Hotel, Craven Street, London.

Kelly, R. S., Modbury, South Australia.

Kelly College. Tavistock.

Kerslake, T., 14 West Park, Bristol.

Kerswill, Dr., Loos.

Keys, I. W. N.. x\ himple Street, Plymouth.

Kiley, Roland, 83 Union ^Street, Stonehouse.

King. Rev. Ed., Weirington Vicaiage, near Launceston.

Kinglake, R. A., J. P., 0<sborne House, Taunton.

Knight. S., F.R.I.B.A., 62 CoruhiU, London.

Kyd, Hayes, Railway Office, Wadebriage.

Lacb-Szvrma, Rev. W. b , Newly n, Cornwall.

Laing, Jas. H. W., M.A., B.Sc, Downie Mount, Tayport

Lancaster, E. S., St. Andrew's Terrace, Plymouth.

Lancaster, J., Portsmouth.

Latimer, A., Frankfort Street, Plymouth.

Latimer, T., 143 Fore Street, Exeter.

*Lawson, E.. 9 Otterburn Terrace, Newcastle-on.Tyne.

Leeds Public Libraries.

Le^, R, Eastwell House, Douglas Road, Canonbury.

Leigh, R. L., Himley, near Dudley.

Levy, A., Union Street. Plymouth.

Library Supreme Council, 433 Third Street N. W.. Washing-
ton, D.C., U.S.A.

Liddell, Hon. A., Winter Villa, Stonehouse.

Lethbridge, W., 71 Portland Place, London, W.

Liverpool Free Public Library.

Lincoln and Son, Messrs. W. S., 69 New Oxford Street,

Liskeard Literary Institution.

Loam, M., Moditonham, Hatt. East Cornwall.

Lopes, Sir Massey, Bart.. M.P., Maristow.

Loiy, Rev. H. C. 7 Dingle Hill, Liverpool

Luke, W. H., 8 Bedford Street, Plymouth.

Luscombe, J. Alvington. Torquay.

Luscombe, W., J.P., CUrham, Mannamead.

Mabin, J. F. L., 10 Union Street, Plymouth.

Mc. Bryde, H. Allen, 22 Bedford Street, Plymouth.

Maclean, Sir J., F.S.A., Glssbury House, Richmond ffill
Clifton, Bristol.

Madiver, P. S., M.P., Ardnave, Weston-super-Biara.

Macmillan and Bowes, Mcbsrs., Publishers, Cambridge.

Maine Greneaogicul Society, Portland, Me., U.S. A.

Manchester Free Public Library.

Manley, Rev. R. H., Rectoiy, Stoke Climsland.

Marks, Bros., Mesbrs. Iu7 High St., Barnstaple

Marshall, G. W., L.L,D., 60 Onslow Gardens, S.W.

Marty n. Rev. W. W., Rectory, Lifton.

Mason, C, 201 Emperor's Gate, Loudon.

Mathews, C. Elkin, 16 Cathedral Yaid, Exeter.

Matthews, H., 12 Bedford Street, Plymouth.

Matthews, J. HT., Grosvenor Place, Ripley, Derl^; and
Porthminster, St. Ives.

Mayo, Rev. C. H., Long Burton Vicarage, Sherborne.

Merivale, Miss A. W.. Barton Pluce. near Exeter.

Meirifield, Dr, J., F.R.A.S , Gaaco^ne Place, Plymouth.

Middlemore-Whithard, Rev. T. A., 'l*eighmore, Cheltenham.

Millett, G. B., Penzance.

Mitchell, F., Chard, Somerset.

Monday, A. J., 3 Laurel Terrace, Green way, Taunton.

Morley, Rt. Hon, the Earl. 31 Prince's Gatdona, LoodoB.

Moon, R., Roche, St. Austell

Moore, R. W., Cronkboume, Douglas, Isle of Man.

Morriah, F. A., J.P., 2 Bedford lerraoe, PlymooUi.

Mount Edgcumbe, Rt. Hon. Earl of. Mount JB<*gciiiDbe.

r

UST OF BUBSCBIBSBS.

275

Mnllin, P. J,, 3 Temuunt Straet, Boimiiifftaii RomI» Leiih,

National Liberal Club, Trafalgar SQuare,Xiondon.

New England Historic, Genealogical Soc, Boston, U.S.A.

Niooll, jr. B., Sooth Down, near Deyonpost.

Neild, Dr. F., 4 Souex Terrace, Plymooth.

Kield, Jonathan 3 Old Town Street, PlymontlL

Nixon, E., Methley, near Leeds.

Nodal, J. H., Stnitt Street, Gross Street, Manchester.

Northy, T. J., 61 Bath Boad, Exeter.

Oates, J., Blackwater, Scorrier.

Olver, J., Newton Abbot.

Oxland, Dr. K., Portland Square, Pljrmonth.

Pagen, J. F^ George Street, Plymouth,

Parfitt, E., Devon and Exeter Institution, Exeter.

Parker. Vice-Admiral G., Delamore, Ivybridge.

Parr, J. F., 9 Victoria Buildings, Parade, Sutton-Coldfield.

Parr, Mrs., 18 Upper PhiUimore Place, Kensington, W.

Partridge, H. , Kmigsteignton, Newton Abbot.

Palmer, W., Ghittlehamuton, N. Devon.

Paty, G. P. H.. M.A-, Bideford.

Pearce, F. Drake, Brook House, Kingsbridfe.

Peam, £. A^ Gompton Leigh, Gompton Gifford.

Pearse, Dr. T., 153 Union Street, Plymouth.

Peet, Kev. S. D., Glinton, Wisconsin, U.S.A.

Penson, J., 7 Boon*B Place, Plymouth,

Penzance Library.

Perudeau, E., 16 Alfred Street, Plymouth

Pink, W. D., 5 & 7 King Street, Lieigh, Lancashire.

Piper, F. J., 1 St, Hilaiy Terrace, Milehouae Road, Stoke,

Pitts, Thos. jun.. Hoe ^itreet, Plymouth.

Plymouth Go-op«rative Society, Cornwall Street.

Plymouth Institution.

Plymouth Free Public Library.

Plymouth Glub, Limited.

Plym< uth and W estern Gounties Liberal Glub.

Plymouth Goffee House Gompany,

Plymouth Proprietarv Libraiy, Gomwall Street,

Plymouth Mecoanics Institute, Princess Square.

Pode, J. D., Slade, Ivybridge.

Polsue, J., Bodmin.

Powe. D. O., 20 Baring Street, Plymouth.

Powell, Rev. J. K., Buckland Filleigh, Highampton.

Prance, Dr. G. R., Pi-incess Square, Plymouth.

Prideaux, G., St. Andrew's Terrace, Plymouth.

Pring, Dr. J. H., Elmfield, Taunton.

PuUiblank, Rev, J., Walton, Liverpool.

Pycnjft. Geo., Kenton, near Exeter.

Quaritcn, Bernard, 15 Piccadilly, London.

Radford, A. L., Westbourne Lodge, London, N.

Radford, G. H., 37 Bedford Street, Plvmouth.

Radford, D., Park House, Mount Raaford, Exeter.

Radford, G. H., L.L.D., 40 Ghancery Lane, London.

Radford, J. H., Maunamead, Plymouth.

Railing, O., East-gate, Exeter.

Rashleiffh, E. W.. Kilmarth, Par Station, Gomwall.

Read, H., 9 Longorook Terrace, St. David's, Exeter.

Reynolds, Rev. H. £., Gathedral Library, Exeter.

Richards, S.. Tavistock.

Rider, A., Bank of England Place, Plymouth.

Richmond Free Public Library.

Ridgway, Lt-Gol. A., Shipleigh Oourt, Blackawton, Deron.

Risk, Kiev. J. E., Princess Square, Plymouth.

Rogers, Dr. G., 6 Bamton Terrace, Blackball, Edinborgh.

Rogers, W. H. H., F.S.A., Golyton, Devon.

RobbiuB, A, F., 74 Gricketfield Road, Glapton, London, £.

Roberts. L. R., 19.20 Eaat Street, Penzance.

Rooker, W. S., Bideford.

Roseveare, £. Buckland Terrace, Plymouth.

Ross, G. G., M. P. Game, Penzance.

RoMall, J. M. Rook House, Torquay.

Rowe, G. R., 10 St Aubyn Street, Devonport.

Bowe, J. Brooldng, F.S.A., Plympton.

Rowsell, P. F.7l87 High Street, Exeter.

Royal Historical Society, Lwdon.

Royal Institution of Gomwall, Trvro.

Rundle, Rev. S., Junr^ Grodolphin Vicaragie, Hekton.

Runnalls, H. B., 118 Fore Street, SaHash.

Rutter. J. F., Mora, Wilts.

Rye, W. B., Femie Knowe, LMicaster Road, a£.

Sach, F. E., 5 Sydney Street. Plymouth.

St. Aubyn, Sir John, Bart^ M.P., St Michael's Mount

St. Aubyn, J. P., Lambe Buildings, Temple, London.

St. Golamb Institute, GorawaU.

St Germans, Rt. Hon. Earl of, Port Eliot

Saunders, Dr. G. S., Devon Go. Asylum, Exminster.

Schreiber, Lady G., Lanffham House, U Portland Place, W.

Scale, Sir H P., Bart., Norton Park, Dartmouth.

Seaton, H., Gamden Street, Plymouth.

Serpell, R. G.. Mannamead, Plymouth.

Scott, Miss S. E., Gastle Street, Ghristchurch, Hants.

Shore, T. W., Hartley Institution, Southampton.

Short, J., Hoe Gotbage, Plvmouth.

Shebbeare, H. F., 5 Row Square, Lincoln's Inn, W,G.

Shelly, J., Woodside, Plymouth.

Shute, A., 23 Drury Buildings, Water St, IJverpooL

Sibbald, J. G. K, Acct. General's Dept, Admiralty, Spring

Garden^; S.W.
Slade, S. H., Simla, Paignton.
81ee, W., Launceston.
Society of Antiquaries, London.

Somersetshire Archselogical and Nat Hist Soci(*ty, Taunton
Soulaby, B. H., G.G.G.. Oxtord.

S. Devon & E. Gomwall Hospital (per Mr. E. S. Lancaster).
Smith, John, H.M. Dockyard, Ghatham.
Smith, John. Old Town Street, Plymouth.
Smith, W., F.S.A.S, Morley, near Leeds.
*Spry, Jas., 5 St Jude's Terrace, Plymouth.
Square, J. Elliot, 54 Gresham Street, London.
Stanlake, R., King's Gardens, Plymouth.
Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., Ephraim Lodge, IHinbridge Wells.
Stokes, H. S., Bodmin.
St{ibley, E., Kobe Terrace, Plymouth.
Stevens. H., Vermont Villa, Upper Avenue Road, St John's

Wood N.W.
Stone, ^. G. J.', 3 Exchange Buildings, Gom St, Bristol
Strother, Rev. J. B., The Vicarage. Shaugh Prior, S. Deron
Surtees, W. E., TainBeld, Taunton.

Swabey, Rev, M., llie Vicarage, St. Thomas*, near Exeter.
Sweeting, Rer. W. D., Maxey Vicarage, Maiket Deeping.
Svkes, J., M.D., Doncaster.

Tangye, G., HeathfieJd Hall, Handsworth, Burmingham.
Tangye, R., Gilbertstone, BickenhaU, Birmingham.
Tangye's Reading Room. Redruth.
Tanner, £. F., Hawson Court, Buckfastleigh.
Tamer, £., 8 West Hoe Terrace, Plymouth.
Tavistock Library.

Taylor, J., 37 Flora Street, Plj^mouth.
Taylor, J., Gity Librarian, Bristol.
Taylor, F. W., 120 Fore ^Street, Exeter,
Thomas, Ernest G., 2 Gray's Inn Square, Gray's Inn, W.G.
Tilley, R. H.. Newport, R.L. U.S. A.
Thomas, F.i Queen Street, Exeter,
Thomson, E. B., M.I)., >iorbiton House, Plymouth.
Thumion, L. G., 4 Hillsborough, Mannameaid, Plymouth.
Tomkins, Rev. H. G., Park Lodge, Weston-super-Mare.
Torquay Natural History Society.
Townsend, G. , Deanery Square, Exeter.
Tozer, Mrs., Milverten, Bovey Traoey.
Tregay, A., Roche, St Austell
Tregelles, W. H., Morlah Lodge, 16 Tregunter Road,

J^mpton, S.W.
Trend, J. T., TK. D. Mercury Office, Plvmouth.
Trevan, M., R.N., Port Isaac, Gomwall.
Truscott. G. F., 8 Baring Grvscent Exeter.
Tucker, W. J. O., Gross Street, Mforetonhampstead.
Udal, J. S., The Manor House, Symondsmuy, Bridport
*Usbome, Gapt A. B., Tumohapel, near Plymouth.
VarweU, Peter, Melrose, Exeter.
Veale, G. H. 8., Springfield, Hill Lane, Southampton.
Venn, J., Petersfield House, Gambridge.

276

LIST OF SUB8CBIBEB8.

VeDning, J. J. E., Deronport.

Ylvian, Lient-OoL J. L.. 76 Stndley Rd., CUpham, London.

Wad«, E., P«nnm. Cornwall.

Wade, W. C, Portiaad Square, Plymouth.

Walford, C, 86 Belrixe Park Gardens, London, N.W.

Walford, E., St. Martini, Trafalgar Square, London.

Walker. W. H., Bedford Street, Plymouth.

Ward, Rev. C. S., Wootton St, Ijawranoe, near Baeingstoke.

WAllis, A. Editor of Bxeter and Plumowth OateUe, Exeter.

Warren, Rev. G. F. S., Trenegloe, Kenwyn, Truro.

Waterman, W., Saltash Street, Plymouth.

Weary, C. T., 106 Old Town Street, Plymouth.

Webb, F. J^ F.G.S. Portland Grammar School, Plymouth.

Weeks. J., TreTille Street, Plymouth.

Westmacott, Miss M., 16 Onslow Oreeoent, Kensington.

Westoott, L. D., Frankfort Street, Plymouth.

Wheatley, H. B., 12 Caroline St., Bedford Square, London.

WheatlOT', J., Crewkeme.

White, Rev. C. H. Evelyn, 64 Christ ( huich St., Ipswich.

White, T. J., 69 Bryanston Street, Loudon, W.

White, W. P. IL. 4 Priooees Place, Plymouth.

Whitmarsh, J., Stoke, Devonport.

Whittley, Rev. W., Brunswiek TerTao^ PlymouA.
Wilkey, A., Liskeard.
*Wilkey, J. F., 32 Wonford Road, Exeter.
Wilkinson, Rev. Preb. C. T., D.D., Crescent. Plymouth.
Williams, C, Moseley Lodge, Moseley, near Birudnghsia.
Williams. W., 31 Orbel Street, Castle St., Battersea.
WilletW. S., Pettioombe, Torringtoii.
Wills, W. C, 6 Jubilee Place, Plymouth.
Wilson, J. F., 17 Foxley Road, Brixton, London.
Windeatt, K., Bridgetown, Totnes.
Windeatt, T. W., Totnes.

Windyer-Morris, G. T., 3 Bevoir Terrace, Portswood, South-
ampton.
Wintle, Rev. F. T. W., Beer Ferrers, Roborongh.
Weod, C, Melbourne, Australia.
Wood, J. E., Queen Street, Pljrmouth.
Wodhams, J.K., 21 St. Mary^s Square, Avlesbury.
Woodhouse, H. B. S., Portland Hquare, Plvmouth.
*Woollcombe, Yen. Archdeacon H., The (iuse, Exeter.
Worth, R. N., F.G.S., Seaton Avenue, Plymouth.
WoHh, T. B.. Cathedral Yard, Exeter.
^Yule, Rev. J. CD., Priestcot, Brandis Corner, N. Dctod.

* Dteea$ed»

ADDITIONAL SUBSCRIBERS:—

A vent, G. J., 16 St. Philip's Road, Dalston, London.
Bidgood, W., Taunton Castle, Taunton.
Mildmay, H. B., Flete, near Ivybridge.
Shute, w. R., Ludway House, Ix>dway, near Bristol.
Truro Free Public Library.

4^-^

W. H. LUKE, Steam Printer to Her Majesty, 8, P,edford Strett, PLYMOUTH.

THE NEW YORK PUBUC UBRARY
RBPfiRBNGB DEPARTMENT

This book is under no oiroomstttnoe* to be
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